Juvenile thyrotoxicosis; can we do better?

Archives of Disease in Childhood

Volumn 89, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 745-750

  Birrell, G ^a   Cheetham, T ^a  

^a ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTITHYROID AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARBIMAZOLE; DEXAMETHASONE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; THIAMAZOLE; THIONAMIDE; THYROID ANTIBODY;

ADRENERGIC ACTIVITY; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANEMIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY; HEADACHE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; JAUNDICE; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROTOXICOSIS; VOMITING;

ADOLESCENT; ANTITHYROID AGENTS; CHILD; HUMANS; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; RECURRENCE; THYROID CRISIS; THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE; THYROTOXICOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 3242875825     PISSN: 00039888     EISSN: 14682044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.035980     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Lavard L, Ranlov R, Perrild H, et al. Incidence of juvenile thyrotoxicosis in Denmark, 1982-1988, A nationwide study. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:565-8.
2. Mastorakos G, Mitsiades NS, Doufas AG, et al. Hyperthyroidism in McCune-Albright syndrome with a review of thyroid abnormalities sixty years after the first report. Thyroid 1997;7:433-9.
3. Kopp P, Muirhead S, Jourdain N, et al. Congenital hyperthyroidism caused by a solitary toxic adenoma harbouring a novel somatic mutation (serine281→isoleucine) in the extracellular domain of the thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1634-9.
4. Fuhrer D, Warner J, Sequeira M, et al. Novel TSHR germline mutation (Met463Val) masquerading as Graves' disease in a large Welsh kindred with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2000;10:1035-41.
5. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, et al. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:930-4.
6. Vaidya B, Kendoll-Taylor P, Peorce SH. The genetics of autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5385-97.
7. Wong GW, Cheng PS. Increasing incidence of childhood Graves' disease in Hong Kong: a follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol 2001;54:547-50.
8. Bourdoux PP, Ermans AM, Mukolay wa Mukalay A, et al. Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in Kivu, Zaire. Lancet 1996;347:552-3.
9. Burgi H, Kohler M, Morselli B. Thyrotoxicosis incidence in Switzerland and benefit of improved iodine supply. Lancet 1998;352:1034.
10. Shulman DI, Muhar I, Jorgensen EV, et al. Autoimmmune hyperthyroidism in prepubertal children and adolescents: comparison of clinical and biochemical features at diagnosis and response to medical therapy. Thyroid 1997;7:755-60.
11. Lazar L, Kalter-Leibovici O, Pertzelan A, et al. Thyrotoxicosis in prepubertal children compared with pubertal and postpubertal patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3678-82.
12. Segni M, Leonardi E, Mazzoncini B, et al. Special features of Graves' disease in early childhood. Thyroid 1999;9:871-7.
13. Wong GW, Lai J, Cheng PS. Growth in childhood thyrotoxicosis. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:776-9.
14. Iranmanesh A, Lizorralde G, Johnson ML, et al. Nature of altered growth hormone secretion in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:108-15.
15. Siebler T, Robson H, Shalet SM, et al. Dexamethasone inhibits and thyroid hormone promotes differentiation of mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Bone 2002;31:457-64.
16. Evangelopoulou ME, Alevizaki M, Toumanidis S, et al. Mitral volve prolapse in autoimmune thyroid disease: on index of systemic autoimmunity? Thyroid 1999;9:973-7.
17. Parle JV, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, et al. Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:861-5.
18. Gruters A. Ocular manifestations in children and adolescents with thyrotoxicosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999;107(suppl 5):S172-4.
19. Chan W, Wong GW, Fon DS, et al. Ophthalmopothy in childhood Graves' disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:740-2.
20. Mora S, Weber G, Marenzi K, et al. Longitudinal changes of bone density and bone resorption in hyperthyroid girls during treatment. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:1971-7.
21. Takasu N, Oshiro C, Akamine H, et al. Thyroid stimulating antibody and TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin in 277 Graves' patients and 686 normal subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 1997;20:452-61.
22. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1998;27:225-47.
23. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs in the management of patients with Graves' disease: an evidence-based approach to therapeutic controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3474-81.
24. Perrild H, Gruters-Kieslich A, Feldt-Rasmussen U, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxicosis in childhood. A European questionnaire study. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:467-73.
25. Raza J, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG. Thyrotoxicosis in children: thirty years' experience. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:937-41.
26. Romaldini JH, Bromberg N, Werner RS, et al. Comparison of effects of high and low dosage regimens of antithyroid drugs in the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:563-70.
27. Grebe SKG, Feek CM, Ford HC, et al. A randomised trial of short-term treatment of Graves' disease with high-dose carbimazole plus thyroxine versus low dose carbimazole. Clin Endocrinol 1998;48:585-92.
28. Hamburger JI. Management of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:1019-24.
29. Williams KV, Nayak S, Becker D, et al. Fifty years of experience with propylthiouracil-associated hepatotoxicicty: What have we learned? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1727-33.
30. Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Campamori A, et al. Treatment with lithium prevents serum thyroid hormone increase after thionamide withdrawal and radioiodine therapy in patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4490-5.
31. Tietgens ST, Leinung MC. Thyroid storm. Med Clin North Am 1995;79:169-85.
32. Kadmon PM, Noto RB, Boney CM, et al. Thyroid storm in a child following radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy: a consequence of RAI versus withdrawal of antithyroid medication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1865-7.
33. Allahabadia A, Daykin J, Holder RL, et al. Age and gender predict the outcome of treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1038-42.
34. Franklyn JA. The management of hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1731-8.
35. Glaser NS, Styne DM. Predictors of early remission of hyperthyroidism in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1719-26.
36. Lippe BM, Landow EM, Kaplon SA. Hyperthyroidism in children treated with long term medical therapy: twenty-five percent remission every two years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:1241-5.
37. Rudberg C, Johansson H, Akerstrom G, et al. Graves' disease in children and adolescents. Late results of surgical treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:710-15.
38. Foster RS Jr. Morbidity and mortality after thyroidectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978;146:423-9.
39. Rivkees AS, Sklar C, Freemark M. The management of Graves' disease in children, with special emphasis on rodioiodine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3767-74.
40. Alexander EK, Larsen PR. High dose of (131) I therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1073-7.
41. Cheetham TD, Wraight EP, Hughes IA, et al. Radioiodine treatment of Graves' disease in young people. Horm Res 1998;49:255-9.
42. Nebesio TD, Siddiqui AR, Pescovitz OH, et al. Time course to hypothyroidism after fixed-dose radioablation therapy of Graves' disease in children. J Pediatr 2002;141:99-103.
43. Chiovato L, Fiore E, Vitti P, et al. Outcome of thyroid function in Graves' patients treated with radioiodine: role of thyroid-stimulating and thyrotropin-blocking antibodies and of radioiodine-induced thyroid damage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:40-6.
44. Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, et al. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study Group. JAMA 1998;280:347-55.
45. Dobyns BM, Sheline GE, Workman JB, et al. Malignant and benign neoplasms of the thyroid in patients treated for hyperthyroidism: a report of the cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974;38:976-98.
46. Nikiforov Y, Gnepp DR, Fagin JA. Thyroid lesions in children and adolescents after the Chernobyl disaster: implications for the study of radiation tumorigenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:9-14.
47. Rahman MAS, Birrell G, Stewart H, et al. Successful radioiodine treatment in a 3 year old child with Grave's disease following neutropenia with antithyroid medication. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:158-9.
48. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1998;338:73-8.
49. Gorman CA. Therapeutic controversies. Radioiodine therapy does not aggravate Graves' opthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:340-2.
50. Xiao H, Zhuang W, Wang S, et al. Arterial embolization: a novel approach to thyroid ablative therapy for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3583-9.