Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Validity unknown

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 248-256

  Zwi, Morris ^a   York, Ann ^b  

^a SOUTH WEST LONDON AND ST GEORGE'S MENTAL HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; ATOMOXETINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; CHLORPROMAZINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; MODAFINIL; NORADRENALIN TRANSPORTER; PEMOLINE;

ADULT DISEASE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMUNITY CARE; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HEALTH CARE NEED; HUMAN; INJURY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; RELIABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SELF POISONING; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL DISABILITY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 3242670716     PISSN: 13555146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/apt.10.4.248     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1968) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2nd edn) (DSM-II). Washington, DC: APA.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM-III). Washington, DC: APA.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: APA.
4. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
5. Applegate, B., Lahey, B. B., Hart, E. L., et al (1997) Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD. A report from the DSM-IV field trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1211-1221.
6. Arnsten, A. F. (2000) Genetics of childhood disorders: XVIII. ADHD, Part 2: Norepinephrine has a critical modulatory influence on prefrontal cortical function. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1201-1203.
7. Asherson, P. J. & Curran, S. (2001) Approaches to gene mapping in complex disorders and their application in child psychiatry and psychology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 122-128.
8. Asherson, P., Taylor, E., Craid, I., et al (2003) IMAGE - Mapping Susceptibility Genes for Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder. http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/IoP/Departments/SGDPsy/research/IMAGE.shtml
9. Barkley, R. A. (1990) Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
10. Barkley, R. A. (2002a) Does the International Consensus Statement on ADHD leave room for healthy scepticism? (reply). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 241-242.
11. Barkley, R. A. (2002b) International consensus statement on ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1389.
12. 4 receptor gene. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 118-121.
13. Biederman, J. & Spencer, T. J. (2000) Genetics of childhood disorders: XIX. ADHD, Part 3: Is ADHD a noradrenergic disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1330-1333.
14. Biederman, J., Mick, E. & Faraone, S. (2000) Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Impact of remission definition and symptom type. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 816-818.
15. Boyle, M. H. & Jadad, A. R. (1999) Lessons from large trials: the MTA study as a model for evaluating the treatment of childhood psychiatric disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 991-998.
16. Bradley, C. (1937) The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577-585.
17. Clarke M. & Oxman, A. D. (2003) Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.1.6 [updated January 2003]. Cochrane Library, issue 1. Oxford: Update Software.
18. Dorrego, M. F., Canevaro, L., Kuzis, G., et al (2002) A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of methylphenidate and lithium in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Preliminary findings. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 14, 289-295.
19. Faraone, S. V. (2000) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: implications for theories of diagnosis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 33-36.
20. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., et al (1994) DSM-IV field trials for the disruptive behavior disorders. Symptom utility estimates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 529-539.
21. Gittelman, R., Mannuzza, S., Shenker, R., et al (1985) Hyperactive boys almost grown up: I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 937-947.
22. Green, M., Wong, M., & Atkins, D., et al (1999) Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Technical Review Number 3. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, AHCPR publication no. 99-0050. Rockville, MD: American Medical Association.
23. Jadad A. R., Boyle, M., Cunningham, C., et al (1999) Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 11. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and Quality. Rockville, MD: American Medical Association.
24. Jureidini, J. (2002) Does the International Consensus Statement on ADHD leave room for healthy scepticism? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 240.
25. Klassen, A., Miller, A., Raina, P., et al (1999) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth: a quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of different management strategies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 1007-1016.
26. Lahey, B. B. (1994) DSM-IV field trials for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1673-1685.
27. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., et al (1992) Developmental sequences in the age of onset of disruptive child behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1, 21-41.
28. Lord, J. & Paisley, S. (2000) The Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Methylphenidate for Hyperactivity in Childhood (Version 2). London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
29. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., et al (1993) Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 565-576.
30. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., et al (1997) Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1222-1227.
31. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., et al (1998) Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 493-498.
32. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Klein, D. F., et al (2002) Accuracy of adult recall of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1882-1888.
33. Michelson, D., Adler, L., Spencer, T., et al (2003) Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 112-120.
34. Miller, A., Lee, S., Raina, P., et al (1998) A Review of Therapies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Ottawa: Canadian Coordination Office for Health Technology Assessment.
35. Millstein, R. B., Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., et al (1997) Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2, 159-166.
36. Moher, D., Schulz, K. F. & Altman, D. G. (2001) The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet, 357, 1191-1194.
37. MTA Cooperative Group (1999) A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1073-1086.
38. Murphy, K. & Barkley, R. A. (1996) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. Comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 393-401.
39. Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A. & Bush, T. (2002) Young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: subtype differences in comorbidity, educational, and clinical history. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 147-157.
40. Plomin, R. (1999) Genetics of childhood disorders: III. Genetics and intelligence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 786-788.
41. Quist, J. F. & Kennedy, J. L. (2001) Genetics of childhood disorders: XXIII. ADHD, Part 7: The serotonin system. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 253-256.
42. Rasmussen, P. & Gillberg, C. (2000) Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years. A controlled, longitudinal, community-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1424-1431.
43. Schachter, H. M., Pham, B., King, J., et al (2001) How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165, 1475-1488.
44. Shaffer, D. (1994) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 633-638.
45. Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Houlberg, K., Hall, M., et al (1994) When is "impulsiveness" not impulsive? The case of hyperactive children's cognitive style. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 1247-1253.
46. Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Biederman, J., et al (1995) A double-blind, crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo in adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 434-443.
47. Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Wilens, T., et al (2001) Efficacy of a mixed amphetamine salts compound in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 775-782.
48. Still, G. F. (1902) Some abnormal physical conditions in children: the Goulstonian Lectures. Lancet, 1, 1008-1012, 1077-1082.
49. Taylor, E. (1999) Development of clinical services for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1097-1099.
50. Taylor, F. B. & Russo, J. (2000) Efficacy of modafinil compared to dextroamphetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10, 311-320.
51. Taylor, E. & Rutter, M. (2002) Classification: conceptual issues and substantive findings. In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (4th edn) (eds E. Taylor & M. Rutter), pp. 3-17. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
52. Taylor, E., Sergeant, J., Doepfner, M., et al (1998) Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 184-200.
53. Timimi, S. (2001a) Evidence and belief in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. BMJ, 322, 555.
54. Timimi, S. (2001b) Example of medical imperialism not evidence based practice. BMJ website: internet instant response. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/323/7323/1232#17891
55. Toone, B. K. & van der Linden, G. J. (1997) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or hyperkinetic disorder in adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 489-491.
56. Weiss, G., Hechtman, L., Milroy, T., et al (1985) Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults. A controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 211-220.
57. Weiss, M., Murray, C. & Weiss, G. (2002) Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current concepts. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8, 99-111.
58. Wender, P. H. (2001) Adults with ADHD: An overview. In Adult Attention Deficit Disorder: Brain mechanisms and Life Outcomes (eds J. E. Wasserstein, L. E. E. Wolf & F. F. LeFevre), pp. 1-16. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
59. Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Prince, J., et al (1996) Six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of desipramine for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1147-1153.
60. Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., et al (1999) Controlled trial of high doses of pemoline for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 257-264.
61. Wilens, T. E., Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., et al (2001) A controlled clinical trial of bupropion for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 282-288.
62. Woodward, L., Taylor, E. & Dowdney, L. (1998) The parenting and family functioning of children with hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39, 161-169.
63. World Health Organization (1992) The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO.
64. Young, S. & Toone, B. (2000) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: clinical issues. A report from the first NHS clinic in the UK. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13, 313-319.
65. Zito, J., Safer, D. J., dosReis, S., et al (2000) Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. JAMA, 283, 1025-1030.
66. Zwi, M., Ramchandani, P. & Joughin, C. (2000) Evidence and belief in ADHD. BMJ, 321, 975-976.