Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins and their physiological and pharmacological effects

Nutrition Research

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 469-486

  Li, Guan Hong ^a,b   Le, Guo Wei ^a,b   Shi, Yong Hui ^a,b   Shrestha, Sundar ^a  

^a JIANGNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS   (China)

Author keywords

Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors; Antihypertensive activity; Food proteins; Functional foods; Peptides; Proteolysis

Indexed keywords

ALANYLPHENYLALANYLLYSYLALANYLTRYPTOPHYLALANYLVALYLALANYLARGININE; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GLYCYLARGINYLTYROSYLTYROSYLPROLINE; HEPTAPEPTIDE; HISTIDYLGLUTAMINYLGLYCINE; ISOLEUCYLTRYPTOPHAN; ISOLEUCYLTYROSINE; ISOLEUCYLTYROSYLPROLYLARGINYLTYROSINE; ISOLEUCYLVALYLGLYCYLARGINYLPROLYLARGININE; ISOLEUCYLVALYLGLYCYLARGINYLPROLYLARGINYLHISTIDYLGLUTAMINYLGLYCINE; LEUCYLISOLEUCYLTYROSINE; LEUCYLLYSYLPROLINE; LEUCYLLYSYLPROLYLASPARAGINYLMETHIONINE; LEUCYLTRYPTOPHAN; LYSYLTRYPTOPHAN; LYSYLVALYLLEUCYLPROLYLVALYLPROLYLGLUTAMINE; METHIONYLTYROSINE; NONAPEPTIDE; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PHENYLALANYLLYSYLGLYCINE; PHENYLALANYLTYROSINE; PROLYLTHREONYLHISTIDYLISOLEUCYLLYSYLTRYPTOPHYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; TEPROTIDE; TYROSYLGLYCYLGLYCYLTYROSINE; TYROSYLLEUCYLTYROSYLGLUTAMYLISOLEUCYLALANINE; TYROSYLLEUCYLTYROSYLGLUTAMYLISOLEUCYLALANYLARGININE; TYROSYLLEUCYLTYROSYLGLUTAMYLISOLEUCYLALANYLARGINYLARGININE; TYROSYLPROLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG HYDROLYSIS; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IC 50; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTAKE; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 3242774456     PISSN: 02715317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.10.014     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Arai S., Osawa T., Ohigashi H., Yoshikawa M., Kaminogawa S., Watanabe M., Ogawa T., Okubo K., Watanabe S., Nishino H., Shinohara K., Esashi T., Hirahara T. A mainstay of functional food science in Japan - history, present status, and future outlook. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 65:2001;1-13
2. Dziuba J., Minkiewicz P., Nalecz D., Iwaniak A. Database of biologically active peptide sequences. Nahrung. 43:1999;190-195
3. Yoshikawa M., Fujita H., Matoba N., Takenaka Y., Ynmamoto T., Yamauchi R., Tsuruki H., takahata Y. Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins preventing lifestyle-related diseases. Biofactors. 12:2000;143-146
4. Erdos E.G., Skidgel R.A. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Lab Invest. 56:1987;345-348
5. Steve B.R., Fernandez A., Kneer C., Cerda J.J., Phillips M.I., Woodward E.R. Human intestinal brush border angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and its inhibition by antihypertensive ramipril. Gastroenterology. 98:1988;942-944
6. Sibony M., Gasc J.M., Soubrier F., Alhenc-Gelas F., Corvol P. Gene expression and tissue localization of the two isoforms of ACE. Hypertension. 21:1993;827-835
7. Howard T.E., Shai S.Y., Langford K.G., Martin B.M., Bernstein K.E. Transcription of testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is initiated within the 12th intron of the somatic ACE gene. Mol Cell Biol. 10:1990;4294-4302
8. Kumar R.S., Thekkumkara T.J., Sen G.C. The mRNA encoding the two angiotensin-converting enzymes is transcribed from the same gene by a tissue-specfic choice of alternative transcroption initiation sites. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;3854-3862
9. Johnston J.I., Franz V.L. Renin-angiotensin system a dual tissue and hormonal system for cardiovascular control. J Hypertens. 10:1992;s13-26
10. Wyvratt M.J., Patchett A.A. Recent developments in the design of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Med Res Rev. 5:1985;483-531
11. Xie M.H. Progress of research on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Chin J Pharm (in Chinese). 21:1990;277-285
12. Ferreira S.H., Bartelt D.C., Greene L.J. Isolation of bradykinin-potentiating peptides from Bothrops jararaca venom. Biochemistry. 9:1970;2583-2593
13. Ondetti M.A., Williams N.J., Sabo E.F., Pluvec J., Weaver E.R., Kocy O. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors from the venom of Bothrops jararaca isolation, elucidation of structure and synthesis. Biochemistry. 10:1971;4033-4039
14. Kato H., Suzuki T. Bradykinin-potentiating peptides from the venom of Akistrodon halys blomhoffii isolation of five bradykinin potentiators and the amino acid sequences of two of them, potentiators B and C. Biochemistry. 10:1971;972-980
15. Engel S.L., Schaeffer T.R., Waugh M.H., Rubin B. Effects of the nonapeptide SQ 20,881 on blood pressure of rats with experimental renovascular hypertension. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 143:1973;483-487
16. Muirhead E.E., Brooks B., Arora K.K. Prevention of malignant hypertension by the synthetic peptide SQ 20,881. Lab Invest. 30:1974;129-135
17. Oshima G., Shimabukuro H., Nagasawa K. Peptide inhibitors of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in digests of gelatin by bacterial collagenase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 566:1979;128-137
18. Muruyama S., Suzuki H. A peptide inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme in the tryptic hydrolysate of casein. Agric Biol Chem. 46:1982;1393-1394
19. Muruyama S., Nakagomi K., Tomizuka N., Suzuki H. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor derived from an enzymatic hydrolysate of casein. II. Isolation and bradykinin-potentiating activity on the uterus and the ileum of rats. Agric Biol Chem. 49:1985;1405-1409
20. Muruyama S., Mitachi H., Tanaka H., Tomizuka N., Suzuki H. Studies on the active site and antihypertensive activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors derived from casein. Agric Biol Chem. 51:1987;1581-1586
21. s1-casein. Agric Biol Chem. 51:1987;2557-2561
22. Kohmura M., Nio N., Kubo K., Minoshma Y., Munekata E., Ariyosh E. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by synthetic peptides of humanβ-casein. Agric Biol Chem. 53:1989;2107-2114
23. Kohmura M., Nio N., Ariyosh Y. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by synthetic peptide fragments of human κ-casein. Agric Biol Chem. 54:1990;835-836
24. Yamamoto N., Akino A., Takano T. Antihypertensive effect of the peptides derived from casein by an extracellular proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790. J Dairy Sci. 77:1994;917-922
25. Maeno M., Yamamoto N., Takano T. Identification of an antihypertensive peptide from casein hydrolysaste produced by a proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790. J Dairy Sci. 79:1996;1316-1321
26. Pihlanto-Leppälä A., Rokka T., Korhonen H. Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from bovine milk proteins. Int Dairy J. 8:1998;325-331
27. s1-casein. Biotechnol Lett. 21:1999;575-578
28. Gobbetti M., Ferranti P., Smacchi E., Goffredi F., Addeo F. Production of angiotensin-I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory peptides in fermented milks started by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SS1 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FT4. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;3898-3904
29. s2- casein. FEBS Lett. 531:2002;369-374
30. Mullally M.M., Meisel H., FitzGerald R.J. Identification of a novel angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide corresponding to a tryptic fragment of bovine β-lactoglobulin. FEBS Lett. 402:1997;99-101
31. Abubakar A., Saito T., Kitazawa H., Kawai Y., Itoh T. Structural analysis of new antihypertensive peptides derived from cheese whey protein by proteinase K digestion. J Dairy Sci. 81:1998;3131-3138
32. Pihlanto-Leppälä A., Koskinen P., Piilola K., Tupasela T., Korhonen H. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory properties of whey protein digests concentration and characterization of active peptides. J Dairy Res. 67:2000;53-64
33. Pihlanto-Leppälä A. Bioactive peptides derived from bovine proteins opioid and ACE-inhibitory peptides. Trends Food Sci Technol. 11:2001;347-356
34. Hernändez-Ledesma B., Recio I., Ramos M., Amigo L. Preparation of ovine and caprine β-lactoglobulin hydrolysates with ACE-inhibitory activity. Identification of active peptides from caprine β-lactoglobulin hydrolysed with thermolysin. Int Dairy J. 12:2002;805-812
35. Yokoyama H., Chiba H., Yoshikawa M. Peptide inhibitors for angiotensin I-converting enzyme from thermolysin digest of dried bonito. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 56:1992;1541-1545
36. Matsui T., Matsufuji H., Seki E., Osajima K., Nakashima M., Osajima Y. Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis alkaline protease hydrolysates derived from sardine muscle. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 57:1993;922-925
37. Matsumura N., Fujii M., Takeda Y., Sugita K., Shimizu T. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from bonito bowels autolysate. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 57:1993;695-697
38. Matsui T., Matsufuji H., Seki E., Osajima K., Nakashima M., Osajima Y. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in an alkaline protease hydrolyzate derived from sardine muscle. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 58:1994;2244-2245
39. Aatawan M., Wahyuni M., Yasuhara T., Yamada K., Tadokoro T., Maekawa A. Effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory substances derived from Indonesian dried-salted fish on blood pressure of rats. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 59:1995;425-429
40. Wako Y., Ishikawa S., Muramoto K. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors in autolysates of liver and mantle muscle. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 60:1996;1353-1355
41. Curis J.M., Dennes D., Waddell D.S., Macgillivray T., Ewart H.S. Determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide Leu-Lys-Pro-Asn-Met (LKPNM) in bonito muscle hydrolysates by LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem. 50:2002;3919-3925
42. Fujita H., Yokoyama K., Yoshikawa M. Classification and antihypertensive activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins. J Food Sci. 65:2000;564-569
43. Arihara K., Nakashima Y., Mukai T., Iahikawa T., Itoh M. Peptide inhibitors for angiotensin I-converting enzyme from enzymatic hydrolysates of porcine skeletal muscle proteins. Meat Sci. 57:2001;319-324
44. Nakashima Y., Arihara K., Mio H., Itoh M. Antihypertensive activities of peptides derived from porcine skeletal muscle myosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Food Sci. 67:2002;434-437
45. Katayama K., Fuchu H., Skata A., Kawahara S., Yamauchi K., Kawamura Y., Muguruma M. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of porcine skeletal muscle proteins following enzyme digestion. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 16:2003;417-424
46. Yoshii H., Tachi N., Ohba R., Sakamura O., Takeyama H., Itani T. Antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitory oligopeptides from chicken egg yolks. Comp Biochem Physiol. 128C:2001;27-33
47. Mito K., Fujii M., Kuwahara M., Matsumura N., Shimizu T., Sugano S., Karaki H. Antihypertensive effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from hemoglobin. Eur J Pharmacol. 304:1996;93-98
48. Hazato T., Kase R. Isolation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from porcine plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 139:1986;52-55
49. Nakagomi K., Ebisu H., Sadakane Y., Fujii N., Akizawa T., Tanimura T. Properties and human origin of two angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides isolated from a tryptic hydrolysate of human serum albumin. Biol Pharm Bull. 23:2000;879-883
50. Nakagomi K., Yamada R., Ebisu H., Sadkane Y., Akizawa T., Tanimura T. Isolation of acein-2, a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from a tryptic hydrolysate of human plasma. FEBS Lett. 467:2000;235-238
51. Hyun C., Shin H. Utilization of bovine blood plasma proteins for the production of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Process Biochem. 36:2000;65-71
52. Janitha P.K., Wanasundara P.D., Ross A.R.S., Amarowica R., Ambrose S.J., Pegg R.B., Shand P.J. Peptides with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity from defibrinated, hydrolyzed bovine plasma. J Agric Food Chem. 50:2002;6981-6988
53. Byun H.G., Kim S.K. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin. Process Biochem. 36:2001;1155-1162
54. Kim S.K., Byun H.G., Park P.J., Shahidi F. Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide purified from bovine skin gelatin hydrolysate. J Agric Food Chem. 49:2001;2992-2997
55. Byun H.G., Kim S.K. Structure and activity of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from Alaskan pollack skin. J Biochem Mol Biol. 35:2002;239-243
56. Li C.H., Matsui T., Matsumoto K., Yamasaki R., Kawasaki T. Latent production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from buckwheat protein. J Pept Sci. 8:2002;267-274
57. Matsui T., Li C.H., Osajima Y. Preparation and characterization of novel bioactive peptides responsible for angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition from wheat germ. J Pept Sci. 5:1999;289-297
58. Matsui T., Li C.H., Tanaka T., Maki T., Osajima Y., Matsumoto K. Depressor effect of wheat germ hydrolysate and its novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide, Ile-Val-Tyr, and the metabolism in rat and human plasma. Biol Pharm Bull. 23:2000;427-431
59. Suh H.J., Whang J.H. A peptide from corn gluten hydrolysate that is inhibitory toward angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Biotechnol Lett. 21:1999;1055-1058
60. Suh H.J., Whang J.H., Kim Y.S., Bae S.H., Noh D.O. Preparation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor from corn gluten. Process Biochem. 38:2003;1239-1244
61. Marutama S., Miyoshi S., Kaneko T., Tanaka H. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of synthetic peptides related to the tandem repeated sequence of a maize endosperm protein. Agric Biol Chem. 51:1989;1077-1081
62. Miyoshi S., Ishikawa H., Kaneko T., Fukui F., Tanaka H., Marutama S. Structures and activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in α-zein hydrolysate. Agric Biol Chem. 55:1991;1313-1318
63. Yano S., Suzuki K., Funatsu G. Isolation from α-zein of thermolysin peptides with angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 60:1996;661-663
64. Shin Z.I., Ahn C.W., Nam H.S., Lee H.J., Lee H.J., Moon T.H. Fractionation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from soybean paste. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 27:1995;230-234
65. Wu J., Ding X. Hypotensive and physiological effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from soy protein on spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 49:2001;501-506
66. Shin Z.I., Yu R., Park S.A., Chung D.K., Nam H.S., Kim K.S., Lee H.J. His-His-Leu, an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from Korean soybean paste, exerts antihypertensive activity in vivo. J Agric Food Chem. 49:2001;3004-3009
67. Lee J.R., Kwon D.Y., Shin H.K., Yang C.B. Purification and identification of angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from kidney bean protein hydrolysate. Food Sci Biotechnol. 8:1999;172-178
68. Kwon Y.S., Lee H.G., Shin H.K., Yang C.B. Purification and identification of angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from small red bean protein hydrolyzate. Food Sci Biotechnol. 9:2000;292-296
69. Marczak E.D., Usui H., Fujita H., Yang Y.J., Yokoo M., Lipkowski A.W., Yoshikawa M. New antihypertensive peptides isolated from rapeseed. Peptides. 24:2003;791-798
70. Saito Y., Wanezaki K., Kawato A., Imayasu S. Structure and activity of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from sake and sake lees. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 58:1994;1767-1771
71. Sarro Y., Wanezaki K., Kawato A., Imayasu S. Antihypertensive effects of peptides in sake and its by-products on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 58:1994;812-816
72. Suersuna K. Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor dipeptide derived from Allium sativum L. (garlic). J Nutr Biochem. 9:1998;415-419
73. Suetsuna K. Purification and identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from the red alga Porphyra yezoensis. J Marine Biotechnol. 6:1998;163-167
74. Suetsuna K., Nakano T. Identification of an antihypertensive peptide from peptic digest of wakame (Undaria pinnatifida). J Nutr Biochem. 11:2000;450-454
75. Suetsuna K., Chen J.R. Identification of antihypertensive peptides from peptic digest of two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. Marine Biotechnol (NY). 3:2001;305-309
76. Sato M., Hoskawa T., Yamaguchi T., Nakano T., Muramoto K., Kahara T., Funayama K., Kobayashi A., Nakano T. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and their antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 50:2002;6245-6252
77. Maruyama S., Miyoshi S., Tanaka H. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors derived from Ficus carica. Agric Biol Chem. 53:1989;2763-2767
78. Nakamura Y., Yamamoto N., Sakai K., Okubo A., Yamazaki S., Takano T. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from sour milk. J Dairy Sci. 78:1995;777-783
79. Okamoto A., Hanagata H., Matsumoto E., Kawamura Y., Koizumi Y., Yanagida Y. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of various fermented foods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 59:1995;1147-1149
80. Okamoto A., Matsumoto E., Iwashita A., Yasuhara T., Kawamura Y., Koizumi Y., Yangida F. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory action of fish sauce. Food Sci Technol Int. 1:1995;101-106
81. Kim Y.K., Yoon S., Yu D.Y., Lonnerdal B., Chung B.H. Novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from recombinant human alpha s1-casein expressed in Escherichia coli. J Dairy Res. 66:1999;431-439
82. Nakagomi K., Fujimura A., Ebisu H., Sakai T., Sadkane Y., Fujii N., Tanimura T. Acein-1, a novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide isolated from tryptic hydrolysate of human plasma. FEBS Lett. 438:1998;255-257
83. Kohama Y., Oka H., Matsumoto S., Nakagawa T., Miyamoto T., Mimura T., Nagase Y., Satake M., Takane T., Fujita T. Biological properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor derived from tuna muscle. J Pharmacobiodyn. 12:1989;566-571
84. Ondetti M.A., Rubin B., Cushman D.W. Design of specific inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme new class of orally active antihypertensive agents. Science. 196:1977;441-444
85. Ondetti M.A., Cushman D.W. Enzymes of the renin-angiotensin system and their inhibitors. Annu Rev Biochem. 51:1982;283-308
86. Cushman D.W., Cheung H.S., Sabo E.F., Ondetti M.A. Development and design of specific inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Am J Cardiol. 49:1982;1390-1394
87. Cushman D.W., Ondetti M.A. History of the design of captopril and related inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme. Hypertension. 17:1991;589-592
88. Cheung H.S., Wang F.L., Ondetti M.A., Sabo E.F., Cushman D.W. Binding of peptide substrate and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme importance of the COOH-terminal dipeptides sequence. J Biol Chem. 255:1980;401-407
89. Meisel H. Casokinins as inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Sawatzki G., Renner B. New perspective in infant nutrition. 1993;223-227 Thieme, New York
90. Meisel H. Casokinins as bioactive peptides in the primary structure of casein. Schwenke K.D., Mothes R. Food protein - structure and functionality. 1993;67-75 VCH Publishers, New York
91. Meisel H. Biochemical properties of bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins potential nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications. Livestock Prod Sci. 50:1999;125-138
92. Oshima G., Nagasawa K. Stereospecificity of peptidyl dipeptide hydrolase (angiotensin I-converting enzyme). J Biochem. 86:1979;1719-1724
93. Karaki H., Doi K., Sugano S., Uchiwa H., Sugai R., Murakami U. Antihypertensive effect of tryptic hydrolysate of milk casein in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Comp Biochem Physiol. 96C:1990;367-371
94. Hata Y., Yamamoto M., Ohni M., Nakajima K., Nakamura Y., Takano T. A placebo-controlled study of the sour milk on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 64:1996;767-771
95. Nakamura Y., Yamamoto M., Sakai K., Okubo A., Yamazaki S., Takano T. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from a sour milk. J Dairy Sci. 78:1995;777-783
96. Nakamura Y., Yamamoto M., Sakai K., Takano T. Antihypertensive effects of sour milk and peptides isolated from it that are inhibitor to angiotensin I-converting enzyme. J Dairy Sci. 78:1995;253-257
97. Seppo L., Jauhiainen T., Poussa T., Korpela R. A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 77:2003;326-330
98. Kawasaki T., Jun C.J., Fukushima Y., Kegai K., Seki E., Osajima K., Itoh K., Matsui T., Matsumoto K. Antihypertensive effect and safety evaluation of vegetable drink with peptides derived from sardine protein hydrolysates on mild hypertensive, high-normal and normal blood pressure subjects (in Japanese). Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 93:2002;208-218
99. Fujita H., Yamagami T., Ohshima K. Effects of an ACE-inhibitory agent, katsuobushi oligopeptide, in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and in borderline and mildly hypertensive subjects. Nutr Res. 21:2001;1149-1158
100. Saito T., Nakamura T., Kitazawa H., Kawai Y., Itoh T. Isolation and structural analysis of antihypertensive peptides that exist naturally in gouda cheese. J Dairy Sci. 83:2000;1434-1440
101. Masuda O., Nakamura Y., Takano T. Antihypertensive peptides are present in aorta after oral administration of sour milk containing these peptides to spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr. 126:1996;3063-3068
102. Vermeirssen V., Deplancke B., Tappenden K.A., Van Camp J., Gaskins H.R., Verstraete W. Intestinal transport of the lactokinin Ala-Leu-Pro-Met-His-Ile-Arg through a Caco-2 Bbe monolayer. J Pept Sci. 8:2002;95-100
103. Silk D.B., Hegarty J.E., Fairvlough P.D., Clark M.L. Characterization and nutritional significance of peptide transport in man. Ann Nutr Metab. 26:1982;337-352
104. Hara H., Funabiki R., Iwata M., Yanmazaki K. Partial absorption of small peptides in rats under unrestrained conditions. J Nutr. 114:1984;1122-1129
105. Roberta P.R., Burney J.D., Black K.W., Zaloga G.P. Effect of chain length on absorption of biologically active peptides from the gastrointestinal tract. Digestion. 26:1999;222-227
106. Mock W.L., Green P.C., Boyer K.D. Specificity and pH dependence for acylproline cleavage by prolidase. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;19600-19605
107. Yamamoto N., Maeno M., Takano T. Purification and characterization of an antihypertensive peptide from a yogurt-like product fermented by Lactobacillus helveticusCPN4. J Dairy Sci. 82:1999;1388-1393
108. Fujita H., Yoshikawa M. LKPNM a prodrug-type ACE-inhibitory peptide derived from fish protein. Immunopharmacology. 44:1999;123-127
109. Unger T.H., Ganten D., Lang R.E., Scholkens B.A. Persistent tissue converting enzyme inhibition following chronic treatment with Hoe498 and MK421 in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 7:1985;36-41
110. Okunishi H., Kawamoto T., Kurobe Y., Oka Y., Ishii K., Tanaka T., Miyazaki M. Pathogenetic role of vascular angiotensin converting enzyme in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 18:1991;649-659
111. Udupa E.G., Rao N.M. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme from sheep tissues by captopril, lisinopril and enalapril. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 34:1997;524-528
112. Nurminen M.-L., Sipola M., Kaarto H., Pihlanto-Leppälä A., Piilola K., Korpela R., Tossavainen O., Korhonen H., Vapaatalo H. α-Lactorphin lowers blood pressure measured by radiotelemetry in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 66:2000;1535-1543
113. Lundgaard A., Aalkjaer C. Vasorelaxation in isolated bone arteries. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and bradykinin studies in pig. Acta Orthop Scand. 68:1997;481-489
114. Kohama Y., Kuroda T., Iida K., Itoh S., Mimura T. Inhibitory effect of tuna peptide on endothelin production in cultured endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 17:1994;886-888
115. 1 agonist peptide derived from ovalbumin. Peptide. 16:1995;785-790
116. Matoba N., Usui H., Fujita H., Yoshikawa M. A novel anti-hypertensive peptide derived from ovalbumin induces nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation in an isolated SHR mesenteric artery. FEBS Lett. 452:1999;181-184
117. Sipola M., Finckenberg P., Vapaatalo H., Pihlanto-Leppälä A., Korhonen H., Korpela R., Nurminen M.-L. α-Lactorphin and β-lactorphin improve arterial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 71:2002;1245-1253
118. 2 receptor. Hypertension. 39:2002;619-623
119. Perez M., Molinaro G., Adam A. Bradykinin, an important mediator of the cardiovascular effect of metallopeptidase inhibitors experimental and clinical evidences. J Clin Basic Cardiol. 4:2001;39-46
120. Li N.G., Xu J.Y., Wu X.M. Dual inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase (in Chinese). Prog Pharm. 24:2000;133-136
121. Paakkari I., Järvinen A., Antila P., Mattila M.J., Pihlanto-Leppälä A. Opioid effects of the milk whey-protein derived peptides α- and β-lactorphin. Brantl V., Weinheim H.T. β-Casomorphins and related peptides recent development. 1994;33-37 VCH Publishers, New York
122. Pagelow I., Werner H. Immunomodulation by some oligopeptides. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 8:1986;91-95
123. Migliore-Samour D., Floc'h F., Jollés P. Biologically active casein peptides implicated in immunomodulation. J Dairy Res. 56:1989;357-362
124. Kayser H., Meisel H. Stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes by bioactive peptides derived from bovine milk proteins. FEBS Lett. 383:1996;18-20
125. Kannel W.B. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. J Am Med Assoc. 275:1996;1571-1576
126. Yu J., Chen C.H., Xu S.Y. The pharmacological effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and their clinical application (in Chinese). Chin Pharmacol Bull. 14:1998;97-100