메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 99-115

Comparison of electrical thresholds for evoking movements from sensori-motor areas of the cat cerebral cortex and its relation to motor training

Author keywords

ICMS; Motor maps; Motor training; Neural plasticity; Non primary motor areas; Primary motor area

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CAT; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOARCHITECTURE; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTRODE; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FEMALE; HEMISPHERE; LIMB MOVEMENT; MALE; MICROPHOTOGRAPHY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE TRAINING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 3242888361     PISSN: 08990220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08990220410001721266     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (79)
  • 1
    • 0015237354 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of lesions of the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri in cats
    • ADKINS, R.J., M.R. CEGNAR, and D.D. RAFUSE (1971) Differential effects of lesions of the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri in cats. Brain Res 30: 411-414.
    • (1971) Brain Res , vol.30 , pp. 411-414
    • Adkins, R.J.1    Cegnar, M.R.2    Rafuse, D.D.3
  • 2
    • 3242890729 scopus 로고
    • Lesion induced plasticity of the pyramidal tract during development in the cat
    • J. REQUIN and G.E. STELMACH eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht
    • ARMAND, J., B. KALBY, and H. JACOMY (1991) Lesion induced plasticity of the pyramidal tract during development in the cat. In: Tutorials in Motor Neuroscience, J. REQUIN and G.E. STELMACH eds., pp. 625-640, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht.
    • (1991) Tutorials in Motor Neuroscience , pp. 625-640
    • Armand, J.1    Kalby, B.2    Jacomy, H.3
  • 3
    • 0021287236 scopus 로고
    • Topographical localization in the motor cortex of the cat for somatic afferent responses and evoked movements
    • ARMSTRONG, D.M., and T. DREW (1984) Topographical localization in the motor cortex of the cat for somatic afferent responses and evoked movements. J Physiol 350: 33-54.
    • (1984) J Physiol , vol.350 , pp. 33-54
    • Armstrong, D.M.1    Drew, T.2
  • 4
    • 0022270918 scopus 로고
    • Electromyographic response evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat
    • ARMSTRONG, D.M., and T. DREW (1985) Electromyographic response evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat. J Physiol 367: 309-326.
    • (1985) J Physiol , vol.367 , pp. 309-326
    • Armstrong, D.M.1    Drew, T.2
  • 5
    • 0016758295 scopus 로고
    • Noxious effects of excessive currents used for intracortical stimulation
    • ASANUMA, H., and A.P. ARNOLD (1975) Noxious effects of excessive currents used for intracortical stimulation. Brain Res 96: 103-107.
    • (1975) Brain Res , vol.96 , pp. 103-107
    • Asanuma, H.1    Arnold, A.P.2
  • 6
    • 0019403177 scopus 로고
    • Input output relationships in cat's motor cortex after pyramidal section
    • ASANUMA, H., R.S. BABB, A. MORI, and R.S. WATERS (1981) Input output relationships in cat's motor cortex after pyramidal section. J Neurophysiol 46: 694-703.
    • (1981) J Neurophysiol , vol.46 , pp. 694-703
    • Asanuma, H.1    Babb, R.S.2    Mori, A.3    Waters, R.S.4
  • 7
    • 0002278665 scopus 로고
    • Functional organization of a cortical efferent system examined with focal depth stimulation in cats
    • ASANUMA, H., and H. SAKATA (1967) Functional organization of a cortical efferent system examined with focal depth stimulation in cats. J Neurophysiol 30: 35-54.
    • (1967) J Neurophysiol , vol.30 , pp. 35-54
    • Asanuma, H.1    Sakata, H.2
  • 8
    • 0014331118 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between afferent input and motor outflow in cat motorsensory cortex
    • ASANUMA, H., S.D. STONEY, and C. ABZUG (1968) Relationship between afferent input and motor outflow in cat motorsensory cortex. J Neurophysiol 31: 670-681.
    • (1968) J Neurophysiol , vol.31 , pp. 670-681
    • Asanuma, H.1    Stoney, S.D.2    Abzug, C.3
  • 9
    • 0015231974 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of contraction of distal forelimb muscles produced by intracortical microstimulation in cats
    • ASANUMA, H., and J.E. WARD (1971) Patterns of contraction of distal forelimb muscles produced by intracortical microstimulation in cats. Brain Res 27: 97-109.
    • (1971) Brain Res , vol.27 , pp. 97-109
    • Asanuma, H.1    Ward, J.E.2
  • 10
    • 0026780992 scopus 로고
    • Area 3a in the cat. II. Projections to the motor cortex and their relations to other corticocortical connections
    • AVENDANO, C., A.J. ISLA, and E. RAUSSELL (1992) Area 3a in the cat. II. Projections to the motor cortex and their relations to other corticocortical connections. J Comp Neurol 321: 373-386.
    • (1992) J Comp Neurol , vol.321 , pp. 373-386
    • Avendano, C.1    Isla, A.J.2    Raussell, E.3
  • 11
    • 0029144459 scopus 로고
    • Functional recovery of forelimb response capacity after forelimb primary motor cortex damage in the rat is due to the reorganization of adjacent areas of the cortex
    • CASTRO-ALAMANCOS, M.A., and J. BORRELL (1995) Functional recovery of forelimb response capacity after forelimb primary motor cortex damage in the rat is due to the reorganization of adjacent areas of the cortex. Neurosci 68: 793-805.
    • (1995) Neurosci , vol.68 , pp. 793-805
    • Castro-Alamancos, M.A.1    Borrell, J.2
  • 12
    • 1842405591 scopus 로고
    • Hidden motor cortex of the cat
    • DELGADO, J.M.R. (1952) Hidden motor cortex of the cat. Am J Physiol 170: 673-681.
    • (1952) Am J Physiol , vol.170 , pp. 673-681
    • Delgado, J.M.R.1
  • 13
    • 1842371650 scopus 로고
    • Motor representation in the frontal sulci of the cat
    • DELGADO, J.M.R., and R. LIVINGSTON (1955) Motor representation in the frontal sulci of the cat. Yale J Biol Med 28: 245-252.
    • (1955) Yale J Biol Med , vol.28 , pp. 245-252
    • Delgado, J.M.R.1    Livingston, R.2
  • 14
    • 0026504373 scopus 로고
    • Organization of the forelimb area in squirrel monkey motor cortex: Representation of digit, wrist, and elbow muscles
    • DONOGHUE, J.P., S. LEIBOVIC, and J.N. SANES (1992) Organization of the forelimb area in squirrel monkey motor cortex: representation of digit, wrist, and elbow muscles. Exp Brain Res 89: 1-19.
    • (1992) Exp Brain Res , vol.89 , pp. 1-19
    • Donoghue, J.P.1    Leibovic, S.2    Sanes, J.N.3
  • 15
    • 0025253742 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. II. Rapid reorganization following motor nerve lesion
    • DONOGHUE, J.P., S. SUNER, and J.N. SANES (1990) Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. II. Rapid reorganization following motor nerve lesion. Exp Brain Res 79: 492-503.
    • (1990) Exp Brain Res , vol.79 , pp. 492-503
    • Donoghue, J.P.1    Suner, S.2    Sanes, J.N.3
  • 16
    • 0025937229 scopus 로고
    • The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe
    • DUM, R.P., and P.I. STRICK (1991) The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J Neurosci 11: 667-689.
    • (1991) J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 667-689
    • Dum, R.P.1    Strick, P.I.2
  • 17
    • 0014979391 scopus 로고
    • Pyramidal and non-pyramidal motor cortical effects on distal forelimb muscles of monkeys
    • FEUX, D., and M. WIESENDANGER (1971) Pyramidal and non-pyramidal motor cortical effects on distal forelimb muscles of monkeys. Exp Brain Res 12: 81-91.
    • (1971) Exp Brain Res , vol.12 , pp. 81-91
    • Feux, D.1    Wiesendanger, M.2
  • 18
    • 0028355026 scopus 로고
    • Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations and connections
    • GALEA, M.P., and I. DARIAN SMITH (1994) Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations and connections. Cereb Cort 4: 166-194.
    • (1994) Cereb Cort , vol.4 , pp. 166-194
    • Galea, M.P.1    Darian Smith, I.2
  • 20
    • 0030909744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of motor areas of the cat cerebral cortex based on studies of cortical stimulation and corticospinal connections
    • GHOSH, S. (1997a) Identification of motor areas of the cat cerebral cortex based on studies of cortical stimulation and corticospinal connections. J Comp Neurol 380: 191-214.
    • (1997) J Comp Neurol , vol.380 , pp. 191-214
    • Ghosh, S.1
  • 21
    • 0030704745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cytoarchitecture of sensorimotor areas in the cat cerebral cortex
    • GHOSH, S. (1997b) The cytoarchitecture of sensorimotor areas in the cat cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 388: 354-370.
    • (1997) J Comp Neurol , vol.388 , pp. 354-370
    • Ghosh, S.1
  • 22
    • 0030665084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the cortical connections of areas 4g and 4d in the cat cerebral cortex
    • GHOSH, S. (1997c) Comparison of the cortical connections of areas 4g and 4d in the cat cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 388: 371-396.
    • (1997) J Comp Neurol , vol.388 , pp. 371-396
    • Ghosh, S.1
  • 23
    • 0030671046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ipsilateral cortical connections of area 6 in the cat cerebral cortex
    • GHOSH, S. (1997d) Ipsilateral cortical connections of area 6 in the cat cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 388: 397-414.
    • (1997) J Comp Neurol , vol.388 , pp. 397-414
    • Ghosh, S.1
  • 24
    • 0016160318 scopus 로고
    • Functional organization of cortical motor areas in adult dogs and puppies
    • GORSKA, T. (1974) Functional organization of cortical motor areas in adult dogs and puppies. Acta Neurobiol Exp 34: 171-203.
    • (1974) Acta Neurobiol Exp , vol.34 , pp. 171-203
    • Gorska, T.1
  • 25
    • 0022547486 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of corpus callosum connections to electrical stimulation maps of motor, supplementary motor, and frontal eye fields in owl monkeys
    • GOULD, H.J., G.G. CUSICK, T.P. PONS, and J.H. KAAS (1986) The relationship of corpus callosum connections to electrical stimulation maps of motor, supplementary motor, and frontal eye fields in owl monkeys. J Comp Neurol 247: 297-325.
    • (1986) J Comp Neurol , vol.247 , pp. 297-325
    • Gould, H.J.1    Cusick, G.G.2    Pons, T.P.3    Kaas, J.H.4
  • 26
    • 0014385690 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of localization in 'precentral' motor cortex of racoon
    • HARDIN, W.B., N. ARUMUGASAMY, and H.D. JAMESON (1968) Pattern of localization in 'precentral' motor cortex of racoon. Brain Res 11: 611-627.
    • (1968) Brain Res , vol.11 , pp. 611-627
    • Hardin, W.B.1    Arumugasamy, N.2    Jameson, H.D.3
  • 27
    • 78651151895 scopus 로고
    • Architektonischer aufbau des sensorimotorischen and parietalen cortex der katze
    • HASSLER, R., and K. MUHS-CLEMENT (1964) Architektonischer aufbau des sensorimotorischen and parietalen cortex der katze. J Hirnforsch 6: 377-420.
    • (1964) J Hirnforsch , vol.6 , pp. 377-420
    • Hassler, R.1    Muhs-Clement, K.2
  • 28
    • 0027499066 scopus 로고
    • Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: Motor areas on the lateral surface of the hemisphere
    • HE, S.Q., R.P. DUM, and P.L. STRICK (1993) Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: Motor areas on the lateral surface of the hemisphere. J Neurosci 13: 952-980.
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 952-980
    • He, S.Q.1    Dum, R.P.2    Strick, P.L.3
  • 29
    • 0029017062 scopus 로고
    • Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: Motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere
    • HE, S.Q., R.P. DUM, and P.L. STRICK (1995) Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: Motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere. J Neurosci 15: 3284-3306.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 3284-3306
    • He, S.Q.1    Dum, R.P.2    Strick, P.L.3
  • 30
    • 0023025395 scopus 로고
    • Representation of movements and muscles within the primate precentral motor cortex: Historical and current perspectives
    • HUMPHREY, D.R. (1986) Representation of movements and muscles within the primate precentral motor cortex: historical and current perspectives. Fed Proc 45: 2687-2697.
    • (1986) Fed Proc , vol.45 , pp. 2687-2697
    • Humphrey, D.R.1
  • 31
    • 0023944474 scopus 로고
    • Organization of the primate face motor cortex as revealed by intracortical microstimulation and electrophysiological identification of afferent inputs and corticobulbar projections
    • HUANG, C.-S, M.A. SIRISKO, H. HIRABA, G.M. MURRAY, and B.J. SESSLE (1988) Organization of the primate face motor cortex as revealed by intracortical microstimulation and electrophysiological identification of afferent inputs and corticobulbar projections. J Neurophysiol 59: 796-818.
    • (1988) J Neurophysiol , vol.59 , pp. 796-818
    • Huang, C.-S.1    Sirisko, M.A.2    Hiraba, H.3    Murray, G.M.4    Sessle, B.J.5
  • 32
    • 0030670602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of abnormal tactile experience on shaping representation patterns in developing and adult motor cortex
    • HUNTLEY, G.W. (1997) Differential effects of abnormal tactile experience on shaping representation patterns in developing and adult motor cortex. J Neurosci 17: 9220-9232.
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 9220-9232
    • Huntley, G.W.1
  • 33
    • 0025788563 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of intrinsic connections to forelimb movement representations in monkey motor cortex: A correlative anatomical and physiological study
    • HUNTLEY, G.W., and E.G. JONES (1991) Relationship of intrinsic connections to forelimb movement representations in monkey motor cortex: a correlative anatomical and physiological study. J Neurophysiol 66: 390-413.
    • (1991) J Neurophysiol , vol.66 , pp. 390-413
    • Huntley, G.W.1    Jones, E.G.2
  • 34
    • 0017138726 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 1. Pyramidal effects on motoneurones
    • ILLERT, M., A. LUNDBERG, and R. TANAKA (1976) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 1. Pyramidal effects on motoneurones. Exp Brain Res 26: 509-519.
    • (1976) Exp Brain Res , vol.26 , pp. 509-519
    • Illert, M.1    Lundberg, A.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 35
    • 0014385691 scopus 로고
    • The supplementary motor area of the racoon
    • JAMESON, H.D., N. ARUMUGASAMY, and W.B. HARDIN (1968) The supplementary motor area of the racoon. Brain Res 11: 628-637.
    • (1968) Brain Res , vol.11 , pp. 628-637
    • Jameson, H.D.1    Arumugasamy, N.2    Hardin, W.B.3
  • 36
    • 0016736383 scopus 로고
    • The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli
    • JANKOWSKA, E., Y. PADEL, and R. TANAKA (1975a) The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli. J Physiol (Lond) 249: 617-636.
    • (1975) J Physiol (Lond) , vol.249 , pp. 617-636
    • Jankowska, E.1    Padel, Y.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 37
    • 0016822932 scopus 로고
    • Projections of pyramidal tract cells to α-motoneurones innervating hindlimb muscles in monkey
    • JANKOWSKA, E., Y. PADEL, and R. TANAKA (1975b) Projections of pyramidal tract cells to α-motoneurones innervating hindlimb muscles in monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 249: 337-367.
    • (1975) J Physiol (Lond) , vol.249 , pp. 337-367
    • Jankowska, E.1    Padel, Y.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 38
    • 0017693017 scopus 로고
    • Size, laminar and columnar distribution of efferent cells in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys
    • JONES, E.G., and S.P. WISE (1977) Size, laminar and columnar distribution of efferent cells in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys. J Comp Neurol 175: 391-438.
    • (1977) J Comp Neurol , vol.175 , pp. 391-438
    • Jones, E.G.1    Wise, S.P.2
  • 39
    • 0027243267 scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic connections between representation zones in the cat motor cortex
    • KELLER, A. (1993) Intrinsic connections between representation zones in the cat motor cortex. Neuroreport 4: 515-518.
    • (1993) Neuroreport , vol.4 , pp. 515-518
    • Keller, A.1
  • 40
    • 0028199798 scopus 로고
    • Information processing for motor control in primate premotor cortex
    • KURATA, K. (1994) Information processing for motor control in primate premotor cortex. Behav Brain Res 61: 135-142.
    • (1994) Behav Brain Res , vol.61 , pp. 135-142
    • Kurata, K.1
  • 41
    • 0018080681 scopus 로고
    • Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. II. Motor outputs
    • KWAN, H.C., W.A. MACKAY, J.T. MURPHY, and Y.C. WONG (1978) Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. II. Motor outputs. J Neurophysiol 41: 1120-1131.
    • (1978) J Neurophysiol , vol.41 , pp. 1120-1131
    • Kwan, H.C.1    MacKay, W.A.2    Murphy, J.T.3    Wong, Y.C.4
  • 42
    • 0022924466 scopus 로고
    • Corticospinal facilitation of hand muscles during voluntary movement in the conscious monkey
    • LEMON, R.N., G.W.B. MANTEL, and R.B. MUIR (1986) Corticospinal facilitation of hand muscles during voluntary movement in the conscious monkey. J Physiol 381: 497-527.
    • (1986) J Physiol , vol.381 , pp. 497-527
    • Lemon, R.N.1    Mantel, G.W.B.2    Muir, R.B.3
  • 43
    • 0025939653 scopus 로고
    • Multiple representations of body movements in medial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex: An intracortical microstimulation study
    • LUPPINO, G., M. MATELLI, R. CAMARDA, V. GALLESE, and G. RIZZOLATTI (1991) Multiple representations of body movements in medial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex: An intracortical microstimulation study. J Comp Neurol 311: 463-482.
    • (1991) J Comp Neurol , vol.311 , pp. 463-482
    • Luppino, G.1    Matelli, M.2    Camarda, R.3    Gallese, V.4    Rizzolatti, G.5
  • 44
    • 0019964748 scopus 로고
    • Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey
    • MACPHERSON, J.M., C. MARANGOS, T.S. MILES, and M. WIESENDANGER (1982) Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey. Exp Brain Res 45: 410-416.
    • (1982) Exp Brain Res , vol.45 , pp. 410-416
    • Macpherson, J.M.1    Marangos, C.2    Miles, T.S.3    Wiesendanger, M.4
  • 45
    • 0030858467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect corticospinal control of arm and hand motoneurons in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
    • MAIER, M.A., E. OLIVIER, S.N. BAKER, P.A. KIRKWOOD, T. MORRIS, and R.N. LEMON (1997) Direct and indirect corticospinal control of arm and hand motoneurons in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Neurophysiol 78: 721-733.
    • (1997) J Neurophysiol , vol.78 , pp. 721-733
    • Maier, M.A.1    Olivier, E.2    Baker, S.N.3    Kirkwood, P.A.4    Morris, T.5    Lemon, R.N.6
  • 46
    • 85017195761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the corticospinal projection from the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area to macaque upper limb motoneurons: An anatomical and electrophysiological study
    • MAIER, M.A., J. ARMAND, P.A. KIRKWOOD, H.-W. YANG, J.N. DAVIS, and R.N. LEMON (2002) Differences in the corticospinal projection from the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area to macaque upper limb motoneurons: An anatomical and electrophysiological study. Cerebral Cortex 78: 721-733.
    • (2002) Cerebral Cortex , vol.78 , pp. 721-733
    • Maier, M.A.1    Armand, J.2    Kirkwood, P.A.3    Yang, H.-W.4    Davis, J.N.5    Lemon, R.N.6
  • 47
    • 0027328159 scopus 로고
    • Differential spinal projections of subregions in the forelimb area of the motor cortex in the cat
    • MARTIN, J.H. (1993) Differential spinal projections of subregions in the forelimb area of the motor cortex in the cat. Neurosci Letts 159: 195-198.
    • (1993) Neurosci Letts , vol.159 , pp. 195-198
    • Martin, J.H.1
  • 48
    • 0028815419 scopus 로고
    • Kinematic analysis of reaching in the cat
    • MARTIN, J.H., S.E. COOPER, and C. GHEZ (1995) Kinematic analysis of reaching in the cat. Exp Brain Res 102: 379-392.
    • (1995) Exp Brain Res , vol.102 , pp. 379-392
    • Martin, J.H.1    Cooper, S.E.2    Ghez, C.3
  • 49
    • 0027218680 scopus 로고
    • Differential impairments in reaching and grasping produced by local inactivation within the forelimb representation of the motor cortex in the cat
    • MARTIN, J.H., and C. GHEZ (1993) Differential impairments in reaching and grasping produced by local inactivation within the forelimb representation of the motor cortex in the cat. Exp Brain Res 94: 429-443.
    • (1993) Exp Brain Res , vol.94 , pp. 429-443
    • Martin, J.H.1    Ghez, C.2
  • 50
    • 0022639628 scopus 로고
    • Intracortical stimulation in pyramidotomized monkeys
    • MITZ, A.R., and D.R. HUMPHREY (1986) Intracortical stimulation in pyramidotomized monkeys. Neurosci Letts 64: 59-64.
    • (1986) Neurosci Letts , vol.64 , pp. 59-64
    • Mitz, A.R.1    Humphrey, D.R.2
  • 51
    • 0023126296 scopus 로고
    • The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: Intracortical microstimulation mapping
    • MITZ, A.R., and S.P. WISE (1987) The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: Intracortical microstimulation mapping. J Neurosci 7: 1010-1021.
    • (1987) J Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 1010-1021
    • Mitz, A.R.1    Wise, S.P.2
  • 52
    • 0019498853 scopus 로고
    • Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey
    • MURRAY, E.A., and J.D. COULTER (1981) Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 195: 339-365.
    • (1981) J Comp Neurol , vol.195 , pp. 339-365
    • Murray, E.A.1    Coulter, J.D.2
  • 53
    • 0020042892 scopus 로고
    • A second forelimb area exists in rat frontal cortex
    • NEAFSEY, E.J. and C. SIEVERT (1982) A second forelimb area exists in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res 232: 151-156.
    • (1982) Brain Res , vol.232 , pp. 151-156
    • Neafsey, E.J.1    Sievert, C.2
  • 55
    • 0017264138 scopus 로고
    • Somatotopic localization in cat motor cortex
    • NIEOULLON, A., and L. RISPAL-PADEL (1976) Somatotopic localization in cat motor cortex. Brain Res 105: 405-422.
    • (1976) Brain Res , vol.105 , pp. 405-422
    • Nieoullon, A.1    Rispal-Padel, L.2
  • 56
    • 0032763845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery after damage to motor cortical areas
    • NUDO, R.J. (1999) Recovery after damage to motor cortical areas. Curr Opinion Neurobiol 9: 740-747.
    • (1999) Curr Opinion Neurobiol , vol.9 , pp. 740-747
    • Nudo, R.J.1
  • 57
    • 0029942870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischaemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys
    • NUDO, R.J., and G.W. MILLIKEN (1996) Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischaemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol 75: 2144-2149.
    • (1996) J Neurophysiol , vol.75 , pp. 2144-2149
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Milliken, G.W.2
  • 58
    • 0030033443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use dependant alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys
    • NUDO, R.J., G.W. MILLIKEN, W.M. JENKINS, and M.M. MERZENICK (1996a) Use dependant alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci 15: 785-807.
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 785-807
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Milliken, G.W.2    Jenkins, W.M.3    Merzenick, M.M.4
  • 59
    • 0030017218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischaemic infarct
    • NUDO, R.J., B.M. WISE, F. SIFUENTES, and G.W. MILLIKEN (1996b) Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischaemic infarct. Science 272: 1791-1794.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1791-1794
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Wise, B.M.2    Sifuentes, F.3    Milliken, G.W.4
  • 60
    • 0019514013 scopus 로고
    • Physiological demonstration of multiple representation in the forelimb region of the cat motor cortex
    • PAPPAS, C.L., and P.L. STRICK (1981) Physiological demonstration of multiple representation in the forelimb region of the cat motor cortex. J Comp Neurol 200: 481-490.
    • (1981) J Comp Neurol , vol.200 , pp. 481-490
    • Pappas, C.L.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 61
    • 76949128619 scopus 로고
    • The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex
    • PENFIELD, W., and K. WELCH (1951) The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Arch Neurol Psychiat 66: 289-317.
    • (1951) Arch Neurol Psychiat , vol.66 , pp. 289-317
    • Penfield, W.1    Welch, K.2
  • 64
    • 0029835582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study
    • PREUSS, T.M., I. STEPNIEWSKA, and J.H. KAAS (1996) Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study. J Comp Neurol 371: 649-676.
    • (1996) J Comp Neurol , vol.371 , pp. 649-676
    • Preuss, T.M.1    Stepniewska, I.2    Kaas, J.H.3
  • 65
    • 0031813536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexterity in adult monkeys following early lesion of the motor cortical hand area: The role of cortex adjacent to the lesion
    • ROUILLER, E.M., X.H. YU, V. MORET, A. TEMPINI, M. WIESENDANGER, and F. LAING (1998) Dexterity in adult monkeys following early lesion of the motor cortical hand area: the role of cortex adjacent to the lesion. Euro J Neurosci 10: 729-740.
    • (1998) Euro J Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 729-740
    • Rouiller, E.M.1    Yu, X.H.2    Moret, V.3    Tempini, A.4    Wiesendanger, M.5    Laing, F.6
  • 66
    • 0030638360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Static and dynamic organization of motor cortex
    • SANES, J.N., and J.P. DONOGHUE (1997) Static and dynamic organization of motor cortex. Adv Neurol 73: 277-296.
    • (1997) Adv Neurol , vol.73 , pp. 277-296
    • Sanes, J.N.1    Donoghue, J.P.2
  • 67
    • 0025217414 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. Long term patterns of reorganization following motor or mixed peripheral nerve lesions
    • SANES, J.N., S. SUNER and J.P. DONOGHUE (1990) Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. Long term patterns of reorganization following motor or mixed peripheral nerve lesions. Exp Brain Res 79: 479-491.
    • (1990) Exp Brain Res , vol.79 , pp. 479-491
    • Sanes, J.N.1    Suner, S.2    Donoghue, J.P.3
  • 68
    • 0020005032 scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional definition of the motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
    • SESSLE, B.J., and M. WIESENDANGER (1982) Structural and functional definition of the motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Physiol (Lond) 323: 245-265.
    • (1982) J Physiol (Lond) , vol.323 , pp. 245-265
    • Sessle, B.J.1    Wiesendanger, M.2
  • 69
    • 0014329064 scopus 로고
    • Excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation: Effective extent of stimulating current
    • STONEY, S.D., W.D. THOMPSON, and H. ASANUMA (1968) Excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation: effective extent of stimulating current. J Neurophysiol 31: 659-669.
    • (1968) J Neurophysiol , vol.31 , pp. 659-669
    • Stoney, S.D.1    Thompson, W.D.2    Asanuma, H.3
  • 70
    • 0019219871 scopus 로고
    • Effects of red nucleus lesions on forelimb movements in the cat
    • SYBIRSKA, E., and T. GORSKA (1980) Effects of red nucleus lesions on forelimb movements in the cat. Acta Neurobiol Exp 40: 821-841.
    • (1980) Acta Neurobiol Exp , vol.40 , pp. 821-841
    • Sybirska, E.1    Gorska, T.2
  • 71
    • 0020327539 scopus 로고
    • Exact cortical extent of the origin of corticospinal tract (CST) and quantitative contribution to the CST in different cytoarchitectonic areas. A study with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey
    • TOYOSHIMA, K., and H. SAKAI (1982) Exact cortical extent of the origin of corticospinal tract (CST) and quantitative contribution to the CST in different cytoarchitectonic areas. A study with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey. J Hirnforsch 23: 257-269.
    • (1982) J Hirnforsch , vol.23 , pp. 257-269
    • Toyoshima, K.1    Sakai, H.2
  • 72
    • 0020565521 scopus 로고
    • Specialized subregions in the cat motor cortex: A single unit analysis in the behving animal
    • VICARIO, D.S., J.H. MARTIN, and C. GHEZ (1983) Specialized subregions in the cat motor cortex: a single unit analysis in the behving animal. Exp Brain Res 51: 351-367.
    • (1983) Exp Brain Res , vol.51 , pp. 351-367
    • Vicario, D.S.1    Martin, J.H.2    Ghez, C.3
  • 73
    • 0020379249 scopus 로고
    • The premotor cortex of the monkey
    • WEINRICH, M., and S.P. WISE (1982) The premotor cortex of the monkey. J Neurosci 2: 1329-1345.
    • (1982) J Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 1329-1345
    • Weinrich, M.1    Wise, S.P.2
  • 74
    • 0040066977 scopus 로고
    • Organization of secondary motor areas of cerebral cortex
    • J.M. BROOKHART and V.B. MOUNTCASTLE, eds., The American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD
    • WIESENDANGER, M. (1981) Organization of secondary motor areas of cerebral cortex. In: Handbook of Physiology - The Nervous System II, J.M. BROOKHART and V.B. MOUNTCASTLE, eds., pp. 1121-1147, The American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD.
    • (1981) Handbook of Physiology - The Nervous System II , pp. 1121-1147
    • Wiesendanger, M.1
  • 75
    • 0029688044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and comparative neurobiology of the supplementary sensorimotor area
    • WISE, S.P. (1996) Evolutionary and comparative neurobiology of the supplementary sensorimotor area. Adv Neurol 70: 71-84.
    • (1996) Adv Neurol , vol.70 , pp. 71-84
    • Wise, S.P.1
  • 76
    • 0002454831 scopus 로고
    • Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex
    • H. HARLOW and C.N. WOOLSEY, eds., University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
    • WOOLSEY, C.N. (1958) Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In: Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior, H. HARLOW and C.N. WOOLSEY, eds., pp. 63-81, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
    • (1958) Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior , pp. 63-81
    • Woolsey, C.N.1
  • 77
    • 0015503875 scopus 로고
    • Complete unilateral section of the pyramidal tract at the medullary level in Macaca mulatto
    • WOOLSEY, C.N., T. GORSKA, A. WETZEL, T.C. ERICKSON, F.J EARLS, and J.M. ALLMAN (1972) Complete unilateral section of the pyramidal tract at the medullary level in Macaca mulatto. Brain Res 40: 119-123.
    • (1972) Brain Res , vol.40 , pp. 119-123
    • Woolsey, C.N.1    Gorska, T.2    Wetzel, A.3    Erickson, T.C.4    Earls, F.J.5    Allman, J.M.6
  • 78
    • 0033197994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reorganization in primary motor cortex of primates with long standing therapeutic amputations
    • WU, C., and J. H. KAAS (1999) Reorganization in primary motor cortex of primates with long standing therapeutic amputations. J Neurosci 19: 7679-7697.
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 7679-7697
    • Wu, C.1    Kaas, J.H.2
  • 79
    • 0021323293 scopus 로고
    • Specialized subregions in the cat motor cortex: Anatomical demonstration of differential projections to rostral and caudal sectors
    • YUMIYA, H., and C. GHEZ (1984) Specialized subregions in the cat motor cortex: anatomical demonstration of differential projections to rostral and caudal sectors. Exp Brain Res 53: 259-276.
    • (1984) Exp Brain Res , vol.53 , pp. 259-276
    • Yumiya, H.1    Ghez, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.