Understanding mass school shootings: Links between personhood and power in the competitive school environment

Journal of Primary Prevention

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 419-438

  Thompson, Stephen ^a   Kyle, Ken ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent murder; Ethics; Moral philosophy; Prevention; School shootings

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; CAREGIVER; COMPETITION; COMPETITIVE ABILITY; ETHICS; FAMILY; FAMILY INTERACTION; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; MORALITY; NEGLECT; PEER GROUP; PERSONHOOD; PHILOSOPHY; REVIEW; RURAL AREA; SCHOOL; SOCIAL INTERACTION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STUDENT; SUBURBAN AREA; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FIREARMS; HOMICIDE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MORALS; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PEER GROUP; PERSONHOOD; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); SCHOOLS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL VALUES; STUDENTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 32144436614     PISSN: 0278095X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10935-005-0006-8     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Beane, A. L. (1999). The Bully Free Classroom: Over 100 tips and strategies for teachers K-8. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing.
2. Biglan, A., & Taylor, T. K. (2000). Increasing the use of science to improve child-rearing. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 21, 207-226.
3. Blezard, R. (2003). We don't use that language anymore. Teaching Tolerance, 23(Spring), 32-38.
4. Brezina, T., & Wright, J. D. (2000). Going armed in the school zone. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, 15, 82-87.
5. Brown, S. P., & Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job, involvement, effort and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 358-368.
6. Bryson, D. (1998). Lawrence K. Frank, knowledge, and the production of the 'social.' Poetics Today, 19(3), 401-421.
7. Bukowski, W. M., & Sippola, L. K. (1996). Friendship and morality. In W. M. Bukowski & A. F. Newcomb (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 238-261). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bullock, J. R. (2002). Bullying among children. Childhood Education, 78(3), 130-133.
9. Carlo, G., Fabes, R. A., Laible, D., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior II: The role of social and contextual influences. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(2), 133-147.
10. Carnes, J. (2003). Editor's note: What if? Teaching Tolerance, 23(Spring), 3.
11. Chikudate, N. (2000). A phenomenological approach to inquiring into an ethically bankrupted organization: A case study of a Japanese company. Journal of Business Ethics, 28, 59-72.
12. Coloroso, B. (2003). The bully, the bullied, and the bystander: From preschool to high-school-how parents and teachers can help break the cycle of violence. New York, Harper Resource.
13. Deutsch, M. (1985). Distributive justice: A social-psychological perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press.
14. Eisenberg, N., & Murphy, B. (1995). Parenting and children's moral development. In M. H. Bernstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 4: Applied and practical parenting (pp. 227-257). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Elam, S. M., Rose, L. C., & Gallup, A. M. (1996). The 28th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the public's attitudes towards the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 78, 41-59.
16. Elias, M. J., Gara, M., & Ubriaco, M. (1985). Sources of stress and support in children's transition to middle school: An empirical analysis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 112-118.
17. Fabes, R. A. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior I: The role of individual processes. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 5-16.
18. Fields, D. (2002). 'Transition 101': From elementary to middle school. The Educational Digest, 67, 38-41.
19. Forrest, K. Y. Z., Zychowski, A. K., Stuhldreher, W. L., & Ryan, W. J. (2000). Weapon-carrying in school: Prevalence and association with other violent behaviors. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(3), 133-140.
20. Frankenberg, R. (1997). Local Whiteness, localizing Whiteness. In R. Frankenberg (Ed.), Displacing Whiteness: Essays in social and cultural criticism (pp. 1-33). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
21. Freiberg, H. J., & Stein, T. A. (1999). Measuring, improving and sustaining healthy learning environments. In H. J. Freiberg (Ed.), School climate: Measuring, improving and sustaining healthy learning environments (pp. 11-29). London: Falmer Press.
22. Froschl, M., Sprung, B., & Mullin-Rindler, N. (1998). Quit It: A teacher's guide on teasing and bullying for use with students in grades K-3. Educational Equity Concepts: Spiral Edition.
23. Furlong, M., & Morrison, G. (2000). The school in school violence: Definitions and facts. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(2), 71-78.
24. Galloway, D. (1994). Bullying: The importance of a whole school approach. Therapeutic Care and Education, 3, 315-329.
25. Gibbs, N., & Roche, T. (1999). The Columbine Tapes. Time, 154, 40-51.
26. Glisson, C. (2000). Organizational climate and culture. In R. Patti (Ed.), The handbook of social welfare (pp. 195-218). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27. Goetting, A. (1994). The parent-crime connection. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 14, 169-186.
28. Hallinan, M. T., & Smith, S. S. (1989). Classroom characteristics and student friendship cliques. Social Forces, 67, 898-910.
29. Hart, D., Atkins, R., & Ford, D. (1999). Family influences on the formation of moral identity in adolescence: Longitudinal analyses. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 375-386.
30. Heck, W. P. (2001). The school shooter: One community's experience. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (September), 9-13.
31. Hellem, D. W. (1990). Sixth grade transition groups: An approach to primary prevention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 10, 303-311.
32. Hill, S. C., & Drolet, J. C. (1999). School-related violence among high school students in the United States, 1993-1995. The Journal of School Health, 69(7), 264-272.
33. Jackson, P. (1998). Constructions of 'whiteness' in the geographical imagination. Area, 30(2), 99-106.
34. Johnson, D. A., Giler, J. I., Kneeland, W., & Crawford, S. A. (2001). In the hope of reducing violence, should schools require spectator silence at interscholastic sport competitions? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 72(3), 16-17.
35. Kessler, S., Ashenden, D. J., Connell, R. W., & Dowsett, G. W. (1985). Gender relations in secondary schooling. Sociology of Education, 58(1), 34-48.
36. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to Socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
37. Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
38. Kohn, A. (1986). Wo contest: The case against competition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
39. Klein, D. C. (1991). The humiliation dynamic: An overview. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 93-121.
40. Klein, D. C. (1992). Managing humiliation. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 255-268.
41. Kyle, K. (2001a). U.S. nationalism and the axis of evil: U.S. policy and rhetoric on North Korea. Humanity & Society, 26(3/4), 239-262.
42. Kyle, K. (2001b). The use and 'abuse' of family in policy matters. Sociological Practice: A Journal of Clinical and Applied Sociology, 3, 205-219.
43. Kyle, K., & Angelique, H. (2002). Tragedy and catharsis in the wake of the 911 attacks. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 369-374.
44. Lanata, J. C. (2003). Behind the scenes: A closer look at the school shooters. Sheriff, 55(Mar/Apr), 22-26.
45. May, M. (1937). A research note on cooperative and competitive behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 42, 887-891.
46. May, R. (1972). Power and innocence: A search for the sources of violence. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
47. McAdams, D. P. (1990). Unity and purpose in human lives: the emergence of identity as a life story. In A. I. Rabin, R. A. Zucker, R. A. Emmons, & S. Frank (Eds.), Studying persons and lives (pp. 148-200). New York: Springer.
48. Messerschmidt, J. W. (1993). Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
49. Moore, M. (2003). Bowling for Columbine. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studio.
50. Nicoletti, J., Zinna, K., & Spencer-Thomas, S. (1999). Violence goes to school: Lessons learned from Columbine. Lakewood, CO: Nicoletti-Flater Associates.
51. Nucci, L. (2002). Because it is the right thing to do. Human Development, 45(2), 125-129.
52. Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. In K. Rubin & D. Pepler (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411-488). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
53. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge: Blackwell.
54. Palermo, G. B. (1999). Mass murder, suicide, and moral development: Can we separate the adults from the juveniles? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 43(1), 8-20.
55. Paley, V. G. (1993). You can't say you can't play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
56. Pelton, M. H. (2002). Changing a culture of violence, one step at a time. Principal Leadership, 3(4), 81-82.
57. Phelan, P., Yu, H. C., & Davidson, A. L. (1994). Navigating the psychosocial pressures of adolescence: The voices and experiences of high school youth. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 415-447.
58. Pollack, W. S. (2000). The Columbine syndrome. National Forum, 80(4), 39-42.
59. Pratt, M. W., Arnold, M. L., Pratt, A. T., & Diessner, R. (1999). Predicting adolescent moral reasoning from family climate: A longitudinal study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 148-175.
60. Regoli, R. M., & Hewitt, J. D. (1991). Delinquency in society: A child-centered approach. New York: McGraw Hill.
61. Riesman, D. (1954). Football in America: A study in cultural diffusion. In D. Riesman (Ed.), Individualism reconsidered and other essays (pp. 242-257). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
62. Rupper, D. R., & Mayer-Adams, N. (2002). Low-level violence: A neglected aspect of school culture. Urban Education, 37, 350-364.
63. Sage, G. H. (1978). American values and sport: Formation of a bureaucratic personality. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation (October), 42-44.
64. Sautter, R. C. (1995). Standing up to violence: Kappan special report. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, K1-K12.
65. Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (1999). Relations of peer acceptance, friendship adjustment, and social behavior to moral reasoning during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 249-279.
66. Shapiro, M. J. (1989). Representing world politics: The sport/war intertext. In J. Derian, & M. J. Shapiro (Eds.), International/intertextual relations (pp. 69-96). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
67. Shapiro, S. (1999). The Littleton tragedy. Tikkun, 14(4), 13-14.
68. Simmons, R. G., & Blythe, D. A. (1987). Moving into adolescence: The impact of pubertal change and school context. Hawthorn, NY: Aldine.
69. Singer, M. S. (1999). The role of concern for others and moral intensity in adolescent's ethicality judgments. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 155-166.
70. Sjostrom, L., & Stein, N. D. (1996). Bullyproof: A teacher's guide on teasing and bullying for use with fourth and fifth grade students. Wellesley, MA: National Education Association.
71. Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299-317.
72. Smetana, J. G. (1999). The role of parents in moral development: A social domain analysis. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 311-320.
73. Staffo, D. F. (2001). Strategies for reducing criminal violence among athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 72(6), 38-42.
74. Stancato, F. (2003). The Columbine tragedy: Adolescent identity and future recommendations. The Clearing House, 77(1), 19.
75. Stephens, R. D. (1995). Safe schools: A handbook for violence prevention. Bloomington, IN: National Education Service.
76. STOP Violence Coalition (2003). Stop violence. The STOP Violence Coalition of Kansas City. Retrieved September 28, 2004 from, http://www.stop-violence.org/
77. Strasz, M. (2003). Parent mentoring: The heart of the matter. Partnership for Learning. Retrieved September 28, 2004 from, http://www. partnershipforlearning.org/article.asp?ArticleID=1060
78. Thompson, C., Barresi, I., & Moore, C. (1997). The development of future-oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 12, 199-212.
79. Tisak, M., & Tisak, J. (1996). My sibling's but not my friend's keeper: Reasoning about responses to aggressive acts. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 324-340.
80. Turiel, E. (1998). The development of morality. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 863-932). New York: John W. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
81. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. (1994). National crime victimization survey. Suitland, MD: Government Printing Office.
82. Wainryb, C., & Turiel, E. (1994). Dominance, subordination, and concepts of personal entitlements in cultural contexts. Child Development, 66, 390-401.
83. Walker, J. S. (2000). Choosing biases, using power and practicing resistance: Moral development in a world without certainty. Human Development, 43, 135-156.
84. Walker, L. J. (1999). The family context for moral development. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 261-264.
85. Walker, L. J., & Hennig, K. H. (1999). Parenting style and the development of moral reasoning. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 359-374.
86. White, F. A. (2000). Relationship of family socialization processes to adolescent moral thought. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 75-91.
87. Zinna, K. (1999). After Columbine: A schoolplace violence prevention manual. Silverhorne, CO: Spectra Publishing Co., Inc.