Pharmacological management of behavioural and psychological disturbance in dementia

Human Psychopharmacology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-12

  Kozman, Mervat N ^a   Wattis, John ^b   Curran, Stephen ^b,c  

^a HARROGATE DISTRICT HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^c SOUTH WEST YORKSHIRE PARTNERSHIP NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behavioural disturbance; Dementia; Drug treatments

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; DONEPEZIL; ESTROGEN; FLUVOXAMINE; GALANTAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; MOOD STABILIZER; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RIVASTIGMINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRAZODONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE; ZOTEPINE;

ANTICHOLINERGIC SYNDROME; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEHYDRATION; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DROWSINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FRUSTRATION; GAIT DISORDER; HUMAN; LEUKOPENIA; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PAIN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOMNOLENCE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNSTEADINESS; VISUAL DEPRIVATION; WEIGHT GAIN;

ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

EID: 32044444801     PISSN: 08856222     EISSN: 10991077     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hup.745     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Aisen PS, Johannessen JD, Marin DB. 1993. Trazodone for behavioural disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1: 349-350.
2. Apter JT, Allen LA. 1999. Buspirone: future directions. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19(1): 86-93.
3. Aupperle PM, Koumaras B, Chen M, et al. 2004. Long-term effects of rivastigmine treatment on neuropsychiatric and behavioural disturbances in nursing home residents with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: results of a 52-week open-label study. Curr Med Res Opin 20(10): 1605-1612.
4. Ballard C, Margallo-Lana M, Juszczak E, et al. 2005. Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br Med J 330(7496): 874.
5. Beber CR. 1965. Management of behaviour in the institutionalized aged. Dis Nerv Syst 26: 591-595.
6. Brodaty H, Ames D, Snowdon J, et al. 2003. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation and psychosis of dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 64(2): 134-143.
7. Bullock R. 2005. Treatment of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia; implications of recent safety warnings. Curr Med Res Opin 21(1): 1-10.
8. Burke WJ, Folks DG, Roccaforte WH, et al. 1997. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression and psychosis complicating dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12: 519-525.
9. Coccaro EF, Kramer E, Zemishlany Z, et al. 1990. Pharmacologic treatment of non-cognitive behavioural disturbances in elderly demented patients. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1640-1645.
10. Cohen D, Eisdorfer C, Gorelick P, et al. 1993. Psychopathology associated with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. J Gerontology 8: M255-M260.
11. Cohen-Mansfield J. 1986. Agitated behaviours in the elderly, II: preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. J Am Geriatr Soc 34: 722-727.
12. Cooper J. 1999. Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment of dementia-associated agitation, aggression and disruptive behaviour. J Ger Drug Therap 12: 5-28.
13. Cooper J. 2003. Buspirone for anxiety and agitation in dementia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 28(6): 496.
14. Cummings JL. 2003. Use of cholinesterase inhibitors in clinical practice: evidence based recommendations. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11(2): 131-145.
15. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg TS, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. 1994. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 44(12): 2308-2314.
16. Curran S, Wattis JPW. 2004. Practical Management of Dementia - A Multi-Professional Approach. Radcliffe Medical: Oxford.
17. Curran S, Turner D, Musa S, Wattis J. 2005. Psychotropic drug use in older people with mental illness with particular reference to antipsychotics: a systematic study of tolerability and use in different diagnostic groups. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 20: 1-6.
18. De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, et al. 1999. A randomised trial of risperidone, placebo and haloperidol for behavioural symptoms of dementia. Neurology 53: 946-955.
19. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. 2001. A 24-week randomised, double-blind study of Donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 57: 613-620.
20. Finkel SI. 2004. Effects of rivastigmine on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Ther 26(7): 980-990.
21. Finkel SI, Mintzer JE, Dysken M, Krishnan KR, Burt T, McRae T. 2004. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of sertraline in the treatment of the behavioural manifestations of Alzheimer's disease in outpatients treated with Donepezil. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19(1): 9-18.
22. Food and Drug Administration - US FDA. 2005. Off-label use of atypical antipsychotics linked to increased mortality in the elderly. www.medscape.com
23. Frank L, Kleinman L, Ciesla G, Rupnow MF, Brodaty H. 2004. The effect of Risperidone on nursing burden associated with caring for patients with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 52(9): 1449-1455.
24. Gabelli C. 2003. Rivastigmine; an update on therapeutic efficacy in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions. Curr Med Res Opin 19(2): 1-14.
25. Gauthier S. 2005. Drugs for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Br Med J 330: 857-858.
26. Gauthier S, Wirth Y, Mobius HJ. 2005. Effects of memantine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients; an analysis of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) data of two randomised controlled studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 20(5): 459-464.
27. Gill SS, Rochon PA, Herrmann N, et al. 2005. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population based retrospective cohort study. Br Med J. DOI:10.1136/bmj.38330.470486.8F.
28. Hawkins JW, Tinklenberg JR, Sheikh JI, et al. 2000. A retrospective chart review of Gabapentin for the treatment of aggressive and agitated behaviour in patients with dementias. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 8: 221-225.
29. Hermann N, Lanctot K, Myszak M. 2000. Effectiveness of gabapentin for the treatment of behavioural disorders in dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20: 90-93.
30. Holmes C, Wilkinson D, Dean C, et al. 2004. The efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 63: 214-219.
31. Houlihan DJ, Mulsant BH, Sweet RA, et al. 1994. A naturalistic study of trazodone in the treatment of behavioural complications of dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2: 78-85.
32. Jewart RD, Green J, Lu CJ, et al. 2005. Cognitive, behavioural and physiological changes in Alzheimer's disease patients as a function of incontinence medications. Am J Psychiatry 13(4): 324-329.
33. Jost BC, Grossberg GT. 1996. The evolution of psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a natural history study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 4(4): 383-384.
34. Kaufer D, Catt K, Pollock B, DeKosky S. 1998. Assessing the effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's patients and its impact on caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc 46(9): 198.
35. Kyomen H, Satlin A, Hennen J, Wei J. 1999. Estrogen therapy and aggressive behaviour in elderly patients with moderate-to-severe dementia: results from a short-term, randomised, double blind trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 7: 339-348.
36. Lanctot KL, Herrmann N. 2000. Donepezil for behavioural disorders associated with Lewy bodies: a case series. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15(4): 338-345.
37. Lee PE, Gill SS, Freedman M, et al. 2004. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: systematic review. Br Med J. DOI:10.1136/bmj.38125.465579.55.
38. Lonergan E, et al. 2002. Haloperidol for agitation in dementia (Cochrane review). In the Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2002. Oxford: Update software.
39. Lyketsos C, Steinberg M, Tschanz J, Norton M, Steffens D, Breitner J. 2000. Mental and behavioural disturbances in dementia: findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging. Am J Psychiatry 157: 708-714.
40. McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, et al. 2000. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies; a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 356: 2031-2036.
41. Meehan KM, Wang H, David SR, et al. 2002. Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 26(4): 494-504.
42. Monsch AU, Heiter-Reiffenstuhl I, Braendle D. 2002. Galantamine reduces behavioural and psychological disturbances and related caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease patients. Poster at the 6th Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies, Vienna.
43. Neil W, Curran S, Wattis JP. 2003. Antipsychotic prescribing in older people. Age Ageing 32(5): 475-483.
44. Nyth AL, Gottfries CG. 1990. The clinical efficacy of citalopram in treatment of emotional disturbances in dementia disorders: a Nordic multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry 57: 894-901.
45. Oberholzer AF, Hendriksen C, Monsch AU, Heierli B, Stahelin HB. 1992. Safety and effectiveness of low-dose clozapine in psychogeriatric patients: a preliminary study. Int Psychogeriatr 4(2): 187-195.
46. Oflasson K, Jorgensen S, Jensen HV, et al. 1992. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of the demented elderly patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 851: 453-456.
47. Olin JT, Fox L, Pawluczyk S, et al. 2001. A pilot randomised trial of carbamezapine for behavioral symptoms on treatment resistant outpatients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 9: 400-405.
48. Overall JE, Gorham DR. 1962. The Brief Psychiatric Rating-Scale. Psychol Rep 10(3): 799-812.
49. Petrie WM, Ban TA. 1981. Propranolol in organic agitation (letter). Lancet 1: 324.
50. Porsteinsson AP, Tariot PN, Erb R, et al. 2001. Placebo-controlled study of divalproex sodium for agitation in dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 9: 58-66.
51. Reading PJ, Luce AK, McKeith IG. 2001. Rivastigmine in the treatment of parkinsonian psychosis and cognitive impairment: preliminary findings from an open trial. Move Dis 16(6): 1171-1174.
52. Reisberg B, Borenstein J, Salob SP, et al. 1987. Behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 48(Suppl. 5): 9-15.
53. Robert P. 2002. Understanding and managing behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: focus on rivastigmine. Curr Med Res Opin 18(3): 156-171.
54. Rojas-Fernandez CH, Eng M, Allie ND. 2003. Pharmacologic management by clinical pharmacists of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents: results from a pilot study. Pharmacotherapy 23(2): 217-221.
55. Rosler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, et al. 1999. Effects of two-year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Neurol 11: 211-216.
56. Rosler M. 2002. The efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in treating the behavioural symptoms of dementia. Int J Clin Psych 127(Suppl.): 20-36.
57. Roth M, Mountjoy CQ, Amrein R. 1996. Moclobemide in elderly patients with cognitive decline and depression: an international double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 168(2): 149-157.
58. Salzman C, Vaccaro B, Lieff J. 1995. Clozapine in older patients with psychosis and behavioural disruption. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 3: 26-33.
59. Schneider LS, Sobin PB. 1991. Non-neuroleptic medications in the management of agitation in Alzheimer's disease and other dementia: a selective review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6: 691-708.
60. Schneider L, Yeung P, Sweitzer D, et al. 1999. Effects of quetiapine reducing hostility and psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease/Poster NR657 presented at the 152nd American Psychiatric Association (APA) meeting; 1999 May 15-20; Washington, DC.
61. Shankle WR, Nielson KA, Cotman CW. 1995. Low-dose propranolol reduces aggression and agitation resembling that associated with orbitofrontal dysfunction in elderly demented. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 9: 233-237.
62. Street JS, Clark S, Gannon KS, et al. 2000. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioural symptoms of patients with Alzheimers Disease in nursing care facilities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 968-976.
63. Tariot P, Blazina L. 1994. The psychopathology of dementia. In Handbook of Dementing Illnesses, Morris JC (ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc: New York.
64. Tariot PN, Erb R, Podgorski CA, et al. 1998. Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry 155: 54-61.
65. Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC, Kershaw P, Lilienfeld S, Ding C. 2000. A 5-month, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. Neurology 54: 2269-2276.
66. Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, et al. 2001. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of Donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. JAGS 49: 1590-1599.
67. Tariot PN, Schneider L, Katz I, et al. 2002. Quetiapine in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's dementia and psychosis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10(2), (Suppl. 1): 93.
68. Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I. 2004. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease already receiving Donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(3): 317-324.
69. Verny M, Fremont P, Bourrin JC, et al. 2004. Reduced psychotropic drug use in patients with Alzheimer's disease receiving rivastigmine: results of the EXELAN study. J Drug Ass 7: 1-10.
70. Weiler PG, Mungas D, Bernick C. 1986. Propranolol for the control of disruptive behaviour in senile dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1: 226-230.
71. Wynn ZJ, Cummings JL. 2004. Cholinesterase inhibitor therapies and neuropsychiatric manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17: 100-108.