메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 263-270

Female compensation through the quantity and quality of progeny in a gynodioecious plant, Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae)

Author keywords

Female compensation; Fitness; Georgia; Geraniaceae; Gynodioecy; Male sterility; Progeny quality; Spring ephemeral

Indexed keywords

FITNESS; GYNODIOECY; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY; SEX ALLOCATION;

EID: 32544439823     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: 00029122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.93.2.263     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 0026283920 scopus 로고
    • Gender variation and sexual differences in reproductive characters and seed production in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum
    • ÅGREN, J., AND M. F. WILLSON. 1991. Gender variation and sexual differences in reproductive characters and seed production in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum. American Journal of Botany 78: 470-480.
    • (1991) American Journal of Botany , vol.78 , pp. 470-480
    • Ågren, J.1    Willson, M.F.2
  • 2
    • 0035135771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flower sex ratio, pollinator abundance, and the seasonal pollination dynamics of a protandrous plant
    • AIZEN, M. A. 2001. Flower sex ratio, pollinator abundance, and the seasonal pollination dynamics of a protandrous plant. Ecology 82: 127-144.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 127-144
    • Aizen, M.A.1
  • 3
    • 0000563349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neither vegetative nor reproductive advantages account for high frequency of male-steriles in southern Spanish gynodioecious Daphne laureola (Thymelaeaceae)
    • ALONSO, C., AND C. M. HERRERA. 2001. Neither vegetative nor reproductive advantages account for high frequency of male-steriles in southern Spanish gynodioecious Daphne laureola (Thymelaeaceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 1016-1024.
    • (2001) American Journal of Botany , vol.88 , pp. 1016-1024
    • Alonso, C.1    Herrera, C.M.2
  • 4
    • 0027048063 scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of inbreeding and maternal sex in determining progeny fitness in Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata, a gynodioecious plant
    • ASHMAN, T. L. 1992. The relative importance of inbreeding and maternal sex in determining progeny fitness in Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata, a gynodioecious plant. Evolution 46: 1862-1874.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1862-1874
    • Ashman, T.L.1
  • 5
    • 0028011480 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive allocation in hermaphrodite and female plants of Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae) using 4 currencies
    • ASHMAN, T. L. 1994. Reproductive allocation in hermaphrodite and female plants of Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae) using 4 currencies. American Journal of Botany 81: 433-438.
    • (1994) American Journal of Botany , vol.81 , pp. 433-438
    • Ashman, T.L.1
  • 6
    • 5344224119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-differential resistance and tolerance to herbivory in a gynodioecious wild strawberry
    • ASHMAN, T. L., D. H. COLE, AND M. BRADBURN. 2004. Sex-differential resistance and tolerance to herbivory in a gynodioecious wild strawberry. Ecology 85: 2550-2559.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 2550-2559
    • Ashman, T.L.1    Cole, D.H.2    Bradburn, M.3
  • 7
    • 0035097934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio represents a unique context for selection on attractive traits: Consequences for the evolution of sexual dimorphism
    • ASHMAN, T. L., AND C. DIEFENDERFER. 2001. Sex ratio represents a unique context for selection on attractive traits: consequences for the evolution of sexual dimorphism. American Naturalist 157: 334-347.
    • (2001) American Naturalist , vol.157 , pp. 334-347
    • Ashman, T.L.1    Diefenderfer, C.2
  • 8
    • 0030614014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of floral longevity in Clarkia tembloriensis: An experimental investigation
    • ASHMAN, T. L., AND D. J. SCHOEN. 1997. The cost of floral longevity in Clarkia tembloriensis: an experimental investigation. Evolutionary Ecology 11: 289-300.
    • (1997) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 289-300
    • Ashman, T.L.1    Schoen, D.J.2
  • 9
    • 0026021605 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation in pollination dynamics of sexually dimorphic Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae)
    • ASHMAN, T. L., AND M. STANTON. 1991. Seasonal variation in pollination dynamics of sexually dimorphic Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae). Ecology 72: 993-1003.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 993-1003
    • Ashman, T.L.1    Stanton, M.2
  • 10
    • 0842288846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female frequency and relative fitness of females and hermaphrodites in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum (Geraniaceae)
    • ASIKAINEN, E., AND P. MUTIKAINEN. 2003. Female frequency and relative fitness of females and hermaphrodites in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum (Geraniaceae). American Journal of Botany 90: 226-234.
    • (2003) American Journal of Botany , vol.90 , pp. 226-234
    • Asikainen, E.1    Mutikainen, P.2
  • 11
    • 14644435814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen and resource limitation in a gynodioecious species
    • ASIKAINEN, E., AND P. MUTIKAINEN. 2005a. Pollen and resource limitation in a gynodioecious species. American Journal of Botany 92: 487-494.
    • (2005) American Journal of Botany , vol.92 , pp. 487-494
    • Asikainen, E.1    Mutikainen, P.2
  • 12
    • 23244441668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferences of pollinators and herbivores in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum
    • ASIKAINEN, E., AND P. MUTIKAINEN. 2005b. Preferences of pollinators and herbivores in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum. Annals of Botany 95: 879-886.
    • (2005) Annals of Botany , vol.95 , pp. 879-886
    • Asikainen, E.1    Mutikainen, P.2
  • 13
    • 0343603463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental effects and gender specialization in a tropical heterostylous shrub
    • AVILA-SAKAR, G., AND C. A. DOMINGUEZ. 2000. Parental effects and gender specialization in a tropical heterostylous shrub. Evolution 54: 866-877.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 866-877
    • Avila-Sakar, G.1    Dominguez, C.A.2
  • 14
    • 0031462157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition of pollen grains of some date palm males grown in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • BACHA, M. A., M. A. ALI, AND F. A. FARAHAT. 1997. Chemical composition of pollen grains of some date palm males grown in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 15: 783-803.
    • (1997) Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research , vol.15 , pp. 783-803
    • Bacha, M.A.1    Ali, M.A.2    Farahat, A.F.A.3
  • 15
    • 0036209176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of plant sexual diversity
    • BARRETT, S. C. H. 2002. The evolution of plant sexual diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 274-284.
    • (2002) Nature Reviews Genetics , vol.3 , pp. 274-284
    • Barrett, S.C.H.1
  • 16
    • 0037230426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nucleo-mitochondrial conflict in cytoplasmic male sterilities revisited
    • BUDAR, F., P. TOUZET, AND R. DE PAEPE. 2003. The nucleo-mitochondrial conflict in cytoplasmic male sterilities revisited. Genetica 117: 3-16.
    • (2003) Genetica , vol.117 , pp. 3-16
    • Budar, F.1    Touzet, P.2    De Paepe, R.3
  • 17
    • 0019134930 scopus 로고
    • The cost of sex in relation to mating system
    • CHARLESWORTH, B. 1980. The cost of sex in relation to mating system. Journal of Theoretical Biology 84: 655-671.
    • (1980) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.84 , pp. 655-671
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 18
    • 84970061682 scopus 로고
    • A further study of the problem of the maintenance of females in gynodioecious species
    • CHARLESWORTH, D. 1981. A further study of the problem of the maintenance of females in gynodioecious species. Heredity 46: 27-40.
    • (1981) Heredity , vol.46 , pp. 27-40
    • Charlesworth, D.1
  • 19
    • 0026565824 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary rates in partially self-fertilizing species
    • CHARLESWORTH, B. 1992. Evolutionary rates in partially self-fertilizing species. American Naturalist 140: 126-148.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 126-148
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 20
    • 85047681047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant sex determination and sex chromosomes
    • CHARLESWORTH, D. 2002. Plant sex determination and sex chromosomes. Heredity 88: 94-101.
    • (2002) Heredity , vol.88 , pp. 94-101
    • Charlesworth, D.1
  • 21
    • 0000737993 scopus 로고
    • Model for evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy
    • CHARLESWORTH, B., AND D. CHARLESWORTH. 1978. Model for evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy. American Naturalist 112: 975-997.
    • (1978) American Naturalist , vol.112 , pp. 975-997
    • Charlesworth, B.1    Charlesworth, D.2
  • 22
    • 84966165586 scopus 로고
    • The population genetics of gynodioecy with cytoplasmic-genic male-sterility
    • CHARLESWORTH, D., AND F. R. GANDERS. 1979. The population genetics of gynodioecy with cytoplasmic-genic male-sterility. Heredity 43: 213-218.
    • (1979) Heredity , vol.43 , pp. 213-218
    • Charlesworth, D.1    Ganders, F.R.2
  • 24
    • 0030685782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata L. II. Mode of action and frequencies of restorer genets
    • DE HANN, A. A., H. P. KOELEWIJN, M. P. J. HUNDSCHEID, AND J. M. M. VAN DAMME. 1997. The dynamics of gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata L. II. Mode of action and frequencies of restorer genets. Genetics 147: 1317-1328.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.147 , pp. 1317-1328
    • De Hann, A.A.1    Koelewijn, H.P.2    Hundscheid, M.P.J.3    Van Damme, J.M.M.4
  • 25
    • 0002458102 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of male-sterility in Phacelia dubia
    • DEL CASTILLO, R. F. 1993. Consequences of male-sterility in Phacelia dubia. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 7: 15-22.
    • (1993) Evolutionary Trends in Plants , vol.7 , pp. 15-22
    • Del Castillo, R.F.1
  • 26
    • 0033301414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed provisioning in gynodioecious Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae)
    • DELPH, L. F., M. F. BAILEY, AND D. L. MARR. 1999. Seed provisioning in gynodioecious Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 86: 140-144.
    • (1999) American Journal of Botany , vol.86 , pp. 140-144
    • Delph, L.F.1    Bailey, M.F.2    Marr, D.L.3
  • 27
    • 0000723119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting relative seed fitness and female frequency in a gynodioecious species, Silene acaulis
    • DELPH, L. F., AND S. B. CARROLL. 2001. Factors affecting relative seed fitness and female frequency in a gynodioecious species, Silene acaulis. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3: 487-505.
    • (2001) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.3 , pp. 487-505
    • Delph, L.F.1    Carroll, S.B.2
  • 28
    • 0037297393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing why the sex of the maternal parent affects seedling survival in a gynodioecious species
    • DELPH, L. F., AND P. MUTIKAINEN. 2003. Testing why the sex of the maternal parent affects seedling survival in a gynodioecious species. Evolution 57: 231-239.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 231-239
    • Delph, L.F.1    Mutikainen, P.2
  • 29
    • 0030613201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gynodioecy in Plantago maritima L: No compensation for loss of male function
    • DINNETZ, P., AND L. JERLING. 1997. Gynodioecy in Plantago maritima L: no compensation for loss of male function. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 46: 193-206.
    • (1997) Acta Botanica Neerlandica , vol.46 , pp. 193-206
    • Dinnetz, P.1    Jerling, L.2
  • 30
    • 0027047128 scopus 로고
    • Resource compensation and the evolution of gynodioecy in Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae)
    • ECKHART, V. M. 1992. Resource compensation and the evolution of gynodioecy in Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae). Evolution 46: 1313-1328.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1313-1328
    • Eckhart, V.M.1
  • 31
    • 0004039907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
    • FUTUYMA, D. J. 1998. Evolutionary biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1998) Evolutionary Biology
    • Futuyma, D.J.1
  • 32
    • 0032945591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are flowers physiological sinks or faucets? Costs and correlates of water use by flowers of Polemonium viscosum
    • GALEN, C., R. A. SHERRY, AND A. B. CARROLL. 1999. Are flowers physiological sinks or faucets? Costs and correlates of water use by flowers of Polemonium viscosum. Oecologia 118: 461-470.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.118 , pp. 461-470
    • Galen, C.1    Sherry, R.A.2    Carroll, A.A.B.3
  • 33
    • 0023506856 scopus 로고
    • A conflict between the two sexes, females and hermaphrodites
    • S. C. Sterns [ed.] Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland
    • GOUYON, P. H., AND D. COUVET. 1987. A conflict between the two sexes, females and hermaphrodites. In S. C. Sterns [ed.], The evolution of sex and its consequences, 245-261. Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland.
    • (1987) The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences , pp. 245-261
    • Gouyon, P.H.1    Couvet, D.2
  • 34
    • 0033427709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population sex structure and reproductive fitness in gynodioecious Sidalcea malviflora malviflora (Malvaceae)
    • GRAFF, A. 1999. Population sex structure and reproductive fitness in gynodioecious Sidalcea malviflora malviflora (Malvaceae). Evolution 53: 1714-1722.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 1714-1722
    • Graff, A.1
  • 35
    • 0026336557 scopus 로고
    • Plant mitochondrial mutations and male-sterility
    • HANSON, M. R. 1991. Plant mitochondrial mutations and male-sterility. Annual Review of Genetics 25: 461-486.
    • (1991) Annual Review of Genetics , vol.25 , pp. 461-486
    • Hanson, M.R.1
  • 36
    • 0027062057 scopus 로고
    • The energy cost of bee pollination for Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae)
    • HARDER, L. D., AND S. C. H. BARRETT. 1992. The energy cost of bee pollination for Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae). Functional Ecology 6: 226-233.
    • (1992) Functional Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 226-233
    • Harder, L.D.1    Barrett, S.C.H.2
  • 37
    • 0037626656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A synthetic review of the theory of gynodioecy
    • JACOBS, M. S., AND M. J. WADE. 2003. A synthetic review of the theory of gynodioecy. American Naturalist 161: 837-851.
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.161 , pp. 837-851
    • Jacobs, M.S.1    Wade, M.J.2
  • 38
    • 38248999530 scopus 로고
    • Pollination biology of Prunus mahaleb L: Deferred consequences of gender variation for fecundity and seed size
    • JORDANO, P. 1993. Pollination biology of Prunus mahaleb L: deferred consequences of gender variation for fecundity and seed size. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 50: 65-84.
    • (1993) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.50 , pp. 65-84
    • Jordano, P.1
  • 39
    • 0024191894 scopus 로고
    • Why be female
    • KOHN, J. R. 1988. Why be female. Nature 335: 431-433.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.335 , pp. 431-433
    • Kohn, J.R.1
  • 40
    • 0024937868 scopus 로고
    • Sex-ratio, seed production, biomass allocation, and the cost of male function in Cucurbita foetidissima HBK (Cucurbitaceae)
    • KOHN, J. R. 1989. Sex-ratio, seed production, biomass allocation, and the cost of male function in Cucurbita foetidissima HBK (Cucurbitaceae). Evolution 43: 1424-1434.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1424-1434
    • Kohn, J.R.1
  • 41
    • 0028980183 scopus 로고
    • Outcrossing rates and inferred levels of inbreeding depression in gynodioecious Cucurbita foetidissima (Cucurbitaceae)
    • KOHN, J. R., AND J. E. BIARDI. 1995. Outcrossing rates and inferred levels of inbreeding depression in gynodioecious Cucurbita foetidissima (Cucurbitaceae). Heredity 75: 77-83.
    • (1995) Heredity , vol.75 , pp. 77-83
    • Kohn, J.R.1    Biardi, J.E.2
  • 42
    • 84979325449 scopus 로고
    • Male-sterility in natural populations of hermaphrodite plants: The equilibirum between females and hermaphrodites to be expected with different types of inheritance
    • LEWIS, D. 1941. Male-sterility in natural populations of hermaphrodite plants: the equilibirum between females and hermaphrodites to be expected with different types of inheritance. New Phytologist 40: 56-63.
    • (1941) New Phytologist , vol.40 , pp. 56-63
    • Lewis, D.1
  • 43
    • 0015953164 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical sex-ratios of dioecious and gynodioecious angiosperms
    • LLOYD, D. G. 1974. Theoretical sex-ratios of dioecious and gynodioecious angiosperms. Heredity 32: 11-34.
    • (1974) Heredity , vol.32 , pp. 11-34
    • Lloyd, D.G.1
  • 44
    • 0342317350 scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of gynodioecy and androdioecy in angiosperms
    • LLOYD, D. G. 1975. Maintenance of gynodioecy and androdioecy in angiosperms. Genetica 45: 325-339.
    • (1975) Genetica , vol.45 , pp. 325-339
    • Lloyd, D.G.1
  • 45
    • 0016970462 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of genes via pollen and ovules in gynodioecious angiosperms
    • LLOYD, D. G. 1976. Transmission of genes via pollen and ovules in gynodioecious angiosperms. Theoretical Population Biology 9: 299-316.
    • (1976) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.9 , pp. 299-316
    • Lloyd, D.G.1
  • 46
    • 0013118970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-biased seed predation and the maintenance of females in a gynodioecious plant
    • MARSHALL, M., AND F. R. GANDERS. 2001. Sex-biased seed predation and the maintenance of females in a gynodioecious plant. American Journal of Botany 88: 1437-1443.
    • (2001) American Journal of Botany , vol.88 , pp. 1437-1443
    • Marshall, M.1    Ganders, F.R.2
  • 47
    • 0042595406 scopus 로고
    • An ecological life history of Geranium maculatum
    • MARTIN, M. C. 1965. An ecological life history of Geranium maculatum. American Midland Naturalist 73: 111-149.
    • (1965) American Midland Naturalist , vol.73 , pp. 111-149
    • Martin, M.C.1
  • 48
    • 0031925781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency-dependent fitness in Silene vulgaris, a gynodioecious plant
    • MCCAULEY, D. E., AND M. T. BROCK. 1998. Frequency-dependent fitness in Silene vulgaris, a gynodioecious plant. Evolution 52: 30-36.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 30-36
    • Mccauley, D.E.1    Brock, M.T.2
  • 49
    • 11144329075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mating system, sex ratio, and persistence of females in the gynodioecious shrub Daphne laureola L. (Thymelaeaceae)
    • MEDRANO, M., C. ALONSO, AND C. M. HERRERA. 2005. Mating system, sex ratio, and persistence of females in the gynodioecious shrub Daphne laureola L. (Thymelaeaceae). Heredity 94: 37-43.
    • (2005) Heredity , vol.94 , pp. 37-43
    • Medrano, M.1    Alonso, C.2    Herrera, C.M.3
  • 50
    • 0002528586 scopus 로고
    • Water relations of flowering of Agave deserti
    • NOBEL, P. S. 1977. Water relations of flowering of Agave deserti. Botanical Gazette 138: 1-6.
    • (1977) Botanical Gazette , vol.138 , pp. 1-6
    • Nobel, P.S.1
  • 51
    • 0034887856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of fruit production in the subdioecious plant Astilbe biternata (Saxifragaceae)
    • OLSON, M. S. 2001. Patterns of fruit production in the subdioecious plant Astilbe biternata (Saxifragaceae). Journal of Ecology 89: 600-607.
    • (2001) Journal of Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 600-607
    • Olson, M.S.1
  • 52
    • 0030616996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional ecology of gynodioecy in Eritrichum aretoides (Boraginaceae), the alpine forget-me-not
    • PUTERBAUGH, M. N., A. WIED, AND C. GALEN. 1997. The functional ecology of gynodioecy in Eritrichum aretoides (Boraginaceae), the alpine forget-me-not. American Journal of Botany 84: 393-400.
    • (1997) American Journal of Botany , vol.84 , pp. 393-400
    • Puterbaugh, M.N.1    Wied, A.2    Galen, C.3
  • 53
    • 0025953163 scopus 로고
    • What does it cost a plant to produce floral nectar
    • PYKE, G. H. 1991. What does it cost a plant to produce floral nectar. Nature 350: 58-59.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.350 , pp. 58-59
    • Pyke, G.H.1
  • 56
    • 0036338338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of gynodioecy in Wurmbea biglandulosa (Colchicaceae): Gender differences in seed production and progeny success
    • RAMSEY, M., AND G. VAUGHTON. 2002. Maintenance of gynodioecy in Wurmbea biglandulosa (Colchicaceae): gender differences in seed production and progeny success. Plant Systematics and Evolution 232: 189-200.
    • (2002) Plant Systematics and Evolution , vol.232 , pp. 189-200
    • Ramsey, M.1    Vaughton, G.2
  • 57
    • 0141720561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex allocation of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum
    • RAMULA, S., AND A. P. MUTIKAINEN. 2003. Sex allocation of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum. Annals of Botany 92: 207-213.
    • (2003) Annals of Botany , vol.92 , pp. 207-213
    • Ramula, S.1    Mutikainen, A.P.2
  • 59
    • 12244268701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmentally induced variation in fecundity compensation in the morph-biased male-sterile distylous shrub Erythroxylum havanense (Erythroxylaceae)
    • ROSAS, L. F., J. P. PEREZ-ALQUICIRA, AND C. A. DOMINGUEZ. 2005. Environmentally induced variation in fecundity compensation in the morph-biased male-sterile distylous shrub Erythroxylum havanense (Erythroxylaceae). American Journal of Botany 92: 116-122.
    • (2005) American Journal of Botany , vol.92 , pp. 116-122
    • Rosas, L.F.1    Perez-Alquicira, J.P.2    Dominguez, C.A.3
  • 60
    • 0030845113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of gynodioecy and maintenance of females: The role of inbreeding depression, outcrossing rates, and resource allocation in Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae)
    • SAKAI, A. K., S. G. WELLER, M. L. CHEN, S. Y. CHOU, AND C. TASANONT. 1997. Evolution of gynodioecy and maintenance of females: the role of inbreeding depression, outcrossing rates, and resource allocation in Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae). Evolution 51: 724-736.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 724-736
    • Sakai, A.K.1    Weller, S.G.2    Chen, M.L.3    Chou, S.Y.4    Tasanont, C.5
  • 61
    • 0004282518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA
    • SAS. 1999. SAS user's guide: statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
    • (1999) SAS User's Guide: Statistics
  • 62
    • 0028133857 scopus 로고
    • Cytoplasmic male-sterility in plants: Molecular evidence and the nucleocytoplasmic conflict
    • SAUMITOU-LAPRADE, P., J. CUGUEN, AND P. VERNET. 1994. Cytoplasmic male-sterility in plants: molecular evidence and the nucleocytoplasmic conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9: 431-435.
    • (1994) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.9 , pp. 431-435
    • Saumitou-Laprade, P.1    Cuguen, J.2    Vernet, P.3
  • 63
    • 0000255948 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of reproductive characteristics in Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): Significance of cleistogamy and chasmogamy
    • SCHEMSKE, D. W. 1978. Evolution of reproductive characteristics in Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): significance of cleistogamy and chasmogamy. Ecology 59: 596-613.
    • (1978) Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 596-613
    • Schemske, D.W.1
  • 64
    • 0032080597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration
    • SCHNABLE, P. S., AND R. P. WISE. 1998. The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Trends in Plant Science 3: 175-180.
    • (1998) Trends in Plant Science , vol.3 , pp. 175-180
    • Schnable, P.S.1    Wise, R.P.2
  • 65
    • 0001230198 scopus 로고
    • Nucleocytoplasmic male-sterility and alternative routes to dioecy
    • SCHULTZ, S. T. 1994. Nucleocytoplasmic male-sterility and alternative routes to dioecy. Evolution 48: 1933-1945.
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 1933-1945
    • Schultz, S.T.1
  • 66
    • 0037270023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism in gynodioecious Sidalcea hirtipes (Malvaceae). I. Seed, fruit, and ecophysiology
    • SCHULTZ, S. T. 2003. Sexual dimorphism in gynodioecious Sidalcea hirtipes (Malvaceae). I. Seed, fruit, and ecophysiology. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 165-173.
    • (2003) International Journal of Plant Sciences , vol.164 , pp. 165-173
    • Schultz, S.T.1
  • 67
    • 0021537597 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthate allocation to floral nectar: A neglected energy investment
    • SOUTHWICK, E. E. 1984. Photosynthate allocation to floral nectar: a neglected energy investment. Ecology 65: 1775-1779.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1775-1779
    • Southwick, E.E.1
  • 68
    • 0020934006 scopus 로고
    • Ecological correlates of explosive seed dispersal
    • STAMP, N. E., AND J. R. LUCAS. 1983. Ecological correlates of explosive seed dispersal. Oecologia 59: 272-278.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.59 , pp. 272-278
    • Stamp, N.E.1    Lucas, J.R.2
  • 69
    • 0001921603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical studies: Evolution and maintenance of dimorphic breeding systems
    • M. A. Geber, T. E. Dawson, and L. F. Delph [eds.] Springer, New York, New York, USA
    • WEBB, C. J. 1999. Empirical studies: evolution and maintenance of dimorphic breeding systems. In M. A. Geber, T. E. Dawson, and L. F. Delph [eds.], Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants, 61-96. Springer, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1999) Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants , pp. 61-96
    • Webb, C.J.1
  • 70
    • 14844340755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selfing and resource allocation in Schiedea salicaria (Caryophyllaceae), a gynodioecious species
    • WELLER, S. G., AND A. K. SAKAI. 2005. Selfing and resource allocation in Schiedea salicaria (Caryophyllaceae), a gynodioecious species. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 301-308.
    • (2005) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.18 , pp. 301-308
    • Weller, S.G.1    Sakai, A.K.2
  • 71
    • 0033755398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral dimorphism, pollination, and self-fertilization in gynodioecious Geranium richardsonii (Geraniaceae)
    • WILLIAMS, C. F., M. A. KUCHENREUTHER, AND A. DREW. 2000. Floral dimorphism, pollination, and self-fertilization in gynodioecious Geranium richardsonii (Geraniaceae). American Journal of Botany 87: 661-669.
    • (2000) American Journal of Botany , vol.87 , pp. 661-669
    • Williams, C.F.1    Kuchenreuther, M.A.2    Drew, A.3
  • 72
    • 0030741728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of sex expression in a gynodioecious Israeli desert shrub (Ochradenus baccatus)
    • WOLFE, L. M., AND A. SHMIDA. 1997. The ecology of sex expression in a gynodioecious Israeli desert shrub (Ochradenus baccatus). Ecology 78: 101-110.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 101-110
    • Wolfe, L.M.1    Shmida, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.