Direct and indirect corticospinal control of arm and hand motoneurons in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 721-733

  Maier, M A ^a   Olivier, E ^a,c   Baker, S N ^a   Kirkwood, P A ^a   Morris, T ^b   Lemon, R N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; FINGER; HAND MOVEMENT; MALE; MOTONEURON; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE PROJECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; SQUIRREL MONKEY; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 0030858467     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.721     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. 4 propriospinal system: target reaching and food-taking. In: Muscle Afferents and Spinal Control of Movement, edited by L. Jami, E. Pierrot-Deseilligny, and D. Zytnicki. London: Pergamon, 1992, p. 327-354.
2. AMASSIAN, V. E., STEWART, M., QUIRK, G. J., AND ROSENTHAL, J. L. Physiological basis of motor effects of a transient stimulus to cerebral cortex. Neurosurgery 20: 74-93, 1987.
3. ANTINUCCI, F. AND VISALBERGHI, E. Tool use in Cebus apella: a case study. Int. J. Primatol. 7: 351-363, 1986.
4. ARMAND, J. The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals. Prog. Brain Res. 57: 330-360, 1982.
5. ARMAND, J., OLIVIER, E., EDGLEY, S. A., AND LEMON, R. N. The postnatal development of corticospinal projections from motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in the macaque monkey. J. Neurosci. 17: 251-266, 1997.
6. BAKER, S. N., OLIVIER, E., AND LEMON, R. N. Recording an identified pyramidal volley evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in a conscious macaque monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 99: 529-532, 1994.
7. BALDISSERA, F. AND CAVALLARI, P. Short-latency subliminal effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on forearm motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. 96: 513-518, 1993.
8. BALDISSERA, F., HULTBORN, H., AND ILLERT, M. Integration in spinal neuronal systems. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Motor Control. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1981, sect. 1, vol. II, p. 509-595.
9. BENNETT, K.M.B. AND LEMON, R. N. The influence of single monkey cortico-motoneuronal cells at different levels of activity in target muscles. J. Physiol. Lond. 477: 291-307, 1994.
10. BENNETT, K.M.B. AND LEMON, R. N. Corticomotoneuronal contribution to the fractionation of muscle activity during precision grip in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1826-1842, 1996.
11. BERNHARD, C. G., BOHM, E., AND PETERSÉN, I. Investigations on the organization of the corticospinal system in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 29: 106, 1953.
12. BORTOFF, G. A. AND STRICK, P. L. Corticospinal terminations in two New-World primates: further evidence that Corticomotoneuronal connections provide part of the neural substrate for manual dexterity. J. Neurosci. 13: 5105-5118, 1993.
13. BURKE, D., HICKS, R., GANDEVIA, S. C., STEPHEN, J., WOODFORTH, I., AND CRAWFORD, M. Direct comparison of corticospinal volleys in human subjects to transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. J. Physiol. Lond. 470: 383-393, 1993.
14. CALIEBE, F., HÄUSSLER, J., ILLERT, M., AND NATH, D. X-ray investigations in the cat of the target-reaching and food-taking movements (Abstract). Ear. J. Neurosci. 4, Suppl.: 304, 1991.
15. COSTELLO, M. B. AND FRAGASZY, D. M. Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri. 1. Grip type and hand preference. Am. J. Primatol. 15: 235-245, 1988.
16. DAY, B. L., ROTHWELL, J. C., THOMPSON, P. D., DICK, J.P.R., COWAN, A., BERARDELLI, A., AND MARSDEN, C. D. Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. II. Multiple descending volleys. Brain 110: 1191-1209, 1987.
17. DUM, R. P. AND STRICK, P. L. Spinal cord terminations of the medial wall motor areas in macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 16: 6513-6525, 1996.
18. EDGLEY, S. A., EYRE, J. A., LEMON, R. N., AND MILLER, S. Excitation of the corticospinal tract by electromagnetic and electrical stimulation of the scalp in the macaque monkey. J. Physiol. Lond. 425: 301-320, 1990.
19. EDGLEY, S. A., EYRE, J. A., LEMON, R. N., AND MILLER, S. Comparison of activation of corticospinal neurones and spinal motoneurones by magnetic and electrical stimulation in the monkey. Brain 120: 839-853, 1997.
20. FRAGASZY, D. M. Preliminary quantitative studies of prehension in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Brain Behav. Evol. 23: 81-92, 1983.
21. FRITZ, N., ILLERT, M., KOLB, F. P., LEMON, R. N., MUIR, R. B., VAN DER BURG, J., WIEDEMANN, E., AND YAMAGUCHI, T. The cortico-motoneuronal input to hand and forearm motoneurones in the anaesthetized monkey (Abstract). J. Physiol. Lond. 366: 20, 1985.
22. HAGGQVIST, G. Faseranaltische Studien uber die pyramidenbahn. Acta Psychiatr. Neurol. Scand. 12: 457-466, 1937.
23. HAGHIGHI, S. S., PEREZESPEJO, M. A., ORO, J. J., ADELSTEIN, E. H., AND CHOI, H. J. Origin of the muscle action potential evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in cats. Neurol. Res. 17: 469-473, 1995.
24. HARTING, J. K. AND NOBACK, C. R. Corticospinal projections from the pre and postcentral gyri in the squirrel monkey (Samiri sciureus). Brain Res. 24: 322-328, 1970.
25. HEFFNER, R. S. AND MASTERTON, R. B. Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity. Brain Behav. Evol. 12: 161-200, 1975.
26. HEFFNER, R. S. AND MASTERTON, R. B. The role of the corticospinal tract in the evolution of human digital dexterity. Brain Behav. Evol. 23: 165-183, 1983.
27. ILLERT, M., LUNDBERG, A., AND TANAKA, R. Disynaptic corticospinal effects in forelimb motoneurones in the cat. Brain Res. 75: 312-515, 1974.
28. JANKOWSKA, E., PADEL, Y., AND TANAKA, R. Disynaptic inhibition of spinal motoneurones from the motor cortex in the monkey. J. Physiol. Lond. 258: 467-487, 1976.
29. JENNY, A. B. AND INUKAI, J. Principles of motor organization of the monkey cervical spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 3: 567-575, 1983.
30. KERNELL, D. AND WU, C.-P. Responses of the pyramidal tract to stimulation of the baboon's motor cortex. J. Physiol Lond. 191: 653-672, 1967.
31. KIMURA, J. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle. Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Davies, 1989.
32. KUYPERS, H.G.J.M. Corticospinal connections: postnatal development in the rhesus monkey. Science Wash. DC 138: 678-680, 1962.
33. LANDGREN, S., PHILLIPS, C. G., AND PORTER, R. Minimal synaptic actions of pyramidal impulses on some alpha motoneurones of the baboon's hand and forearm. J. Physiol. Lond. 161: 91-111, 1962.
34. LAWRENCE, D. G. AND HOPKINS, D. A. The development of motor control in the rhesus monkey: evidence concerning the role of corticomotoneuronal connections. Brain 99: 235-254, 1976.
35. LAWRENCE, D. G., PORTER, R., AND REDMAN, S. J. Corticomotoneuronal synapses in the monkey: light microscopic localization upon motoneurons of intrinsic muscles of the hand. J. Comp. Neurol. 232: 499-510, 1985.
36. LEMON, R. N., MAIER, M., OLIVIER, E., BAKER, S. N., AND MORRIS, T. Direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM) connections in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 430, 1996.
37. MAIER, M. A., ILLERT, M., KIRKWOOD, P. A., NIELSEN, J., AND LEMON, R. N. Lack of evidence for C3-C4 propriospinal transmission of corticospinal excitation to forearm motoneurones in the anaesthized macaque monkey (Abstract). J. Physiol. Lond. 494: 63, 1996.
38. OLIVIER, E., EDGLEY, S. A., ARMAND, J., AND LEMON R. N. An electrophysiological study of the postnatal development of the corticospinal system in the macaque monkey. J. Neurosci. 17: 267-276, 1997.
39. OLIVIER, E., MAIER, M. A., BAKER, S. N., PHILBIN, N., MORRIS, T., AND LEMON, R. N. Electrophysiological evidence for direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) connections in the anaesthetized squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) (Abstract). J. Physiol. Lond. 494: 64, 1996.
40. PHILLIPS, C. G. AND PORTER, R. The pyramidal projection to motoneurones of some muscle groups of the baboon's forelimb. Prog. Brain Res. 12: 222-245, 1964.
41. PHILLIPS, C. G. AND PORTER, R. Corticospinal Neurones. Their Role in Movement. London: Academic, 1977.
42. PORTER, R. AND LEMON, R. N. Corticospinal Function and Voluntary Movement. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993.
43. PRESTON, J. B. AND WHITLOCK, D. G. Intracellular potentials recorded from motoneurons following precentral gyrus stimulation in primate. J. Neurophysiol. 24: 91-100, 1961.
44. ROSE, P. K. AND RICHMOND, F. White matter dendrites in the upper cervical spinal cord of the adult cat: a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol 199: 191-203, 1981.
45. ROTHWELL, J. C., THOMPSON, P. D., DAY, B. L., BOYD, S., AND MARSDEN, C. D. Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp. Exp. Physiol. 76: 159-200, 1991.
46. SHAPOVALOV, A. I. Neuronal organization and synaptic mechanisms of supraspinal motor control in vertebrates. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Exp. Pharmacol. 72: 1-54, 1975.
47. TIGGES, J., NAKAGAWA, S., AND TIGGES, M. Efferents of area 4 in a South American monkey (Saimiri). I. Terminations in the spinal cord. Brain Res. 171: 1-11, 1979.
48. TOWE, A. L. Relative numbers of pyramidal tract neurons in mammals of different sizes. Brain Behav. Evol. 7: 1-17, 1973.
49. VERHAART, W.J.C. The pyramidal tract of Tupaia, compared to that in other primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 126: 43-50, 1966.
50. WERHAHN, K. J., FONG, J.K.Y., MEYER, B. U., PRIORI, A., ROTHWELL, J. C., DAY, B. L., AND THOMPSON, P. D. The effect of magnetic coil orientation on the latency of surface EMG and single motor unit responses in the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 93: 138-146, 1994.