메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 99, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 362-371

Treatment of severe pneumonia - Community-acquired and "early onset" nosocomial;Therapiekonzepte bei schweren pneumonien - Ambulant erworben und nosokomial "early onset"

Author keywords

Community acquired pneumonia; Elderly patients; Hospitalized patients; Treatment regimen; Underlying diseases

Indexed keywords

AMINOPENICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITOR; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; ERTAPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 3242688886     PISSN: 07235003     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00063-004-1055-0     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (4)

References (120)
  • 1
    • 0038334976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: Report from the ARREST program
    • Ambrose PG, Bhavnani SM, Jones RN. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: report from the ARREST program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1643-6.
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1643-1646
    • Ambrose, P.G.1    Bhavnani, S.M.2    Jones, R.N.3
  • 2
    • 9244228530 scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventative strategies - A consensus statement
    • American Thoracic Society. Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventative strategies - a consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;153:1711-25.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 1711-1725
  • 3
    • 0034959819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention
    • American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-54.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1730-1754
  • 4
    • 0037048257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1849-58.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1849-1858
    • Arancibia, F.1    Bauer, T.T.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 5
    • 0034458012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America: Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America: practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:347-82.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 347-382
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Dowell, S.F.2    Mandell, L.A.3
  • 6
    • 0029643776 scopus 로고
    • Current concepts: Community-acquired pneumonia
    • Bartlett JG, Mundy LM. Current concepts: community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1618-24.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1618-1624
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Mundy, L.M.2
  • 7
    • 0030831857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the antibacterial activities of the quinolones Bay 12-8039, gatifloxacin (AM 1155), trovafloxacin, clinafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin
    • Bauerfeind A. Comparison of the antibacterial activities of the quinolones Bay 12-8039, gatifloxacin (AM 1155), trovafloxacin, clinafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:639-51.
    • (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 639-651
    • Bauerfeind, A.1
  • 8
    • 0037697591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosokomiale pneumonie: Prävention, diagnostik und therapie. Ein konsensuspapier der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für chemotherapie (PEG) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (DGP) unter mitarbeit von experten der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI)
    • Bodmann K-F, Lorenz J, Bauer TT, et al. Nosokomiale Pneumonie: Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie. Ein Konsensuspapier der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie (PEG) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (DGP) unter Mitarbeit von Experten der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI). Chemother J 2003;12:33-44.
    • (2003) Chemother J , vol.12 , pp. 33-44
    • Bodmann, K.-F.1    Lorenz, J.2    Bauer, T.T.3
  • 9
    • 0033840869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of FOX-4, a new AmpC-type plasmid-mediated β-lactamase from an Escherichia coli strain isolated in Spain
    • Bou G, Oliver A, Ojeda M, et al. Molecular characterization of FOX-4, a new AmpC-type plasmid-mediated β-lactamase from an Escherichia coli strain isolated in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2549-53.
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 2549-2553
    • Bou, G.1    Oliver, A.2    Ojeda, M.3
  • 10
    • 0035654187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults
    • British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax 2001;56:Suppl 4:1-64.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 1-64
  • 11
    • 0037541094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: Analysis of a hospital claims-made database
    • Brown RB, Iannini P, Gross P, et al. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of a hospital claims-made database. Chest 2003;123:1503-11.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 1503-1511
    • Brown, R.B.1    Iannini, P.2    Gross, P.3
  • 12
    • 0036895613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Vietnam
    • Cao V, Lambert T, Nhu DQ, et al. Distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:3739-43.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 3739-3743
    • Cao, V.1    Lambert, T.2    Nhu, D.Q.3
  • 13
    • 0033379693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of levofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia
    • Carbon C, Ariza H, Rabie WJ, et al. Comparative study of levofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microb Infect 1999;5:724-32.
    • (1999) Clin Microb Infect , vol.5 , pp. 724-732
    • Carbon, C.1    Ariza, H.2    Rabie, W.J.3
  • 14
    • 0029649791 scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia and influenza death rates: United States, 1979-1994
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumonia and influenza death rates: United States, 1979-1994. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep 1995;44:535-7.
    • (1995) MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep , vol.44 , pp. 535-537
  • 15
    • 0036231062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ertapenem: A review of its microbiologic, pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects
    • Cunha BA. Ertapenem: a review of its microbiologic, pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects. Drugs Today 2002;38:195-213.
    • (2002) Drugs Today , vol.38 , pp. 195-213
    • Cunha, B.A.1
  • 16
    • 0028213783 scopus 로고
    • Re-evaluation of pneumonia requiring admission to an intensive care unit: A prospective study
    • Dahmash NS, Chowdhury MNH. Re-evaluation of pneumonia requiring admission to an intensive care unit: a prospective study. Thorax 1994;49:71-6.
    • (1994) Thorax , vol.49 , pp. 71-76
    • Dahmash, N.S.1    Chowdhury, M.N.H.2
  • 17
    • 0024270494 scopus 로고
    • Predicting hospital-associated mortality for medical patients
    • Daley J, Jencks S, Draper D, et al. Predicting hospital-associated mortality for medical patients. JAMA 1988;260:3617-24.
    • (1988) JAMA , vol.260 , pp. 3617-3624
    • Daley, J.1    Jencks, S.2    Draper, D.3
  • 18
    • 0038184157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacodynamics of new quinolones
    • Dalhoff A, Schmitz FJ. In vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacodynamics of new quinolones. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:203-21.
    • (2003) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 203-221
    • Dalhoff, A.1    Schmitz, F.J.2
  • 19
    • 0037035122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Davidson R, Cavalcanti R, Brunton JL, et al. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:747-50.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 747-750
    • Davidson, R.1    Cavalcanti, R.2    Brunton, J.L.3
  • 20
    • 0035870683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Dean NC, Silver MP, Bateman KA, et al. Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2001;110:451-7.
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.110 , pp. 451-457
    • Dean, N.C.1    Silver, M.P.2    Bateman, K.A.3
  • 21
    • 0034117849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of admission decision support for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Dean NC, Suchyta MR, Bateman KA, et al. Implementation of admission decision support for community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2000;117:1368-77.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1368-1377
    • Dean, N.C.1    Suchyta, M.R.2    Bateman, K.A.3
  • 22
    • 2442727490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 Results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance program
    • Doem GV, Pfaller MA, Kugler F, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:764-70.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 764-770
    • Doem, G.V.1    Pfaller, M.A.2    Kugler, F.3
  • 24
    • 0031748499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function
    • Eller J, Ede A, Schaberg T, et al. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest 1998;113:1542-8.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 1542-1548
    • Eller, J.1    Ede, A.2    Schaberg, T.3
  • 25
    • 0036176404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotika-resistenz bei erregem ambulant erworbener atemwegsinfektionen
    • Ewig S, Reinert RR, Wiedemann B, et al. Antibiotika-Resistenz bei Erregem ambulant erworbener Atemwegsinfektionen. Chemother J 2002;11:12-26.
    • (2002) Chemother J , vol.11 , pp. 12-26
    • Ewig, S.1    Reinert, R.R.2    Wiedemann, B.3
  • 26
    • 0031794530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Assessment of severity criteria
    • Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1102-8.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.158 , pp. 1102-1108
    • Ewig, S.1    Ruiz, M.2    Mensa, J.3
  • 27
    • 0033022107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia acquired in the community through drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Ewig S, Ruiz M, Torres A, et al. Pneumonia acquired in the community through drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1835-42.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 1835-1842
    • Ewig, S.1    Ruiz, M.2    Torres, A.3
  • 28
    • 0027466159 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: A cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay
    • Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med 1993;94:281-8.
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.94 , pp. 281-288
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Hance, A.J.3
  • 29
    • 11944258698 scopus 로고
    • New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implication for therapy: A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases
    • Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implication for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990;69:307-16.
    • (1990) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.69 , pp. 307-316
    • Fang, G.D.1    Fine, M.2    Orloff, J.3
  • 30
    • 0026072765 scopus 로고
    • Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Farr BM, Sloman AJ, Fish MJ. Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:428-36.
    • (1991) Ann Intern Med , vol.115 , pp. 428-436
    • Farr, B.M.1    Sloman, A.J.2    Fish, M.J.3
  • 31
    • 0028147873 scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in elderly: Special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations
    • Feik A. Pneumonia in elderly: special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Med Clin North Am 1994;78:1015-33.
    • (1994) Med Clin North Am , vol.78 , pp. 1015-1033
    • Feik, A.1
  • 32
    • 0032923446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in the elderly: Overview of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches
    • Fein AM. Pneumonia in the elderly: overview of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:726-9.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 726-729
    • Fein, A.M.1
  • 33
    • 0028954609 scopus 로고
    • The aetiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia and its impact on initial, empiric, antimicrobial chemotherapy
    • Feldman C, Ross S, Mahomed AG, et al. The aetiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia and its impact on initial, empiric, antimicrobial chemotherapy. Respir Med 1995;89:187-92.
    • (1995) Respir Med , vol.89 , pp. 187-192
    • Feldman, C.1    Ross, S.2    Mahomed, A.G.3
  • 34
    • 0036096232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous (i.v.) and oral moxifloxacin compared with sequential i.v. and oral co-amoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring initial parenteral treatment
    • Finch R, Schuermann D, Collins O, et al. Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous (i.v.) and oral moxifloxacin compared with sequential i.v. and oral co-amoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring initial parenteral treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1746-54.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 1746-1754
    • Finch, R.1    Schuermann, D.2    Collins, O.3
  • 35
    • 0031012761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243-50.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 243-250
    • Fine, M.J.1    Auble, T.E.2    Yealy, D.M.3
  • 36
    • 0029121757 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a disease-specific and a generic severity of illness measure for patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Fine MJ, Hanusa BH, Lave JR, et al. Comparison of a disease-specific and a generic severity of illness measure for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Gen Intern Med 1995;10:359-68.
    • (1995) J Gen Intern Med , vol.10 , pp. 359-368
    • Fine, M.J.1    Hanusa, B.H.2    Lave, J.R.3
  • 37
    • 0030031642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis
    • Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1996;275:134-41.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 134-141
    • Fine, M.J.1    Smith, M.A.2    Carson, C.A.3
  • 38
    • 3242692126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-care associated pneumonia acquired outside the ICU: Results of a randomized, double-blind study comparing ertapenem and cefepime
    • Glasgow.poster P788
    • Friedland I, Isaacs R, Moll J, et al. Health-care associated pneumonia acquired outside the ICU: results of a randomized, double-blind study comparing ertapenem and cefepime. Presented at the ECCMID, Glasgow 2003.poster P788.
    • (2003) ECCMID
    • Friedland, I.1    Isaacs, R.2    Moll, J.3
  • 39
    • 0141661530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to imipenem (IMI), ertapenem (ETP), and other antibiotics: Results of a multicenter ICU study
    • Chicago.abstract E-805
    • Friedland IR, Harm S, Stinson L, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to imipenem (IMI), ertapenem (ETP), and other antibiotics: results of a multicenter ICU study. Presented at the ICAAC, Chicago 2001.abstract E-805.
    • (2001) ICAAC
    • Friedland, I.R.1    Harm, S.2    Stinson, L.3
  • 40
    • 0021833179 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in adults: Incidence, etiology, and impact
    • Garibaldi RA. Epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in adults: incidence, etiology, and impact. Am J Med 1985;78:32S-7S.
    • (1985) Am J Med , vol.78
    • Garibaldi, R.A.1
  • 41
    • 0032982793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features and prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Georges H, Leroy O, Vandenbussche C, et al. Epidemiological features and prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 1999;25:198-206.
    • (1999) Intensive Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 198-206
    • Georges, H.1    Leroy, O.2    Vandenbussche, C.3
  • 42
    • 0028124689 scopus 로고
    • Assessing prognosis and predicting patient outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Gilbert K, Fine MJ. Assessing prognosis and predicting patient outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1994;9:140-52.
    • (1994) Semin Respir Infect , vol.9 , pp. 140-152
    • Gilbert, K.1    Fine, M.J.2
  • 43
    • 0033596083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia
    • Gleason PP, Meehan TP, Fine JM, et al. Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2562-72.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 2562-2572
    • Gleason, P.P.1    Meehan, T.P.2    Fine, J.M.3
  • 44
    • 0033836028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative in vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections
    • Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Merriam CV, et al. Comparative in vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2389-94.
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 2389-2394
    • Goldstein, E.J.C.1    Citron, D.M.2    Merriam, C.V.3
  • 45
    • 33749908567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the therapeutic recommendations of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients
    • Gordon GS, Throop D, Berberian L, et al. Validation of the therapeutic recommendations of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Chest 1996;110:55S.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110
    • Gordon, G.S.1    Throop, D.2    Berberian, L.3
  • 46
    • 0037102949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations
    • Hak E, Nordin J, Mullooly J, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:370-7.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 370-377
    • Hak, E.1    Nordin, J.2    Mullooly, J.3
  • 47
    • 16044373967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do pulmonary radiographic findings at presentation predict mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia?
    • Hasley PB, Albaum MN, Li YH, et al. Do pulmonary radiographic findings at presentation predict mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia? Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2206-12.
    • (1996) Arch Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 2206-2212
    • Hasley, P.B.1    Albaum, M.N.2    Li, Y.H.3
  • 48
    • 0027293166 scopus 로고
    • Factors of importance for the long-term prognosis after hospital-treated pneumonia
    • Hedlund JU, Ortqvist AB, Kalin ME, et al. Factors of importance for the long-term prognosis after hospital-treated pneumonia. Thorax 1993;48:785-9.
    • (1993) Thorax , vol.48 , pp. 785-789
    • Hedlund, J.U.1    Ortqvist, A.B.2    Kalin, M.E.3
  • 49
    • 0035282390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - A case control study
    • Ho PL, Tse WS, Tsang KWT, et al. Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - a case control study. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:701-7.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 701-707
    • Ho, P.L.1    Tse, W.S.2    Tsang, K.W.T.3
  • 50
    • 0032856320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitalized low-risk community-acquired pneumonia: Outcome and potential for costsavings
    • Hoe LK, Keang LT. Hospitalized low-risk community-acquired pneumonia: outcome and potential for costsavings. Respirology 1999;4:307-9.
    • (1999) Respirology , vol.4 , pp. 307-309
    • Hoe, L.K.1    Keang, L.T.2
  • 51
    • 0034933394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of two oral moxifloxacin regimens compared to oral clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Höffken G, Meyer HP, Winter J, et al., for the CAP1 Study Group. The efficacy and safety of two oral moxifloxacin regimens compared to oral clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 2001;95:553-64.
    • (2001) Respir Med , vol.95 , pp. 553-564
    • Höffken, G.1    Meyer, H.P.2    Winter, J.3
  • 52
    • 0002845260 scopus 로고
    • Ätiologie von ambulant erworbenen pneumonien bei älteren Menschen
    • Höffken G, Steinhoff D, Lode H, et al. Ätiologie von ambulant erworbenen Pneumonien bei älteren Menschen. Chemother J 1995;4:Suppl 7:13-9.
    • (1995) Chemother J , vol.4 , Issue.SUPPL. 7 , pp. 13-19
    • Höffken, G.1    Steinhoff, D.2    Lode, H.3
  • 54
    • 0034939765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 Western states: 1993, 1995, and 1997
    • Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Niederman MS, et al. Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 Western states: 1993, 1995, and 1997. Chest 2001;119:1420-6.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1420-1426
    • Houck, P.M.1    MacLehose, R.F.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 55
    • 0030881727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for 30-day mortality in elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection
    • Houston MS, Silverstein MD, Suman VJ. Risk factors for 30-day mortality in elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2190-5.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 2190-2195
    • Houston, M.S.1    Silverstein, M.D.2    Suman, V.J.3
  • 56
    • 0036902243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement of the 4th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care on ICU-Acquired Pneumonia, Chicago, IL, May 2002
    • Hubmayr RD. Statement of the 4th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care on ICU-Acquired Pneumonia, Chicago, IL, May 2002. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:1521-36.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 1521-1536
    • Hubmayr, R.D.1
  • 57
    • 3242732768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GENARS-projektgruppe. GENARS-resistenzstatistik
    • Huppertz K, Wiedemann B, GENARS-Projektgruppe. GENARS-Resistenzstatistik. Chemother J 2002;3:102-3.
    • (2002) Chemother J , vol.3 , pp. 102-103
    • Huppertz, K.1    Wiedemann, B.2
  • 58
    • 0034110486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis of patients with early-onset versus late-onset pneumonia in the ICU
    • Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. A comparative analysis of patients with early-onset versus late-onset pneumonia in the ICU. Chest 2000;117:1434-42.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1434-1442
    • Ibrahim, E.H.1    Ward, S.2    Sherman, G.3
  • 59
    • 0141661533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ertapenem (ETP) for treatment of bacteremia
    • San Diego.abstract L-380
    • Isaacs R, Teppler H, Friedland I, et al. Ertapenem (ETP) for treatment of bacteremia. Presented at the ICAAC, San Diego 2002.abstract L-380.
    • (2002) ICAAC
    • Isaacs, R.1    Teppler, H.2    Friedland, I.3
  • 60
    • 0034902431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro evaluation of ertapenem (MK-0826), a long-acting carbapenem, tested against selected resistant strains
    • Jones RN. In vitro evaluation of ertapenem (MK-0826), a long-acting carbapenem, tested against selected resistant strains. J Chemother 2001;13:363-76.
    • (2001) J Chemother , vol.13 , pp. 363-376
    • Jones, R.N.1
  • 61
    • 0033065559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin for the treatment of patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection
    • Piperacinin/tazobactam Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group
    • Joshi M, Bernstein J, Solomkin J, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin for the treatment of patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection. Piperacinin/tazobactam Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43:389-97.
    • (1999) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 389-397
    • Joshi, M.1    Bernstein, J.2    Solomkin, J.3
  • 62
    • 0030063108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical picture of Clamydia pneumoniae requiring hospital treatment: A comparison between clamydial and pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Kauppinen MT, Saikku P, Kujala P, et al. Clinical picture of Clamydia pneumoniae requiring hospital treatment: a comparison between clamydial and pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 1996;51:185-9.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 185-189
    • Kauppinen, M.T.1    Saikku, P.2    Kujala, P.3
  • 63
    • 0025107097 scopus 로고
    • Changes in sickness at admission following the introduction of the prospective payment system
    • Keeler EB, Kahn KL, Draper D, et al. Changes in sickness at admission following the introduction of the prospective payment system. JAMA 1990;264:1962-8.
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.264 , pp. 1962-1968
    • Keeler, E.B.1    Kahn, K.L.2    Draper, D.3
  • 64
    • 0028292710 scopus 로고
    • High incidence of silent aspiration of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Kikuchi R, Watabe N, Konno T, et al. High incidence of silent aspiration of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:251-3.
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 251-253
    • Kikuchi, R.1    Watabe, N.2    Konno, T.3
  • 65
    • 0028329032 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly
    • Koivula I, Sten M, Makela PH. Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med 1994;96:313-20.
    • (1994) Am J Med , vol.96 , pp. 313-320
    • Koivula, I.1    Sten, M.2    Makela, P.H.3
  • 66
    • 0031936787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patient outcome implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Kollef MH, Ward S. The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patient outcome implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1998;113:412-20.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 412-420
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Ward, S.2
  • 67
    • 0028903595 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary complications of diabetes mellitus: Pneumonia
    • Koziel H, Koziel MJ. Pulmonary complications of diabetes mellitus: pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995;9:65-96.
    • (1995) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.9 , pp. 65-96
    • Koziel, H.1    Koziel, M.J.2
  • 68
    • 0034006083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistenzsituation bei idinisch wichtigen infektionserregern gegenüber chemotherapeutika in mitteleuropa
    • Kresken M, Hafner D, und die Studiengruppe. Resistenzsituation bei Idinisch wichtigen Infektionserregern gegenüber Chemotherapeutika in Mitteleuropa. Chemother J 2000;9:51-86.
    • (2000) Chemother J , vol.9 , pp. 51-86
    • Kresken, M.1    Hafner, D.2
  • 69
    • 0028889934 scopus 로고
    • A 5-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an ICU
    • Leroy O, Santre C, Beuscart C. A 5-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an ICU. Intensive Care Med 1995;21:24-31.
    • (1995) Intensive Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 24-31
    • Leroy, O.1    Santre, C.2    Beuscart, C.3
  • 70
    • 9044221374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: A one year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients
    • Lieberman D, Schlaeffer F, Boldur I, et al. Multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: a one year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients. Thorax 1996;51:179-84.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 179-184
    • Lieberman, D.1    Schlaeffer, F.2    Boldur, I.3
  • 71
    • 0038554228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining community-acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: An international derivation and validation study
    • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing RB, et al. Defining community-acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377-82.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 377-382
    • Lim, W.S.1    Van Der Eerden, M.M.2    Laing, R.B.3
  • 72
    • 0035017496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against recent clinical bacteria collected in Europe and Australia
    • Livermore DM, Carter MW, Bagel S, et al. In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against recent clinical bacteria collected in Europe and Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1860-7.
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 1860-1867
    • Livermore, D.M.1    Carter, M.W.2    Bagel, S.3
  • 73
    • 0030901413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS, et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997;111:676-85.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 676-685
    • Luna, C.M.1    Vujacich, P.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 74
    • 0002072761 scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults: A conference report
    • Mandell LA, Niederman M, The Canadian Community Acquired Pneumonia Consensus Conference Report Group. Antibacterial treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults: a conference report. Can J Infect Dis 1993;4:25-8.
    • (1993) Can J Infect Dis , vol.4 , pp. 25-28
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Niederman, M.2
  • 75
    • 0028350260 scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia
    • Marrie TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:501-15.
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.18 , pp. 501-515
    • Marrie, T.J.1
  • 76
    • 0031012170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia and nursing home patients without pneumonia
    • Marrie TJ, Blanchard W. A comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia and nursing home patients without pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:50-5.
    • (1997) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.45 , pp. 50-55
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Blanchard, W.2
  • 77
    • 0023884109 scopus 로고
    • Positive response to any of seven intradermal antigens predicts favorable outcome in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Marrie TJ, Durant H. Positive response to any of seven intradermal antigens predicts favorable outcome in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Invest Med 1988;11:10-5.
    • (1988) Clin Invest Med , vol.11 , pp. 10-15
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Durant, H.2
  • 78
    • 0033974755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, et al. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 2000;283:749-55.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 749-755
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Lau, C.Y.2    Wheeler, S.L.3
  • 79
    • 0037442372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of a macrolicle to a β-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Martinez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, et al. Addition of a macrolicle to a β-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:389-95.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 389-395
    • Martinez, J.A.1    Horcajada, J.P.2    Almela, M.3
  • 80
    • 0033836292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of imipenem and cephalosporins against clonally related strains of Escherichia coli hyperproducing chromosomal β-lactamase and showing altered porin profiles
    • Martínez-Martínez L, Conejo MC, Pascual A, et al. Activities of imipenem and cephalosporins against clonally related strains of Escherichia coli hyperproducing chromosomal β-lactamase and showing altered porin profiles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2534-6.
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 2534-2536
    • Martínez-Martínez, L.1    Conejo, M.C.2    Pascual, A.3
  • 81
    • 0036872395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence based medicine: Review of BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Mckean MC. Evidence based medicine: review of BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. J Infect 2002;45:213-8.
    • (2002) J Infect , vol.45 , pp. 213-218
    • Mckean, M.C.1
  • 82
    • 0031472414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia
    • Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM, et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA 1997;278:2080-4.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 2080-2084
    • Meehan, T.P.1    Fine, M.J.2    Krumholz, H.M.3
  • 83
    • 33745703525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity of MK-0826 against 253 well characterized strains of Enterobacteriaceae which produce ESBLs and/or AmpC β-lactamases
    • Toronto.abstract 382
    • Moland ES, Thomson KS. In vitro activity of MK-0826 against 253 well characterized strains of Enterobacteriaceae which produce ESBLs and/or AmpC β-lactamases. Presented at the ICAAC, Toronto 2000.abstract 382.
    • (2000) ICAAC
    • Moland, E.S.1    Thomson, K.S.2
  • 85
    • 10244265940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia: Aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission
    • Neill AM, Martin IR, Weir R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission. Thorax 1996;51:1010-6.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 1010-1016
    • Neill, A.M.1    Martin, I.R.2    Weir, R.3
  • 86
    • 0031693610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia
    • Niederman MS, McCombs JI, Unger AN, et al. The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1998;20:820-37.
    • (1998) Clin Ther , vol.20 , pp. 820-837
    • Niederman, M.S.1    McCombs, J.I.2    Unger, A.N.3
  • 87
    • 3242669473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of MK-0826 and parenteral β-lactam antimicrobials against clinical isolates of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and in an isogenic host
    • Chicago.abstract E-807
    • Olsen KM, McNabb JC, Fey PD, et al. In vitro activities of MK-0826 and parenteral β-lactam antimicrobials against clinical isolates of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and in an isogenic host. Presented at the ICAAC, Chicago2001.abstract E-807.
    • (2001) ICAAC
    • Olsen, K.M.1    McNabb, J.C.2    Fey, P.D.3
  • 88
    • 0037090185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Ortiz-Ruiz G, Caballero-Lopez J, Friedland IR, et al. A study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:1076-83.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 1076-1083
    • Ortiz-Ruiz, G.1    Caballero-Lopez, J.2    Friedland, I.R.3
  • 89
    • 0025668010 scopus 로고
    • Aetiology, outcome, and prognostic factors in community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
    • Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Grillner L, et al. Aetiology, outcome, and prognostic factors in community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Eur Respir J 1990;3:1105-13.
    • (1990) Eur Respir J , vol.3 , pp. 1105-1113
    • Ortqvist, A.1    Hedlund, J.2    Grillner, L.3
  • 90
    • 77953860233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of MK-0826 against clinical strains of cephalosporin resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including strains bearing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)
    • Toronto. abstract 380
    • Overbye KM, Kong L, Mordekhay D, et al. Activity of MK-0826 against clinical strains of cephalosporin resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including strains bearing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). Presented at the ICAAC, Toronto 2000. abstract 380.
    • (2000) ICAAC
    • Overbye, K.M.1    Kong, L.2    Mordekhay, D.3
  • 91
    • 0029151009 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain
    • Pallares R, Linares J, Vadillo M, et al. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Engl J Med 1995;333:474-80.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 474-480
    • Pallares, R.1    Linares, J.2    Vadillo, M.3
  • 92
    • 0036135338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipneumococcal activity of ertapenem (MK-0826) compared to those of other agents
    • Pankuch GA, Davies TA, Jacobs MR, et al. Antipneumococcal activity of ertapenem (MK-0826) compared to those of other agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:42-6.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 42-46
    • Pankuch, G.A.1    Davies, T.A.2    Jacobs, M.R.3
  • 93
    • 0035003640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of cephalosporin treatment for serious infections due to apparently susceptible organisms producing extended-spectrum betalactamases: Implications for the clinical microbiology laboratory
    • Paterson DL, Ko WC, Gottberg A von, et al. Outcome of cephalosporin treatment for serious infections due to apparently susceptible organisms producing extended-spectrum betalactamases: implications for the clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2206-12.
    • (2001) J Clin Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 2206-2212
    • Paterson, D.L.1    Ko, W.C.2    Von Gottberg, A.3
  • 94
    • 0036086461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positionspapier. Impfung gegen pneumokokken-erkrankungen
    • Positionspapier. Impfung gegen Pneumokokken-Erkrankungen. Chemother J 2002;11:117-21.
    • (2002) Chemother J , vol.11 , pp. 117-121
  • 95
    • 0034252755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: How big is the problem?
    • Rahal JJ. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: how big is the problem? Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6:Suppl 2:2-6.
    • (2000) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 2-6
    • Rahal, J.J.1
  • 96
    • 0036156712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany
    • Reinert RR, Al-Lahham A, Lemperle M, et al. Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:61-8.
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 61-68
    • Reinert, R.R.1    Al-Lahham, A.2    Lemperle, M.3
  • 97
    • 8444253229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from RTI of outpatients in Germany, 2000-2001
    • Chicago.poster C2-693
    • Reinert RR, Lütticken R, Briefs C, et al. Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from RTI of outpatients in Germany, 2000-2001. Presented at the ICAAC, Chicago 2001.poster C2-693.
    • (2001) ICAAC
    • Reinert, R.R.1    Lütticken, R.2    Briefs, C.3
  • 98
    • 0029761033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Epidemiology and prognosis
    • Rello J, Rodriguez R, Jubert P, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: epidemiology and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:723-8.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.23 , pp. 723-728
    • Rello, J.1    Rodriguez, R.2    Jubert, P.3
  • 99
    • 0029799035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: A multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors
    • Riquelme R, Torres A, el-Ebiary M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1450-5.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1450-1455
    • Riquelme, R.1    Torres, A.2    El-Ebiary, M.3
  • 100
    • 0031464961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Clinical and nutritional aspects
    • Riquelme R, Torres A, el-Ebiary M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: clinical and nutritional aspects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1908-14.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , pp. 1908-1914
    • Riquelme, R.1    Torres, A.2    El-Ebiary, M.3
  • 101
    • 0037019311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Ross JJ, Worthington MG, Gorbach SL. Resistance of levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;347:65-7.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 65-67
    • Ross, J.J.1    Worthington, M.G.2    Gorbach, S.L.3
  • 102
    • 0029002765 scopus 로고
    • Ceftazidime monotherapy vs. ceftriaxone/tobramycin for serious hospital-acquired gramnegative infections
    • Antibiotic Study Group
    • Rubinstein E, Lode H, Grassi C. Ceftazidime monotherapy vs. ceftriaxone/tobramycin for serious hospital-acquired gramnegative infections. Antibiotic Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1217-28.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1217-1228
    • Rubinstein, E.1    Lode, H.2    Grassi, C.3
  • 103
    • 0032789314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: Impact of age, comorbidity, and severity
    • Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:397-405.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 397-405
    • Ruiz, M.1    Ewig, S.2    Marcos, M.A.3
  • 104
    • 0032860830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology
    • Ruiz M, Ewig S, Torres A, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: risk factors and follow-up epidemiology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:923-9.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 923-929
    • Ruiz, M.1    Ewig, S.2    Torres, A.3
  • 105
    • 0026928276 scopus 로고
    • A study of the etiologies and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in a community-base teaching hospital
    • Schleupner CJ, Cobb DK. A study of the etiologies and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in a community-base teaching hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:17SS-29SS.
    • (1992) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.13
    • Schleupner, C.J.1    Cobb, D.K.2
  • 106
    • 0032911760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections
    • Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections. Chest 1999;115:462-74.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 462-474
    • Sherman, G.1    Ward, S.2    Fraser, V.J.3
  • 107
    • 0023910576 scopus 로고
    • Clinical prognostic indices of fatality in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute pneumonia
    • Starczewski AR, Allen SC, Vargas E, et al. Clinical prognostic indices of fatality in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute pneumonia. Age Ageing 1988;17:181-6.
    • (1988) Age Ageing , vol.17 , pp. 181-186
    • Starczewski, A.R.1    Allen, S.C.2    Vargas, E.3
  • 108
    • 3242728275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard and high inoculum MICs of MK-0826 in tests with ESBL, plasmid-mediated AmpC, and multiple β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
    • Toronto.abstract 383
    • Thomson KS, Moland ES, Black JA, et al. Standard and high inoculum MICs of MK-0826 in tests with ESBL, plasmid-mediated AmpC, and multiple β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Presented at the ICAAC, Toronto 2000.abstract 383.
    • (2000) ICAAC
    • Thomson, K.S.1    Moland, E.S.2    Black, J.A.3
  • 109
    • 0026378758 scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factors
    • Torres A, Serra-Batlles J, Ferrer A, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:312-8.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 312-318
    • Torres, A.1    Serra-Batlles, J.2    Ferrer, A.3
  • 110
    • 0035884479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy
    • Urban C, Rahman N, Zhao X, et al. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy. J Infect Dis 2001;184:794-8.
    • (2001) J Infect Dis , vol.184 , pp. 794-798
    • Urban, C.1    Rahman, N.2    Zhao, X.3
  • 111
    • 0025308497 scopus 로고
    • A hospital study of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly
    • Venkatesan P, Gladman J, MacFarlane JT, et al. A hospital study of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Thorax 1990;45:254-8.
    • (1990) Thorax , vol.45 , pp. 254-258
    • Venkatesan, P.1    Gladman, J.2    MacFarlane, J.T.3
  • 112
    • 0033982984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationale therapie bakterieller atemwegsinfektionen
    • Empfehlungen einer Expertengruppe der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V.
    • Vogel F, Naber KG, Scholz H, et al. Empfehlungen einer Expertengruppe der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V. Rationale Therapie bakterieller Atemwegsinfektionen. Chemother J 2000;1:3-23.
    • (2000) Chemother J , vol.1 , pp. 3-23
    • Vogel, F.1    Naber, K.G.2    Scholz, H.3
  • 113
    • 0032978017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenterale antibiotika bei erwachsenen
    • Vogel F, Naber KG, Wacha H et al. und eine Expertengruppe der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V. Parenterale Antibiotika bei Erwachsenen. Chemother J 1999;8:2-49.
    • (1999) Chemother J , vol.8 , pp. 2-49
    • Vogel, F.1    Naber, K.G.2    Wacha, H.3
  • 114
    • 0034890569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1837-42.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 1837-1842
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Somes, G.W.2    Wunderink, R.G.3
  • 115
    • 3242661474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambulant und nosokomial erworbene pneumomen
    • Stuttgart: Thieme
    • Welte T, Klaute T, Piecyk A. Ambulant und nosokomial erworbene Pneumomen. Refresher Pneumologie, Bd 1. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003:1-24.
    • (2003) Refresher Pneumologie , vol.1 , pp. 1-24
    • Welte, T.1    Klaute, T.2    Piecyk, A.3
  • 116
    • 0037291132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levofloxacin compared with imipenem/cilastin followed by ciprofloxacin in adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study
    • West M, Boulanger BR, Fogarty C, et al. Levofloxacin compared with imipenem/cilastin followed by ciprofloxacin in adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study. Clin Ther 2003;25:485-506.
    • (2003) Clin Ther , vol.25 , pp. 485-506
    • West, M.1    Boulanger, B.R.2    Fogarty, C.3
  • 117
    • 0036062153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: Causative pathogens and resistance patterns
    • Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns. Eur Respir J 2002;20:Suppl 36:20s-7s.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 36
    • Woodhead, M.1
  • 118
    • 0023117410 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community
    • Woodhead MA, MacFarlane JT, McCracken JS, et al. Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community. Lancet 1987;1:671-4.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 671-674
    • Woodhead, M.A.1    MacFarlane, J.T.2    McCracken, J.S.3
  • 119
    • 3242691244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of ertapenem for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly
    • San Diego.poster L371
    • Woods G, Isaacs R, McCarrol K, et al. Utility of ertapenem for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly. Presented at the ICAAC, San Diego 2002.poster L371.
    • (2002) ICAAC
    • Woods, G.1    Isaacs, R.2    McCarrol, K.3
  • 120
    • 0033371312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal meningitis due to levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Wortman GW, Bennett SP. Fatal meningitis due to levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1599-600.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 1599-1600
    • Wortman, G.W.1    Bennett, S.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.