Effects of predator behavior and proximity on risk assessment by Columbian black-tailed deer

Behavioral Ecology

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 246-254

  Stankowich, Theodore ^a   Coss, Richard G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antipredator behavior; Deer; Flight initiation distance; Risk assessment; Start distance

Indexed keywords

DEER; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; PREDATION RISK; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; RISK ASSESSMENT;

CERVIDAE; ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS;

EID: 32144450237     PISSN: 10452249     EISSN: 14657279     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arj020     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Aastrup P, 2000. Responses of West Greenland caribou to the approach of humans on foot. Polar Res 19:83-90.
2. Altmann M, 1958. The flight distance in free-ranging big game. J Wildl Manag 22:207-209.
3. Behrend DF, Lubeck RA, 1968. Summer flight behavior of white-tailed deer in two Adirondack forests. J Wildl Manag 32:615-618.
4. Blumstein DT, 2003. Flight-initiation distance in birds is dependent on intruder starting distance. J Wildl Manag 67:852-857.
5. Blumstein DT, Fernández-Juricic E, Zollner PA, Garity SC, 2005. Interspecific variation in anti-predator behaviour and human-wildlife coexistence. J Appl Ecol. 42:943-953.
6. Bonenfant M, Kramer DL, 1996. The influence of distance to burrow on flight initiation distance in the woodchuck, Marmota monax. Behav Ecol 7:299-303.
7. Braña F, 1993. Shifts in body temperature and escape behaviour of female Podarcis muralis during pregnancy. Oikos 66:216-222.
8. Bullock DJ, Kerridge FJ, Hanlon A, Arnold RW, 1993. Short-term responses of deer to recreational disturbances in two deer parks. J Zool (Lond) 230:327-332.
9. Bulova SJ, 1994. Ecological correlates of population and individual variation in antipredator behavior of two species of desert lizards. Copeia 1994:980-992.
10. Cárdenas YL, Shen B, Zung L, Blumstein DT, 2005. Evaluating temporal and spatial margins of safety in galahs. Anim Behav 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.022.
11. Caro TM, 2005. Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Cooper WE Jr, 2005. When and how do predator starting distances affect flight initiation distances? Can J Zool 83:1045-1050.
13. Cooper WE Jr, Pérez-Mellado V, Baird T, Baird TA, Caldwell JP, Vitt LJ, 2003. Effects of risk, cost, and their interaction on optimal escape by nonrefuging Bonaire whiptail lizards, Cnemidophorus murinus. Behav Ecol 14:288-293.
14. Coss RG, 1978. Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by the lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), the role of two facing eyes. Behaviour 64:248-270.
15. Coss RG, Ramakrishnan U, 2000. Perceptual aspects of leopard recognition by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Behaviour 137:315-335.
16. Coss RG, Ramakrishnan U, Schank J, 2005. Recognition of partially concealed leopards by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata): the role of the spotted coat. Behav Process 68:145-163.
17. Dasmann RF, Taber RD, 1956. Behavior of Columbian black-tailed deer with reference to population ecology. J Mammal 37:143-164.
18. de Boer HY, van Breukelen L, Hootsmans MJM, van Wieren SE, 2004. Flight distance in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) as related to hunting and other factors. Wildl Biol 10:35-41.
19. Dill LM, 1974. The escape response of the zebra danio (Brachydanio reno). I. The stimulus for escape. Anim Behav 22:711-722.
20. Dill LM, 1990. Distance-to-cover and the escape decisions of an African cichlid fish, Melanochromis chipokae. Environ Biol Fishes 27:147-152.
21. Dwyer CM, 2004. How has the risk of predation shaped the behavioural responses of sheep to fear and distress? Anim Welf 13:269-281.
22. Eckstein RG, O'Brien TF, Rongstad OJ, Bollinger JG, 1979. Snowmobile effects on movements of white-tailed deer: a case study. Environ Conserv 6:45-51.
23. Ellis ME, 1982. Evolution of aversive information processing: a temporal trade-off hypothesis. Brain Behav Evol 21:151-160.
24. Fernández-Juricic E, Jimenez MD, Lucas E, 2001. Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: implications for park design. Environ Conserv 28:263-269.
25. Fernández-Juricic E, Jimenez MD, Lucas E, 2002. Factors affecting intra- and inter-specific variations in the difference between alert distances and flight distances for birds in forested habitats. Can J Zool 80:1212-1220.
26. Fernández-Juricic E, Venier P, Renison D, Blumstein DT, 2005. Sensitivity of wildlife to spatial patterns of recreationist behavior: a critical assessment of minimum approaching distances and buffer areas for grassland birds. Biol Conserv 125:225-235.
27. Fox AD, Madsen J, 1997. Behavioural and distributional effects of hunting disturbance on waterbirds in Europe: implications for refuge design. J Appl Ecol 34:1-13.
28. Grau GA, Grau BL, 1980. Effects of hunting on hunter effort and white-tailed deer behavior. Ohio J Sci 80:150-156.
29. Hediger H, 1964. Wild animals in captivity. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
30. Helfman GS, 1989. Threat sensitive predator avoidance in damselfish-trumpetfish interactions. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 24:47-58.
31. Helfman GS, Winkelman DL, 1997. Threat sensitivity in bicolor damselfish: effects of sociality and body size. Ethology 103:369-383.
32. Jeppesen JL, 1987. Impact of human disturbance on home range, movements and activity of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Danish environment. Dan Rev Game Biol 13:1-24.
33. Johnson CR, 1970. Escape behavior and camouflage in two subspecies of Sceloporous occidentalis. Am Midl Nat 84:280-282.
34. Kucera E, 1976. Deer flushing distance as related to observer's mode of travel. Wildl Soc Bull 4:128-129.
35. Louis S, Le Berre M, 2000. Ajustement des distances de fuite á l'homme chez Marmota marmota. Can J Zool 78:556-563.
36. MacArthur RA, Geist V, Johnston RH, 1982. Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. J Wildl Manag 46:351-358.
37. Mackintosh NJ, 1973. Stimulus selection: learning to ignore stimuli that predict no change in reinforcement. In: Constraints on learning (Hinde RA, Stevenson-Hinde J, eds). London: Academic Press; 75-100.
38. Madsen J, 1985. Impact of disturbance on field utilization of pink-footed geese in West Jutland, Denmark. Biol Conserv 33:53-63.
39. Matson TK, Goldizen AW, Putland DA, 2005. Factors affecting vigilance and flight behaviour of impalas. S Afr J Wildl Res 35:1-11.
40. Neter J, Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ, Wasserman W, 1996. Applied linear statistical models, 4th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill.
41. Peckarsky BL, Dodson SI, 1980. Do stonefly predators influence benthic distributions in streams? Ecology 61:1275-1282.
42. Recarte JM, Vincent JP, Hewison AJM, 1998. Flight responses of park fallow deer to the human observer. Behav Process 44:65-72.
43. Rodgers JA Jr, Smith HT, 1995. Set-back distances to protect nesting bird colonies from human disturbance in Florida. Conserv Biol 9:89-99.
44. Rodgers JA Jr, Smith HT, 1997. Buffer zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida. Wildl Soc Bull 25:139-145.
45. Smit CJ, Visser GJM, 1993. Effects of disturbance on shorebirds: a summary of existing knowledge from the Dutch Wadden Sea and Delta area. Wader Study Group Bull 68:6-19.
46. Stankowich T, Blumstein DT, 2005. Fear in animals: a review and meta-analysis of risk assessment. Proc R Soc Lond B. 272:2627-2634.
47. Snell HL, Jennings RD, Snell HM, Harcourt S, 1988. Intrapopulation variation in predator-avoidance performance of Galápagos lava lizards: the interaction of sexual and natural selection. Evol Ecol 2:353-369.
48. Taylor AR, Knight RL, 2003. Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions. Ecol Appl 13:951-963.
49. Ydenberg RC, Dill LM, 1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv Study Behav 16:229-249.