Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Volumn 40, Issue , 2000, Pages 351-403

  Bigham, J M ^a   Nordstrom, D Kirk ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749826963     PISSN: 15296466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2138/rmg.2000.40.7     Document Type: Article

References (299)

1. Adams F, Hajek BF (1978) Effects of solution sulfate, hydroxide, and potassium concentrations on the crystallization of alunite, basaluminite, and gibbsite from dilute aluminum solutions. Soil Sci 126:169-173
2. Adams F, Rawajfih Z (1977) Basaluminite and alunite: a possible cause of sulfate retention by acid soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 41:686-692
3. Alpers CN, Rye RO, Nordstrom DK, White LD, King BS (1992) Chemical, crystallographic, and isotopic properties of alunite and jarosite from acid hypersaline Australian lakes. Chem Geol 96:203-226
4. Alpers CN, Blowes DW, Nordstrom DK, Jambor JL (1994) Secondary minerals and acid mine-water chemistry. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes. Jambor JL, Blowes DW (Eds) Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course 22:249-270
5. Alvarez E, Perez A, Calvo R (1993) Aluminum spcciation in surface waters and soil solutions in areas of sulfide mineralization in Galicia. Sci Total Environ 133:17-37
6. Anderson MA, Ferguson JF, Gavis J (1976) Arsenate adsorption on amorphous aluminum hydroxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 54:391-399
7. Anthony JW, McLean WJ (1976) Jurbanite, a new post-mine aluminum sulfate mineral from San Manuel, Arizona. Am Mineral 61:1-4
8. Ash SH, Felegy EW, Kennedy DO, Miller PS (1951) Acid Mine Drainage Problems - Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania. US Bur Mines Bull 508
9. Auqué LF, Tena JM, Gimeno MJ, Mandado J, Zamora A, López-Julian P (1993) Distribución de tierras raras en soluciones y coloides de un sistema natural de aguas ácidas (Arroyo del Val, Zaragoza). Est Geol 49:41-48
10. Baes CF Jr, Mesmer RE (1976) The Hydrolysis of Cations. Wiley-Interscience, New York
11. Ball JW, Nordstrom DK (1989) Final revised anaylyses of major and trace elements from acid mine waters in the Leviathan mine drainage basin, California and Nevada - October 1981 to October 1982. US Geol Survey Water-Res Invest Peport 89-4138, 49 p
12. Bannister FA, Hollingworlh SE (1948a) Two new British minerals. Nature 162:565
13. Bannister FA, Hollingworth SE (1948b) Basaluminite hydrobasaluminite. Am Mineral 33:787
14. Barham RJ (1997) Schwertmannite: A unique mineral, contains a replaceable ligand, transforms to jarosites, hematite, and/or basic iron sulfate. J Mater Res 12:2751-2758
15. Barnhisel RI, Daniels WL, Darmondy RG (2000) Reclamation of Drastically Disturbed Lands. Am Soc Agron Monograph No 41. Am Soc Agron, Madison, Wisconsin
16. Barton P (1978) The acid mine drainage. In Sulfur in the Environment, Part II. Ecological Impacts. Nriagu JO (Ed) John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 313-358
17. Batik P, Hruskova J (1971) Hydrobasaluminite and basaluminite from Nikolcice near Brno. Czech Sb Nar Muz Praze Rada B 27:9-16
18. Bassett H, Goodwin TH (1949) The basic aluminum sulphates. J Chem Soc:2239-2279
19. Bender Koch C, Mørup S (1991) Identification of green rust in an ochre sludge. Clay Minerals 26:577-582
20. Bertsch PM, Parker BR (1996) Aqueous polynuclear aluminum species. In The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum. Sposito G (Ed) CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, p 117-168
21. Beukes GJ, Schoch AE, De Bruiyn H, Van der Westhuizen WA, Bok LDC (1984) A new occurrence of the hydrated aluminum sulfate zaherite, from Pofadder, South Africa. Mineral Mag 48:131-135
22. Bhatti TM, Bigham JM, Carlson L, Tuovinen OH (1993) Mineral products of pyrrhotite oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:1984-1990
23. Bhatti TM, Bigham JM, Vuorinen A, Tuovinen OH (1994) Alteration of mica and feldspar associated with the microbial oxidation of pyrrhotite and pyrite. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation. Alpers CN, Blowes DW (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Series 550:90-105
24. + medium. Acta Chem Scand 20:1376-1388
25. Biedermann G, Schindler P (1957) On the solubility product of precipitated iron (III) hydroxide. Acta Chem Scand 11:731-740
26. Bigham JM (1994) Mineralogy of ochre deposits formed by sulfide oxidation. In The Environmental Geochemistry Of Sulfide Mine-Wastes. Jambor JL, Blowes DW (Eds) Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course 22:103-132
27. Bigham JM, Schwertmann U, Carlson L, Murad E (1990) A poorly crystallized oxyhydroxysulfate of iron formed by bacterial oxidation of Fe(II) in acid mine waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:2743-2758
28. Bigham JM, Schwertmann U, Carlson L (1992) Mineralogy of precipitates formed by the biogeochemical oxidation of Fe(II) in mine drainage. In Biomineralization Processes of Iron And Manganese - Modern and Ancient Environments. Skinner HCW, Fitzpatrick RW (Eds) Catena Supplement 21:219-232, Cremlingen-Destedt
29. Bigham JM, Carlson L, Murad E (1994) Schwertmannite, a new iron oxyhydroxysulfate from Pyhäsalmi, Finland, and other localities. Mineral Mag 58:541-64
30. Bigham JM, Schwertmann U, Pfab G (1996a) Influence of pH on mineral speciation in a bioreactor simulating acid mine drainage. Appl Geochem 11:845-849
31. Bigham JM, Schwertmann U, Traina SJ, Winland RL, Wolf M (1996b) Schwertmannite and the chemical modeling of iron in acid sulfate waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:2111-2121
32. Bishop JL (1998) Biogenic catalysis of soil formation on Mars. Origins Life Evol Biosphere 28:449-459
33. Bishop JL, Murad E (1996) Schwertmannite on Mars? Spectroscopic analyses of schwertmannite, its relationship to other ferric minerals, and its possible presence in the surface material on Mars. In Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G Burns. Dyar MD, McCammon C, Schaefer MW (Eds) Geochemical Society Spec Publ No 5:337-358
34. Bloomfield C (1972) The oxidation of iron sulphides in soils in relation to the formation of acid sulphate soils, and of ochre deposits in field drains. J Soil Sci 23:1-16
35. Bloomfield C, Coulter JK (1973) Genesis and management of acid sulfate soils. Adv Agron 25:265-326
36. Blowes DW, Jambor JL (1990) The pore-water geochemistry and the mineralogy of the vadose zone of sulfide tailings, Waite Amulet, Quebec, Canada. Appl Geochem 5:327-346
37. Blowes DW, Reardon EJ, Jambor J, Cherry JA (1991) The formation and potential importance of cemented layers in inactive sulfide mine tailings. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:965-978
38. Blowes DW, Al T, Lortie L, Gould WD, Jambor JL (1995) Microbiological, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the Kidd Creek mine tailings impoundment, Timmins area, Ontario. Geomicrobiol J 13:13-21
39. Blowes DW, Jambor JL, Hanton-Fong CJ, Lortie L, Gould WD (1998) Geochemical, mineralogical and microbiological characterization of a sulphide-bearing carbonate-rich gold-mine tailings impoundment, Joutel, Québec. Appl Geochem 13:687-705
40. Bowell RJ (1994) Sorption of arsenic by iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in soils. Appl Geochem 9:279-286
41. Bowell RJ, Bruce I (1995) Geochemistry of iron ochres and mine waters from Levant Mine, Cornwall. Appl Geochem 10:237-250
42. Bowell RJ, Morley NH, Din VK (1994) Arsenic speciation in soil porewaters from the Ashanti Mine, Ghana. Appl Geochem 9:15-22
43. Brizzi G, Ciselli I, Santucci A (1986) Geology of the Cetine mine, Siena, Italy. Riv Mineral Ital:145-155
44. Brady KS, Bigham JM, Jaynes WF, Logan TJ (1986) Influence of sulfate on Fe-oxide formation: Comparisons with a stream receiving acid mine drainage. Clays Clay Minerals 34:266-274
45. Brill MR (1999) Sediment mineralogy and geochemistry in a constructed mine drainage wetland. MS Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
46. Brodie GA, Hammer DA, Tomljanovich DA (1988) Constructed wetlands for acid drainage control in the Tennessee Valley. In Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation. US Bur Mines Inf Circ 9183: 325-331
47. Brown GE Jr, Henrich VE, Casey WH, Clark DL, Eggleston C, Felmy A, Goodman DW, Grätzel M, Maciel G, McCarthy MI, Nealson KH, Sverjensky DA, Toney MF, Zachara JM (1999) Metal oxide surfaces and their interactions with aqueous solutions and microbial organisms. Chem Rev 99: 77-174
48. Burns RG (1988) Gossans on Mars. Proc 18th Lunar Planet Sci Conf LPI, Houston, p 713-721
49. Burns RG (1994) Schwertmannite on Mars: Deposition of this ferric oxyhydroxysulfate mineral in acidic saline meltwaters Lunar Planet Sci 25:203-204 (abstr)
50. Byrne RH, Luo Y-R (2000) Direct observations of nonintegral hydrous ferric oxide solubility products. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:1873-1877
51. 2 and oxidation rate on the formation of goethite versus lepidocrocite from an Fe(II) system at pH 6 and 7. Clay Minerals 25:65-71
52. Caruccio FT (1975) Estimating the acid potential of coal mine refuse. In The Ecology of Resource Degradation and Renewal, Chadwick MJ, Goodman GT (Eds) Blackwell Science, London: 197-203
53. Cathles LM (1994) Attempts to model the industrial-scale leaching of copper-bearing mine waste. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation. Alpers CN, Blowes DW (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Ser 550:123-131
54. 2O. N Jahrb Mineral Monatsch:193-196
55. Cesbron FP, Bayliss P (1988) Mineral nomenclature: Khademite. Mineral Mag 52:133-134
56. Chapman BM, Jones DR, Jung RF (1983) Processes controlling metal ion attenuation in acid mine drainage streams. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:1957-1973
57. Charlet L, Dise N, Stumm W (1993) Sulfate adsorption on a variable charge soil and on reference minerals. Agric Ecosys Environ 47:87-102
58. Chernitsyna OM, Artemenko VM, Artemenko OV, Ponomarev VE (1999) Aluminite from gold-mercury ores in terrigenous-carbonate complex of southern Donbass. Mineral Zh 21:29-32
59. Childs CW, Goodman BA, Paterson E, Woodhams FWD (1980) The nature of iron in akaganéite (β-FeOOH). Aust J Chem 33:15-26
60. Childs CW, Inoue K, Mizota C (1997) Natural and anthropogenic schwertmannites from Towada-Hachimantai National Park, Honshu, Japan. Chem Geol 144:81-86
61. Clark BC, Baird AK, Weldon RJ, Tsusaki DM, Schnabel L, Candelaria MP (1982) Chemical composition of martian fines. J Geophys Res 87:10059-10067
62. Clark BC, Van Hart D (1981) The salts of Mars. Icarus 45:370-378
63. Clarke W, Konhauser KO, Thomas J, Bottrell SH (1997) Ferric hydroxide and ferric hydroxysulfate precipitation by bacteria in an acid mine drainage lagoon. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:351-361
64. Clayton T (1980) Hydrobasaluminite and basaluminite from Chickerell, Dorset. Mineral Mag 43:931-937
65. Cornell R, Schwertmann U (1996) The Iron Oxides. VCH Publishers, Weinheim
66. Cornu F (1909) Über die Verbreitung gelartiger Körper im Mineralbereich, ihrre chemisch-geologische Bedeutung und ihre systematische Stellung. Zbl Mineral Geol 12:324-326
67. Cravotta CA III, Brady KBC, Rose AW, Douds JB (1999) Frequency distribution of the pH of coal-mine drainage in Pennsylvania. In U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program - Proc Technical Meeting. Morganwalp DW, Buxton H (Eds) US Geol Surv Water-Res Invest Rep 99-4018A:313-324
68. Cunningham KM, Wright WG, Nordstrom DK, Ball JW (1996) Water-quality data for Doughty Springs, Delta County, Colorado, 1903-1994, with emphasis on sulfur redox species. US Geol Survey Open-File Rep 96-619, 69 p
69. De Bruiyn H, Schoch AE, Beukes GJ, Bok LDC, Van Der Westhuizen WA (1985) Note on cell parameters of zaherite. Mineral Mag 49:145-146
70. De Endredy A S (1963) Estimation of free iron oxides in soils and clays by a photolytic method. Clay Minerals 5:209-217
71. Dent DL, Pons LJ (1995) A world perspective on acid sulphate soils. Geoderma 67:263-276
72. Dold B (1999) Mineralogical and geochemical changes of copper flotation tailings in relation to their original composition and climatic setting: Implications for acid mine drainage and element mobility. PhD Thesis #3125, Université de Gèneve, Switzerland
73. Dombrovskaya ZV, Yashina RS, Piloyan GO (1976) Aluminite from the zone of oxidation of pyritized schists in the Lake Baikal region. Kora Vyvetrivaniya 15:162-167
74. Doner HE, Lynn WC (1989) Carbonate, halide, sulfate and sulfide minerals. In Minerals in Soil Environments. 2nd edition. Dixon JB, Weed SB (Eds) Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison, Wisconsin, p 279-330
75. Dousma J, de Bruyn PL (1976) Hydrolysis-precipitation studies of iron solutions I. Model for hydrolysis and precipitation from Fe(III) nitrate solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 56:527-539
76. Dousma J, van den Hoven TJ, de Bruyn PL (1978) The influence of chloride ions on the formation of iron(III) oxyhydroxide. J Inorg Nucl Chem 40:1089-1093
77. Dousma J, den Ottelander D, de Bruyn PL (1979) The influence of sulfate ions on the formation of iron(III) oxides. J Inorg Nucl Chem 41:1565-1568
78. Driscoll CT, Baker JP, Bisogni JJ, Schofield CL (1984) Aluminum speciation and equilibria in dilute acidic surface waters of the Adirondack region of New York State. In Geological Aspects of Acid Deposition, 4:55-75. Bricker OP (Ed) Ann Arbor Science, Boston
79. Dudas MJ (1987) Accumulation of native arsenic in acid sulphate soils in Alberta. Can J Soil Sci 67: 317-331
80. Dzombak DA, Morel FMM (1990) Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide. John Wiley, New York
81. Edwards KJ, Bond PL, Gihring TM, Banfield F (2000) An archaeal iron-oxidizing extreme acidophile important in acid mine drainage. Science 287:1796-1799
82. Ehrlich HL (1996) Geomicrobiology (3rd Edition) Marcel Dekker, New York
83. Fanning DS, Burch SN (1997) Acid sulphate soils and some associated environmental problems. In Soils and Environment: Soil Processes from Mineral to Landscape Scale. Auerswald K, Stanjek H, Bigham JM (Eds) Adv. Geoecol 30:145-158, Reiskirchen, Catena Verlag
84. Fanning DS, Rabenhorst MC, Bigham JM (1993) Colors of acid sulfate soils. In Soil color. Bigham JM, Ciolkosz EJ (Eds) Soil Sci Soc Am Spec Publ 31:91-108 Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison, WI.
85. 2O. Acta Mineral-Petrogr 38:5-15
86. Feitknecht W, Giovanoli R, Michaelis W, Müller M (1973) Über die Hydrolyse von Eisen (III) Salzlösungen. I. Die Hydrolyse der Lösungen von Eisen (III) Chlorid. Helv Chim Acta 56:2847-2856
87. Fennessy MS, Mitsch WJ (1989) Treating coal mine drainage with an artificial wetland. Res J Water Pollut Cont Fed 61:1691-1701
88. Ferris FG, Tazaki K, Fyfe WS (1989a) Iron oxides in acid mine drainage environments and their association with bacteria. Chem Geol 74:321-330
89. Ferris FG, Schultze S, Witten TC, Fyfe WS, Beveridge TJ (1989b) Metal interactions with microbial biofilms in acidic and neutral pH environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1249-1257
90. Filipek LH, Nordstrom DK, Ficklin WH (1987) Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California. Environ Sci Technol 21:388-396
91. Fischer WR (1972) Die Wirkung von zweiwertigem Eisen auf Lösung un Umwandlung von Eisen(III)-hydroxiden. In Pseudogley und Gley. Schlichting E, Schwertmann U (Eds) Weinheim, Verlag Chemie, p 37-44
92. Fitzpatrick RW, Self PG (1997) Iron oxyhydroxides, sulfides and oxyhydroxysulfates as indicators of acid sulfate weathering environments. In Soils and Environment: Soil Processes from Mineral to Landscape Scale. Auerswald K, Stanjek H, Bigham JM (Eds) Adv. Geoecol 30:227-240, Reiskirchen, Catena Verlag
93. Fitzpatrick R W, Naidu R, Self PG (1992). Iron deposits and microorganisms in saline sulfidic soils with altered soil water regimes in South Australia. In Biomineralization Processes of Iron and Manganese - Modern and Ancient Environments. Skinner HCW, Fitzpatrick RW (Eds) Catena Supplement 21:263-286, Cremlingen-Destedt
94. Fitzpatrick R. W, Fritsch E, Self PG (1996) Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes: V. Development of saline sulfidic features in non-tidal seepage areas. Geoderma 69:1-29
95. Flynn CM Jr (1990) Dense hydrolysis products from iron (III) nitrate and sulfate solutions. Hydrometall 25:257-270
96. Fojt B (1975) On the problem of glockerite as a secondary mineral of ore deposits. Scripta Fac Sci Nat UJEP Brunensis, Geologia I. 5:5-20
97. Fox LE (1988a) Solubility of colloidal ferric hydroxide. Nature 333:442-444
98. Fox LE (1988b) The solubility of colloidal ferric hydroxide and its relevance to iron concentrations in river water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:771-777
99. Fox LE (1989) A model for inorganic control of phosphate concentrations in river waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:417-428
100. Frondel C (1968) Meta-aluminite, a new mineral from Temple Mountain, Utah. Am Mineral 53:717-721
101. Fuge R, Pearce FM, Pearce NJ, Perkins WT (1994) Acid mine drainage in Wales and influence of ochre precipitation on water chemistry. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation. Alpers CN, Blowes DW (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Series 550:261-274
102. Fuller CC, Davis JA (1989) Influence of coupling of sorption and photosynthetic processes on trace element cycles in natural waters. Nature 340:52-54
103. Fuller CC, Davis JA, Waychunas GA (1993) Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2271-2282
104. Furniss G, Hinman NW, Doyle GA, Runnells DD (1999) Radiocarbon-dated ferricrete provides a record of natural acid rock drainage and paleoclimatic changes. Environ Geol 37:102-106
105. Gimeno MJ, Tena JM, Auqué LF, Mandado J (1994) Caracterización geoquímica del sistema de agues ácidas del Arroyo del Val (Zaragoza). Bol R Soc Esp Hist Nat (Sección Geología) 89:5-17
106. Glocker EF (1853) Über einen neuen Eisensinter von Obergrund bie Zuckmantel. Poggendorff's Annalen Physik Chemie 89:482-488
107. Glocker EF (1858) Über den sulphatischen Eisensinter von Obergrund bei Zuckmantel. Acta Nova Leopold Carol 26:189-220
108. Godin E (Ed) (1991) Canadian Minerals Yearbook - Review and Outlook. Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada
109. Goldberg S (1986) Chemical modeling of arsenate adsorption on aluminum and iron oxide minerals. Soil Sci Soc Amer J 50:1154-1160
110. Gould WD, Béchard G, Lortie L (1994) The nature and role of microorganisms in the tailings environment. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes. Jambor JL, Blowes DW (Eds) Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course 22:185-200
111. Hammack RW, Lau RW, Diehl JR (1988) Methods for determining fundamental chemical differences between iron disulfides from different geologic provenances. US Bur Mines Inf Circ IC-9183:136-146
112. Harrison JB, Berkheiser VE (1982) Anion interactions with freshly prepared hydrous iron oxides. Clays Clay Minerals 30:97-102
113. Headden WP (1905) Mineralogical notes, no. II. Proc Colorado Sci Soc 8:62-66
114. Hem JD, Roberson CE (1990) Aluminum hydrolysis reactions and products in mildly acidic aqueous systems. In Chemical modeling in aqueous systems II. Melchior DC, Bassett RL (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Series 416:429-446
115. Hemley JJ, Hosteller PB, Gude AJ, Mountjoy WT (1969) Some stability relations of alunite. Econ Geol 64:599-612
116. Hendershot WH, Courchesne F, Jeffries DS (1996) Aluminum geochemistry at the catchment scale in watersheds influenced by acidic precipitation. In The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum. 2nd Edition. Sposito G (Ed) CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, p 419-449
117. Hochella MF Jr, White AF (Eds) (1990) Mineral-Water Interface Geochemistry. Rev Mineral 23, Mineral Soc Am, Washington, DC, 603 p
118. Hudson-Edwards KA, Schell C, Macklin MG (1999) Mineralogy and geochemistry of alluvium contaminated by metal mining in the Rio Tinto area, southwest Spain. Appl Geochem 14:1015-1030
119. Hug SJ (1997) In situ Fourier transform infrared measurements of sulfate adsorption on hematite in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 188:415-422
120. Jambor JL (1986) Detailed mineralogical examination of alteration products in core WA-20 from Waite Amulet tailings. CANMET Div Rep MSL 86-137(IR). Dep Energy Mines Res Canada.
121. Jambor JL (1994) Mineralogy of sulfide-rich tailings and their oxidation products. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes. Jambor JL, Blowes DW (Eds) Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course Vol. 22:59-102
122. Jambor JL Dutrizac JE (1998) Occurrence and consititution of natural and synthetic ferrihydrite, a widespread iron oxyhydroxide. Chem Rev 98:2549-2585
123. Jambor JL, Grew ES, Roberts AC (1998) New mineral names. Am Mineral 83:1347-1352
124. 2O. Acta Chem Scand 16:403-420
125. 2O. Arkiv Kemi 20:321-342
126. Johnson CA, Thornton I (1987) Hydrological and chemical factors controlling the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn and As in a river system contaminated by acid mine drainage. Water Res 21:359-365
127. Karathanasis AD, Evangelou VP, Thompson, YL (1988) Aluminum and iron equilibria in soil solutions and surface waters of acid mine watersheds. J Environ Qual 17:534-543
128. Karathanasis AD, Thompson YL (1995) Mineralogy of iron precipitates in a constructed acid mine drainage wetland. Soil Sci Soc Am J 59:1773-1781
129. Karlsson S, Sandén P, Allard B (1987) Environmental impacts of an old mine tailings deposit - metal adsorption by particulate matter. Nordic Hydrol 18:313-324
130. Kimball BA, Broshears RA, McKnight DM, Bencala KE (1994) Effects of instream pH modification on transport of sulfide-oxidation products. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation. Am Chem Soc Symp Series 550:224-243, Am Chem Soc, Washington, DC
131. Kimball BA, Callender E, Axtmann EV (1995) Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A. Appl Geochem 10:285-306
132. Kirby CS, Decker SM, Macander NK (1999) Comparison of color, chemical and mineralogical compositions of mine drainage sediments to pigment. Environ Geol 37:243-254
133. Kleinmann RLP (1989) Acid mine drainage in the United States: Controlling the impact on streams and rivers. In 4th World Congress on the Conservation of Built and Natural Environments, Univ Toronto, p 1-10
134. Kleinmann RLP, Crerar DA, Pacelli RR (1981) Biogeochemistry of acid mine drainage and a method to control acid formation. Mining Eng 33:300-303
135. Konhauser KO (1998) Diversity of bacterial iron mineralization. Earth Sci Rev 43:91-121
136. Konhauser KO, Ferris FG (1996) Diversity of iron and silica precipitation by microbial mats in hydrothermal waters, Iceland: Implications for Precambrian iron formations. Geology 24:323-326
137. Kram P, Hruska J, Driscoll CT, Johnson CE (1995) Biogeochemistry of aluminum in a forest catchment in the Czech Republic impacted by atmospheric inputs of strong acids. Water Air Soil Pollut 85:1831-1836
138. 2O: New data and further discussion. Am Mineral 73:850-854
139. Landa ER, Cravotta CA III, Naftz DL, Verplanck PL, Nordstrom DK, and Zielinski RA (2000) Geochemical investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey on uranium mining, milling, and environmental restoration. Tech 7:381-396
140. Lazaroff N, Sigal W, Wasserman, A (1982) Iron oxidation and precipitation of ferric hydroxysulfates by resting Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:924-938
141. Lazaroff N, Melanson L, Lewis E, Santoro N, Pueschel C (1985) Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy of iron sediments formed by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Geomicrobiol J 4:231-268
142. Lees H, Kwok SC, Suzuki I (1969) The thermodynamics of iron oxidation by ferrobacilli. Can J Microbiol 15:43-46
143. Letterman RD, Mitsch WJ (1978) Impact of mine drainage on a mountain stream in Pennsylvania. Environ Pollut 17:53-73
144. Lewis DG (1997). Factors influencing the stability and properties of green rusts. In Soils and Environment: Soil Processes from Mineral to Landscape Scale. Auerswald K, Stanjek H, Bigham JM (Eds) Adv Geoecol 30:345-372, Reiskirchen, Catena Verlag
145. Linnaeus C (1735) Systema Natural XII, vol. 111, Gen 52:11
146. Lizalek NA, Filatov VF (1986) Geology and origin of aluminites of Siberia. Sov Geol, p 41-49
147. Lizalek NA, Ivlev NF, Madaras A, and Speshilova MA (1989) The Namana occurrence of secondary sulfates in Yakutia [USSR]. Sov Geol, p 46-52.
148. Long DT, Fegan NE, McKee JD, Lyons WB, Hines ME and Macumber PG (1992) Formation of alunite, jarosite and hydrous iron oxides in a hypersaline lake system: Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, Australia. Chem Geol 96:183-202
149. Losno R, Colin JL, Le Bris N, Bergametti G, Jickells T, Lim B (1993) Aluminum solubility in rainwater and molten snow. J Atmosph Chem 17:29-43
150. Lukovic SM (1970) Weathering processes and formation of secondary aluminite and gibbsite in boehmitekaolin bauxite of Montenegro, Yugoslavia. Zb Rad Rud-Geol Fak, Univ Beogradu 11-12:55-63
151. Luther GW II (1990) The frontier-molecular-orbital theory approach in geotechnical processes. In Aquatic chemical kinetics. W Stumm (Ed) John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, p 173-198
152. Lyon JS, Milliard TJ, Bethell TN (1993) Burden of Guilt. Mineral Policy Center, Washington, DC, 68 p
153. Mamedov AI, Makhmudov SA, Babaev IA (1969) Aluminite from the Kelbadzhar area (Azerbaidzhan SSR). Uch Zap Aerb Gos Univ, Ser Geol-Geogr Nauk, p 136-142
154. Mazilov VN, Kashik SA, Kashaeva GM (1975) First finding of meta-aluminite in the USSR. Zap Vses Mineral Obshch 104:202-203
155. 2O. Russ J Inorg Chem 20:1045-1048
156. 2O system. Russ J Inorg Chem 21:996-999
157. Mast MA, Verplanck PL, Yager DB, Wright WG, Bove DJ. (2000) Natural sources of metals to surface waters in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado. ICARD 2000, Proc. 5th Internat Conf Acid Rock Drainage, Vol. 1. Soc Mining Metall Explor, Liltleton, CO, p 513-522
158. Matijevic E, Janauer GE (1966) Coagulation and reversal of charge of lyophobic colloids by hydrolyzed metal ions. II. Ferric nitrate. J Colloid Interface Sci 21:197-223
159. Matijevic E, Sapieszko RS, Melville JR (1975) Ferric hydrous oxide sols I. Monodispersed basic iron (III) sulfate particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 50:567-581
160. Matsubara S, Kato A, Hashimoto E (1990) Basaluminite in fissure of the Takanuki metamorphic rocks, [Fukushima prefecture], northeast Japan. Chigaku Kenkyu 39:165-169
161. May HM, Nordstrom DK (1991) Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils. In Soil Acidity. Ulrich B, Sumner ME (Eds) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 125-148
162. McKibben MA, Barnes HL (1986) Oxidation of pyrite in low temperature acidic solutions: Rate laws and surface textures. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50:1509-1520
163. McKnight DM, Bencala KE (1989) Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County, Colorado: A hydrologic perspective. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:2225-2234
164. McKnight DM, Kimball BA, Bencala KE (1988) Iron photoreduction and oxidation in an acidic mountain stream. Science 240:637-640
165. Merwin HE, Posnjak E (1937) Sulphate encrustations in the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona. Am Mineral 22:567-571
166. Milnes AR, Fitzpatrick RW, Self PG, Fordham AW, McClure SG (1992) Natural iron precipitates in a mine retention pond near Jabiru, Northern Territory, Australia. In Biomineralization Processes of Iron and Manganese - Modern and Ancient Environments. Skinner HCW, Fitzpatrick RW (Eds) Catena Supplement 21:233-261, Cremlingen-Destedt
167. Minikawa T, Inaba S, Tamura Y (1996) A few occurrences of basaluminite in Japan. Chigaku Kenkyu 44:193-197
168. Monterroso C, Alvarez E, Macias F (1994) Speciation and solubility control of Al and Fe in minesoil solutions. Sci Total Environ 158:31-43
169. Moore JN and Luoma SN (1990) Hazardous wastes from large-scale metal extraction: A case study. Environ Sci Technol 24:1278-1285
170. Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF III, Shelfer TD, Scheinost AC, Hinman NW, Furniss G, Mertzman SA, Bishop J, Ming DW, Allen CC, Britt DT (2000) Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples. J Geophys Res 105:1757-1817
171. Morton WE, Dunnette DA (1994) Health effects of environmental arsenic. In Arsenic in the Environment. Part II: Human Health and Ecosystem Effects. Nriagu JO (Ed) John Wiley, New York, p 17-34
172. Murad E (1988a) The Mössbauer spectrum of "well" crystallized ferrihydrie. J Magnet Magnetic Mat 74: 155-157.
173. Murad E (1988b) Properties and behavior of iron oxides as determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. In Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals. Stucki JW, Goodman BA, Schwertmann U (Eds) NATO Am Soils Inst Series C 217:309-350, D. Reidel, Dordrecht
174. Murad E, Bowen LH, Long GJ, Quin TG (1988) The influence of crystallinity on magnetic ordering in natural ferrihydrites. Clay Minerals 23:161-173
175. 2+ under acid conditions. Hyperfine Interactions 58:2373-2376
176. 2+ in acid sulfate waters. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation. Alpers CN, Blowes DW (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Series 550: 190-200
177. Naumann CF (1855) Elemente der Mineralogie, 4 Aufl. V.W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
178. Neal C (1988) Aluminum solubility relationships in acid waters - A practical example of the need for a radical reappraisal. J Hydrol 194:141-159
179. Ninteman DJ (1978) Spontaneous Oxidation and Combustion of Sulfide Ores in Underground Mines, a Literature Survey. US Bur Mines Inf Circ 8775
180. Nordstrom D K (1982a) Aqueous pyrite oxidation and the consequent formation of secondary iron minerals. In Acid Sulfate Weathering. Kittrick JA, Fanning DS, Hossner LR (Eds) Soil Sci Soc Am Spec Publ 10:37-56
181. 2O at 298 K. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:681-692
182. Nordstrom DK (1991) Chemical modeling of acid mine waters in the western United States. US Geol Survey Water Res Invest Rep No 91-4034:534-538
183. Nordstrom DK (2000) Advances in the hydrogeochemistry and microbiology of acid mine waters. Internat Geol Rev 42:499-515
184. Nordstrom DK, Alpers CN (1999). Geochemistry of acid mine waters. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits. Part A. Processes, methods and health issues. Plumlee GS, Logsdon MJ (Eds) Rev Econ Geol 6A:133-160
185. Nordstrom DK, Ball JW (1986) The geochemical behavior of aluminum in acidified surface waters. Science 232:54-56
186. Nordstrom DK, Ball JW (1989) Mineral saturation states in natural waters and their sensitivity to thermodynamic and analytic errors. Sci Geol Bull 42:269-280
187. Nordstrom DK, May HM (1996) Aqueous equilibrium data for mononuclear aluminum species. In The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum. Sposito G (Ed) 2nd edition. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, p 39-80
188. Nordstrom DK, Munoz JL (1994) Geochemical Thermodynamics, 2nd edition. Blackwell Science, Boston
189. Nordstrom DK, Southam G (1997) Geomicrobiology of sulfide mineral oxidation. In Geomicrobiology: Interactions between Microbes and Minerals. Banfield JF, Nealson KH (Eds) Rev Mineral 35:361-390
190. Nordstrom DK, Ball JW, Roberson, CE, Hanshaw BB (1984) The effect of sulfate on aluminum concentrations in natural waters. II. Field occurrences and identification of aluminum hydroxysulfate precipitates. Proc Geol Soc Am Ann Mtg 16:611
191. Nordstrom DK, Plummer LN, Langmuir D, Busenberg E, May HM, Jones BF, Parkhurst DL (1990) Revised chemical equilibrium data for major water-mineral reactions and their limitations. In Chemical Modeling of Aqueous Systems II. Melchior DC, Bassett RL (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Series 416:398-413
192. Nordstrom DK, Carson-Foscz V, Oreskes N (1995) Rare earth element (REE) fractionation during acidic weathering of San Juan tuff, Colorado. Proc Geol Soc Am Ann Mtg, New Orleans, p A-199 (abstr)
193. Nordstrom DK, Ball JW, Southam G, Donald R (1997) Biogeochemistry of natural elemental sulur oxidation and derivative acidic waters at Brimstone Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: I. Chemical and isotopic results.
194. Nordstrom DK, Ball JW, McClesky RB (2000) On the interpretation of saturation indices for iron colloids in acid mine waters. Abstracts with Programs Geol Soc Am Ann Mtg, p A-78
195. Olson GJ (1991) Rate of pyrite bioleaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: Results of an interlaboratory comparison. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:642-644
196. Öborn I, Berggren D (1995). Characterization of jarosite-natrojarosite in two northern Scandinavian soils. Geoderma 66:213-225
197. Oycollonov VN, Dolinina YV, Ogovodova LP, Sokolov VN (1994) Aluminite from the oxidation zone of sulfide-poor silver ore deposit. Vestn Mosk Univ Ser 4 Geol, p 58-61
198. Palache C, Berman H, Frondel C (1951) The System of Mineralogy, Vol. 2. John Wiley and Sons, New York
199. Papassiopi N, Stefanakis M, Kontopoulos A (1988) Removal of arsenic from solutions by precipitation as ferric arsenates. In Arsenic Metallurgy Fundamentals and Applications. Reddy RG, Hendrix JL, Queneau PB (Eds) Symp Proc TMS-AIME Ann Mtg, Phoenix, AZ, p 321-334
200. Parfitt RL, Smart R StC (1978) The mechanism of sulfate adsorption on iron oxides. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:48-50
201. Parks GA (1965) The isoelectric points of solid oxides, solid hydroxides, and aqueous hydroxo complex systems. Chem Rev 65:177-198
202. Parks GA (1967) Aqueous surface chemistry of oxides and complex oxide minerals. In Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems. Stumm W (Ed) Am Chem Soc. Adv Chem Series 67:121-160
203. Peak D, Ford RG, Sparks DL (1999) An in situ ATR-FTIR investigation of sulfate bonding mechanisms on goethite. J Colloid Inter Sci 218:289-299
204. Persson P, Lövgren L (1996) Potentiometric and spectroscopic studies of sulfate complexation at the goethite-water interface. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:2789-2799
205. Peine A, Tritschler A, Küsel K, Peiffer S (2000) Electron flow in an iron-rich acidic sediment - evidence for an acidity-driven iron cycle. Limnol Oceanogr 45:1077-1087
206. Pierce ML, Moore CB (1982) Adsorption of arsenite and aresenate on amorphous iron hydroxide. Water Res 16:1247-1253
207. Plumlee GS, Smith KS, Montour MR, Ficklin WS, Mosier E (1999) Geologic controls on the composition of natural waters and mine waters draining diverse mineral-deposit types. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits. Part B. Case studies and research topics. Filipek LH, Plumlee GS (Eds) Rev Econ Geol 6B:373-432
208. Polyak VJ, Provencio P (1998) Hydrobasaluminite and aluminite in caves of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. J Cave Karst Stud 60:51-57
209. Pons LJ (1973) Outline of the genesis, characteristics, classification and improvement of acid sulphate soils. In Acid Sulphate Soils. Dost H (Ed) Proc 1st Internat Symp Land Reclamation Institute Publ 18, 1:3-27, Wageningen, The Netherlands
210. Posey HH, Renkin ML, Woodling J (2000) Natural acidic drainage in the upper Alamosa River watershed, Colorado. ICARD 2000 Proc 5th Internat Conf Acid Rock Drainage 1:485-498 Soc Mining Metall Explor, Littleton, CO
211. 2O. J Am Chem Soc 44:1965-1994
212. Powers DA, Rossman GR, Schugar HJ, Gray HB (1975) Magnetic behavior and infrared spectra of jarosite, basic iron sulfate, and their chromate analogs. J Solid State Chem 13:1-13
213. Rampe JJ, Runnells DD (1989) Contamination of water and sediment in a desert stream by metals from an abandoned gold mine and mill, Eureka District, Arizona, U.S.A. Appl Geochem 4:445-454
214. Raven KP, Jain A, Loeppert RH (1998) Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: kinetics, equilibrium, and adsorption envelopes. Environ Sci. Technol 32:344-349
215. Rawlings EE, Tributsch H, Hansford GS (1999) Reasons why 'Leptospirillum'-like species rather than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are the dominant iron-oxidizing bacteria in many commercial processes for the biooxidation of pyrite and related ores. Microbiol 145:5-13
216. Raymahashay BC (1968) A geochemical study of rock alteration by hot springs in the Paint Pot Hill area, Yellowstone Park. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 32:499-522
217. Rieder RT, Ecomomou T, Wanke H, Turkevich A, Crisp J, Bruckner J, Drebus G, McSween HY Jr (1997) The chemical composition of Martian soil and rock returned by the mobile alpha proton X-ray spectrometer: Preliminary results from the x-ray mode. Science 278:1771-1774
218. Ritchie AIM (1994) The waste-rock environment. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes. Jambor JL, Blowes DW (Eds) Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course 22:131-161
219. Robbins EI, Cravotta CA III, Savela CE, Nord GL Jr (1999) Hydrobiogeochemical interactions in 'anoxic' limestone drains for neutralization of acidic mine drainage. Fuel 78:259-270
220. Robins, RG (1990) The stability and solubility of ferric arsenate: An update. In EPD Congress, Gaskell DR (Ed) TMS Ann Mtg, Feb 18-22, 1990, Anaheim, California, p 93
221. Robins RG, Huang JCY, Nishimura T, Khoe GH (1988) The adsorption of arsenate ion by ferric hydroxide. In Arsenic Metallurgy: Fundamentals and Applications. Reddy RG, Hendrix JL, Queneau PB (Eds) Symp Proc TMS-AIME Ann Mtg, Phoenix, AZ, p 99-112
222. Romberg IB (1969) Lepidocrocite at Rossvatn, north-Norway, an example of pseudomorphism after pyrite cubes. Norsk Geol Tidsskr 49:251-256
223. Rose AW, Cravotta CA III (1998) Geochemistry of coal mine drainage, p 1-1 to 1-22. In Coal Mine Drainage Prediction and Prevention in Pennsylvania. Brady KBC, Smith MW, Schueck J (Eds) Pennsylvania Dept Environ Protection, Harrisburg, PA
224. Rose S, Ghazi AM (1997) Release of sorbed sulfate from iron oxyhydroxides precipitated from acid mine drainage associated with coal mining. Environ Sci Technol 31:2136-2140
225. Rose S, Elliott WC (2000) The effects of pH regulation upon the release of sulfate from ferric precipitates formed in acid mine drainage. Appl Geochem 15: 27-34
226. Ross (1972) Inorganic Infrared and Raman Spectra. McGraw-Hill, New York
227. Rost R (1937) The minerals forming on burning coal heaps in the coal basin of Kladno. Bull Internat Acad Sci Bohême 1937:1-7
228. Rothenhofer P, Sahin H, Peiffer S (1999) Attenuation of heavy metals and sulfate by aluminum precipitates in acid mine drainage. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 28:136-144
229. Rowe GL Jr, Ohsawa S, Takano B, Brantley SL, Fernandez JF, Barquero J (1992) Using crater lake chemistry to predict volcanic activity at Poas Volcano, Costa Rica. Bull Volcanol 54:494-503
230. Rubin AJ (Ed) (1974) Aqueous-Environmental Chemistry of Metals. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
231. Runnells DD, Shepherd TA, Angino EE (1992) Estimation of natural background concentrations of metals in water in mineralized regions after disturbance by mining. Environ Sci Technol 26:2316-2323
232. Ruotsala AP, Babcock LL (1977) Zaherite, a new hydrated aluminum sulfate. Am Mineral 62:1125-1128
233. Sabelli C (1984) On the mineralogy of the Cetine mine of Cotorniano: The sulfate dimorphs jurbanite and rostite. Per Mineral (Roma), p 53-65
234. 2O. Z Kristallogr 173:33-39
235. Sand W, Rhode K, Zenneck C (1992) Evaluation of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans for leaching. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:85-92
236. Scheinost AC, Schwertmann U (1999) Color identification of iron oxide and hydroxysulfates: Use and limitations. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1463-1471
237. Scheinost AC, Chavernas A, Barrón V, Torrent J (1998) Use and limitations of second-derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible to near-infrared range to identify and quantify Fe oxide minerals in soils. Clays Clay Minerals 46:528-536
238. Schemel LE, Kimball BA, Bencala KE (2000) Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado. Appl Geochem 15:1003-1018
239. Schrenk MO, Edwards KJ, Goodman RM, Hamers RJ, Banfield JF (1998) Distribution of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans: Implications for generation of acid mine drainage. Science 279:1519-1522
240. Schulze DG (1981) Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction. Soil Sci Soc Am J 45:437-440
241. Schultze-Lam S, Fortin D, Davis BS, Beveridge TJ (1996) Mineralization of bacterial surfaces. Chem Geol 132:171-181
242. Schwertmann U (1961) Über das Vorkommen und die Enstehung von Jarosit in Marschboden (Maibolt). Naturwiss 45:159-160
243. Schwertmann U (1964) Differenzierung der Eisenoxide des Bodens durch Extraktion mit Ammoniumoxalat-Lösung. Z Pflanzenern. Bodenkunde 105:194-202
244. Schwertmann U (1993) Relations between iron oxides, soil color, and soil formation. In Soil color. Bigham JM, Ciokosz EJ (Eds) Soil Sci Soc Am Spec Publ No 31:51-69, Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison, Wisconsin
245. Schwertmann U, Taylor RM (1989) Iron oxides. In Minerals in Soil Environments. 2nd edition. Dixon JB, Weed SB (Eds) Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison, Wisconsin
246. 2 solutions. Clay Minerals 11:189-200
247. Schwertmann U, Fechter H (1994) The formation of green rust and its transformation to lepidocrocite. Clay Minerals 29:87-92
248. Schwertmann U, Fojt B (1996) Schwertmannit - ein neues Mineral und seine Geschichte. Lapis, p 33-34
249. Schwertmann U, Bigham JM, Murad E (1995) The first occurrence of schwertmannite in a natural stream environment. Eur J Mineral 7:547-552
250. Singer PC, Stumm W (1968) Kinetics of the oxidation of ferrous iron. 2nd Symp Coal Mine Drainage Res National Coal Assoc Bitum Coal Res, p 12-34
251. Singer PC, Stumm W (1970) Acid mine drainage: The rate-determining step. Science 167:1121-1123
252. Singh B, Harris PJ, Wilson MJ (1997). Geochemistry of acid mine waters and the role of micro-organisms in such environments: a review. In Soils and Environment: Soil Processes from Mineral to Landscape Scale. Auerswald K, Stanjek H, Bigham JM (Eds) Adv Geoecol 30:159-192, Reiskirchen, Catena Verlag
253. Singh SS (1982) The formation and coexistence of gibbsite, boehmite, alumina and alunite at room temperature. Can J Soil Sci 62:327-332
254. Sizia R (1966) Infrared spectra of some sulfates. Rend Semin Fac Sci Univ Cagliari 36:82-91
255. Smith KS (1991) Factors Influencing Metal Sorption onto Iron-Rich Sediment in Acid-Mine Drainage. PhD thesis T-3925, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
256. Smith KS (1999) Metal Sorption on mineral surfaces: An overview with examples relating to mineral deposits. In The Environmental Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits. Part A. Processes, methods and health issues. Plumlee GS, Logsdon MJ (Eds) Rev Econ Geol 6A:161-182
257. Sokolov PN, Korobov YI, Kosukhina IG, Kolotova LV (1985) Mineralogy of water-soluble sulfates in the Namansk manifestation of aluminite (Yakutsk ASSR). Morfol Genezis Zakonomern Razmeshcheniya Mineral Obraz Altae-Sayan Skladchatoi Obl Sib Platformy, p 120-124
258. Sposito G (1984) The Surface Chemistry of Soils. Oxford Univ Press, New York
259. Steefel CI, van Cappellen P (1990) A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: the role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:2657-2677
260. Stumm W (1992) Chemistry of the Solid-Water Interface: Processes at the Mineral-Water and Particle-Water Interface in Natural Systems. John Wiley, New York
261. Sullivan PJ, Yelton JL, Reddy KJ (1988a). Solubility relationships of aluminum and iron minerals associated with acid mine drainage. Environ Geol Water Sci 11:283-287
262. Sullivan PJ, Yelton JL, Reddy KJ (1988b). Iron sulfide oxidation and the chemistry of acid generation. Environ Geol Water Sci 11:289-295
263. Swayze GA, Smith KS, Clark RN, Sutley SJ, Pearson RM, Vance JS, Hageman PL, Briggs PH, Meier AL, Singleton MJ, Roth S (2000) Using imaging spectroscopy to map acidic mine waste. Environ Sci Techno 34:47-54
264. 4, Na or K). J Phys Soc Japan 25:902
265. Taylor RM and Schwertmann U (1978) The influence of aluminum on iron oxides. Part I. The influence of Al on Fe oxide formation from the Fe(II) system. Clays Clay Minerals 26:373-383
266. Theobald PK, Lakin HW, Hawkins DB (1963) The precipitation of aluminum, iron, and manganese at the junction of Deer Creek with the Snake River in Summit County, Colorado. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27:121-132
267. Tien P-L (1968) Hydrobasaluminite and basaluminite in Cabaniss Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian), southeastern Kansas. Am Mineral 53:722-732
268. Tkachenko RI, Zotov AV (1982) Ultra-acidic therms of volcanic origin as mineralizing solutions. In Hydrothermal Mineral-Forming Solutions in the Areas of Active Volcanism. Naboko SI (Ed) Nauka Publishers, Novosibirsk, p 126-131
269. Toth A, Geese E, Popity J (1984) Aluminite and basaluminite in the bauxite of Csordakut [Hungary]. Magy All Foldt Intez. Evi Jel 1982:423-430
270. Trafford BD, Bloomfield C, Kelso WI, Pruden G (1973) Ochre formation in field drains in pyritic soils. J Soil Sci 24:453-460
271. Trolard F, Génin J-MR, Abdelmoula M, Bourrié Humbert B, Herbillon A (1997) Identification of a green rust mineral in a reductomorphic soil by Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopies. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:1107-1111
272. Tuovinen OH, Bhatti TM, Bigham JM, Hallberg KB, Garcia O Jr, Lindström EB (1994) Oxidative dissolution of arsenopyrite by mesophilic and moderately thermophilic acidophiles. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3268-3274
273. Urrutia MM, Beveridge TJ (1995) Formation of short-range ordered aluminosilicates in the presence of a bacterial surface (Bacillus subtilis) and organic ligands. Geoderma 65:149-165
274. Van Breemen N (1973) Dissolved aluminum in acid sulfate soils and in acid mine waters. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 37:694-697
275. Van Breemen N (1976) Genesis and solution chemistry of acid sulfate soils in Thailand. Agric Res Rep 848, PhD thesis, Wageningen Univ, The Netherlands
276. Van Breeman N (1980) Acid sulphate soils. In Land Reclamation and Water Management. ILRI Publ 27, Wageningen, The Netherlands, p 53-57
277. Van Breemen N, Harmsen K (1975) Translocation of iron in acid sulfate soils: I. Soil morphology, and the chemistry and mineralogy of iron in a chronosequence of acid sulfate soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 39:1140-1148
278. Van Mensvoort MEF, Dent DL (1998) Acid Sulfate Soils. In Lal R, Blum WH, Valentine C, Stewart BA (Eds) Methods for assessment of soil degradation. Advances in Soil Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 301-335
279. Van'shin YV, Gulsaki VA (1982) Occurrence of aluminum minerals in the lower Volga River region. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 262:160-162
280. Warren LA, Ferris FG (1998) Continuum between sorption and precipitation of Fe(III) on microbial surfaces. Environ Sci Technol 32:2331-2337
281. Waychunas GA, Rea BA, Fuller CC, Davis JA (1993) Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part I. EXAFS studies of the geometry of coprecipitated and adsorbed arsenate. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:251-2269
282. 2- substituted schwertmannites. Physica B 208/209:481-483
283. Webster JG, Nordstrom DK, Smith KS (1994) Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks. In The environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, Alpers CN, Blowes DW (Eds) Am Chem Soc Symp Series 550:244-260
284. Webster JG, Swedlund PJ, Webster KS (1998). Trace metal adsorption onto an acid mine drainage(III) oxy-hydroxy sulfate. Environ Sci Technol 32:1361-1368
285. Westerveld GJW, van Holst AF (1973) Detailed survey and its application in areas with actual and potential acid sulphate soils in the Netherlands, p 243-262. In Acid Sulphate Soils. Dost H (Ed) Proc 1st Internat Symp Land Reclamation Institute Publ 18, 1:243-262, Wageningen, The Netherlands
286. Wieder RK (1994) Diel changes in iron(III)/iron(II) in effluent from constructed acid mine drainage treatment wetlands. J Environ Qual 23:730-738
287. Weiser HB, Milligan WO, Purcell WR (1941) Composition of floc formed at pH values below 5.5. Ind Eng Chem 33:669-672
288. Wieser T (1974) Basaluminite in the weathering zone of Carpathian Flysch deposits. Mineral Pol 5:55-66
289. Williamson MA, Rimstidt JD (1993) The rate of decomposition of ferric-thiosulfate complex in acidic aqueous solutions. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta 57:3555-3561
290. Wilmot RD, Young B (1985) Alunite and other aluminum minerals from Newhaven, Sussex. Proc Geol Assoc 96:47-52
291. Winland RL, Traina SJ, Bigham JM (1991) Chemical composition of ochreous precipitates from Ohio coal mine drainage. J Environ Qual 20:452-460
292. Wright LT (1906) Controlling and extinguishing fires in pyritous mines. Eng Mining J 81:171-172
293. Xu Y, Schoonen MAA (1995) The stability of thiosulfate in the presence of pyrite in low-temperature aqueous solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:4605-4622
294. Yager DB, Mast MA, Verplanck PL, Bove DJ, Wright WG, Hageman PL (2000) Natural versus mining-related water quality degradation to tributaries draining Mount Moly, Silverton, Colorado. ICARD 2000 Proc 5th Internat Conf Acid Rock Drainage 1:535-550. Soc Mining Metall Explor, Littleton, CO
295. Yu J-Y, Heo B, Cho I-K, Chang H-W (1999) Apparent solubilities of schwertmannite and ferrihydrite in natural stream waters polluted by mine drainage. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:3407-3416
296. Zalba PE (1982) Scanning electron micrographs of clay deposits of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Dev Sedimentol 35th Internat Clay Conf 1981:513-528
297. Zazubina IS, Ankinovich EA (1982) Basaluminite from black-schist strata of northwestern Karatau Vopr Metall Strukt Osob Veshchestv Sostava Mestorozhd Kaz, p 3-8
298. Zhdanov Y, Solov'ev LI (1998) Geology and mineralogical composition of the oxidized zone in the Deputatsk tin ore deposit. Otechestvennaya Geol, p 77-79
299. Zodrow FL and McCandlish K (1978) Hydrated sulfates in the Sydney coalfield. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Can Mineral 16:17-22