Racial discrimination: Theories, facts and policy

International Labour Review

Volumn 142, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 507-541

  Fugazza, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS EST   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LABOR POLICY; LEGISLATION; POLICY STRATEGY; RACE;

EID: 3242885226     PISSN: 00207780     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1564-913X.2003.tb00542.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Allanson, Paul; Atkins, Jonathan; Hinks, Timothy. 2000. Did the end of apartheid spell the beginning of the end for the racial wage hierarchy in South Africa? A multilateral analysis of racial wage differentials in the early post-apartheid period. Dundee Discussion Paper in Economics No. 118. Dundee, Department of Economic Studies, University of Dundee.
2. Antonovics, Kate. 2002. Statistical discrimination and intergenerational income mobility. Mimeo. La Jolla, CA, Department of Economics, University of California-San Diego.
3. Arcidiacono, Peter. 2003. "The dynamic implications of search discrimination", in Journal of Public Economics (Chicago, IL), Vol. 87, No. 7 (Aug.), pp. 1681-1706.
4. Arrow, Kenneth J. 1998. "What has economics to say about racial discrimination", in Journal of Economic Perspectives (Chicago, IL), Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 91-100.
5. Arrow, Kenneth J. 1973. "The theory of discrimination", in Orley Ashenfelter and Albert Rees (eds.): Discrimination in labor markets. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, pp. 3-33.
6. Baldwin, Marjorie; Bishop, John. A. 1991. "An analysis of racial differences in wage distributions", in Economics Letters (Amsterdam Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 91-95.
7. Barros, R. P; Mendonça, R.; Velazco, T. M. 1996. The role of color in social stratification in Brazil. Mimeo. Rio de Janeiro, Institute de Pesquisas Economicas Aplicadas.
8. Bayard, Kimberley; Hellerstein, Judith; Neumark, David; Troske, Kenneth. 2000. "The New Worker Establishment Characteristics Database". Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Establishment Surveys (American Statistical Association), pp. 981-90.
9. Bayard, Kimberley; Hellerstein, Judith; Neumark, David; Troske, Kenneth. 1999a. Why are racial and ethnic wage gaps larger for men than for women? Exploring the role of segregation using the New Worker-Establishment Characteristics Database. NBER Working Paper Series No. 6997. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.
10. Bayard, Kimberley; Hellerstein, Judith; Neumark, David; Troske, Kenneth. 1999b. New evidence on sex segregation and sex differences in wages from matched employee-employer data. NBER Working Paper Series No. 7003. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.
11. Becker, Gary S. 1957. Economics of discrimination. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
12. Bisping, Timothy O.; Fain, James R. 2000. "Job queues, discrimination, and affirmative action", in Economic Inquiry (Oxford), Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 123-135.
13. Black, A. D. 1995. "Discrimination in an equilibrium search model", in Journal of Labor Economics (Chicago, IL), Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 309-334.
14. Blackaby, D. H.; Leslie, D. G.; Murphy, P. D.; O'Leary, N. C. 1998. "The ethnic wage gap and employment differentials in the 1990s: Evidence for Britain", in Economics Letters (Amsterdam), No. 58, pp. 97-103.
15. Borjas, George J. 1995. "Ethnicity, neighborhoods, and human-capital externalities", in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 365-390.
16. Borjas, George J. 1994. "Long-run convergence of ethnic skill differentials: The children and grandchildren of the Great Migration", in Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Ithaca, NY) Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 553-573.
17. Borjas, George J. 1992. "Ethnic capital and intergenerational mobility", in Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, MA), Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 123-150.
18. Cain, Glen G. 1986. "The economic analysis of labor market discrimination: A survey", in Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Layard (eds.): Handbook of labor economics. Amsterdam/New York, NY, North Holland Press, pp. 693-785.
19. Campbell, J.P. 1996. "Group differences and personnel decisions: Validity, fairness, and affirmative action", in Journal of Vocational Behavior (San Diego, CA), Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 122-158.
20. Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. 1993. "Trends in relative black-white earnings revisited", in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 85-91.
21. Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. 1992. "School quality and black-white relative earnings: A direct assessment", in The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, MA), Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 151-200.
22. Card, David; Lemieux, Thomas. 1994. "Changing wage structure and black-white wage differentials", in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 29-33.
23. Chandra, Amitabh. 2000. "Labor-market dropouts and the racial wage gap: 1940-1990", in The American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 333-338.
24. Coate, Stephen; Loury, Glenn. 1993. "Antidiscrimination enforcement and the problem of patronization", in The American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 92-98.
25. Donohue III, John J.; Heckman, James. 1991. "Continuous versus episodic change: The impact of civil rights policy on the economic status of Blacks", in Journal of Economic Literature (Nashville, TN , Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 1603-1643.
26. Fix, M.; Galster, G.; Struyk, R. 1993. "An overview of auditing for discrimination", in M. Fix and R. Struyk (eds.): Clear and convincing evidence: Measurement of discrimination in America. Washington, DC, Urban Institute Press, pp. 287-334.
27. Fredman, S. 2001. "Equality: A new generation?", in Industrial Law Journal (Oxford), Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 145-168.
28. Fugazza, Mark. 2003. Racial discrimination: Theories, facts and policy. Mimeo. Background paper prepared for the ILO's global report Time for equality at work: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Geneva, ILO.
29. Galster, George. 1990. "Racial steering by real estate agents: Mechanisms and motives", in Review of Black Political Economy (Atlanta, GA), Summer, pp. 39-63.
30. Haggerty, Mark; Johnson, Colleen. 1995. "The hidden barriers of occupational segregation", in Journal of Economic Issues (Knoxville, TN), Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 211-239.
31. Hall, Stuart. 2000. "From Scarman to Lawrence", in. Connections (London), Spring. Downloadable at www.cre.gov.uk/publs/connections/pdfs/cn001.pdf [visited on 9 Mar. 2004].
32. Heckman, James; Spiegelman, P. 1993. "The urban institute audit studies: Their methods and findings", in Michael Fix and Raymond Struyk (eds.): Clear and convincing evidence: Measurement of discrimination in America. Washington, DC, Urban Institute Press, pp. 187-258.
33. Hellerstein, Judith; Neumark, David; Troske, Kenneth R. 1999. "Wages, productivity, and worker characteristics: Evidence from plant-level production functions and wage equations", in Journal of Labor Economics (Chicago, IL), Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 175-197.
34. Hellerstein, Judith; Neumark, David. 2002. Ethnicity, language, and workplace segregation: Evidence from a new matched employer-employee data set. NBER Working Paper Series No. 9037. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.
35. Hinks, Timothy. 1999. Racial wage discrimination and the end of apartheid in South Africa: A multilateral approach. Mimeo. London, Middlesex University Business School.
36. Holzer, H.; Neumark, David. 2000a. "Assessing affirmative action", in Journal of Economic Literature (Nashville, TN), Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 483-568.
37. Holzer, H.; Neumark, David. 2000b. "What does affirmative action do?", in International Labor Relations Review (Ithaca, NY), Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 240-271.
38. Holzer, H.; Neumark, David. 1999. "Are affirmative hires less qualified? Evidence from employer-employee data on new hires", in Journal of Labor Economics (Chicago, IL), Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 534-569.
39. Hubbuck, J.; Carter, S. 1980. Half a chance? A report on job discrimination against young Blacks in Nottingham. London, Commission for Racial Equality.
40. Juhn, Chinhui; Murphy, Kevin M.; Pierce, Brooks. 1991. "Accounting for the slow-down in Black-White wage convergence", in Marvin H. Kosters (ed.): Workers and their wages: Changing patterns in the United States. Washington, DC, AEI Press, pp. 107-143.
41. Kahn, Lawrence M.; Sherer, Peter D. 1988. "Racial differences in professional basketball players' compensation", in Journal of Labor Economics (Chicago, IL), Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 40-61.
42. Loury, Glenn C. 1977. "A dynamic theory of racial income differences", in Phyllis A. Wallace and Annette M. Lamond (eds.): Women, minorities, and employment discrimination. Lexington, MA, D.C. Heath.
43. Lovell, Peggy A. 1994. "Race, gender, and development in Brazil", in Latin American Research Review (Albuquerque, NM), pp. 7-35.
44. Lundberg, Shelly J. 1991. "The enforcement of equal opportunity laws under imperfect information: affirmative action and alternatives", in Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, MA), Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 309-326.
45. Lundberg, Shelly J.; Startz, Richard. 1998. "On the persistence of racial inequality", in Journal of Labor Economics (Chicago, IL), Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 292-323.
46. Lundberg, Shelly J.; Startz, Richard. 1983. "Private discrimination and social intervention in competitive labor markets," in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), No. 73, pp. 340-347.
47. Mason, Patrick L. 2000. "Persistent discrimination: Racial disparity in the United States. 1967-1988", in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 312-316.
48. Mason, Patrick L. 1995. "Male interracial wage differentials: Competing explanations", in Cambridge Journal of Economics (London Vol. 23, pp. 261-299.
49. Meager, Nigel. 1998. The evaluation of active labour market measures for the long-term unemployed. ILO Employment and Training Papers No. 16. Geneva, ILO.
50. Mezzera, Jaime. 2001. Diferencias de insercion e ingresos en el mercado de trabajo urbano del Brasil, según genero y raza. Mimeo. Geneva, ILO.
51. Modood, T.; Metcalf, H.; Virdee, S. 1998. "British Asian entrepreneurs: Culture and Opportunity Structures" in P. Taylor-Gooby (ed.): Choice and public policy: The limits of welfare markets. Basingstoke, Macmillan.
52. Munnell, Alicia H.; Browne, L. E.; McEneaney, J.; Tootell, G. M. B. 1996. "Mortgage lending in Boston: Interpreting the HMDA data", in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 25-53.
53. Neal, Derek A.; Johnson, William R. 1996. "The role of pre-market factors in black-white wage differences", in Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 869-895.
54. Raphael, Steven; Riker, David A. 1999. "Geographic mobility, race, and wage differentials", in Journal of Urban Economics (San Diego, CA), Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 17-46.
55. Sherer, George. 2000. "Intergroup economic inequality in South Africa: The post-apartheid era", in American Economic Review (Nashville, TN), Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 317-321.
56. Simpson, A.; Stevenson, J. 1994. Half a chance still? Nottingham, Nottingham and District Racial Equality Council.
57. Smith, James P.; Welch, Finis R. 1989. "Black economic progress after Myrdal", in Journal of Economic Literature (Nashville, TN), Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 519-564.
58. South African Presidential Commission. 1996. Restructuring the labor market: The South African labor market. Report of the Presidential Commission. Pretoria.
59. Telles, Edward E.; Lim, Nelson. 1998. "Does it matter who answers the race question? Racial classification and income inequality in Brazil", in Demography (Washington, DC), Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 465-474.
60. Treiman, Donald J.; McKeever, Matthew; Fodor, Eva. 1996. "Racial differences in occupational status and income in South Africa, 1980 and 1991", in Demography (Washington, DC), Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 111-132.
61. United Nations. 1965. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Downloadable at www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/derd.htm [visited on 19 Feb. 2004].
62. United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1977. Statement on Affirmative Action. Washington, DC.
63. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.
64. Wrench, John; Modood, Tariq. 2001. The effectiveness of employment equality policies in relation to immigrants and ethnic minorities in the U.K. International Migration Papers No. 38. Geneva, ILO.
65. Yinger, John. 1997. "Cash in your face: The cost of racial and ethnic discrimination in housing", in Journal of Urban Economics (San Diego, CA), Vol. 42, pp. 339-365.
66. Yinger, John. 1995. Closed doors, opportunities lost: The continuing costs of housing discrimination. New York, NY, Russell Sage Foundation.