Water masses and currents in the upper tropical northeast Atlantic off northwest Africa

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 110, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 1-18

  Stramma, Lothar ^a   Hüttl, Sabine ^a   Schafstall, Jens ^a  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FLOW OF WATER; GEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS; OCEAN CURRENTS; OCEANOGRAPHY;

COUNTERCURRENT; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; WATER MASS;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (TROPICAL);

EID: 31644446385     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JC002939     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Arhan, M., A. Colin de Verdiere, and L. Memery (1994), The eastern boundary of the subtropical North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1295-1316.
2. Barnier. B., L. Siefridt, and P. Marchesiello (1995), Thermal forcing for a global ocean circulation model using a three-year climatology of ECMWF analysis, J. Mar. Sys., 6, 363-380.
3. Böning, C., and F. O. Bryan (1996), Large-scale transport processes in high-resolution circulation models, in The Warm Water Sphere of the North Atlantic Ocean, edited by W. Krauss, pp. 91-128, Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin.
4. Borges, R., A. Hernandez-Guerra, and L. Nykjaer (2004), Analysis of sea surface temperature time series of the south-eastern North Atlantic, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 869-891.
5. Bourles, B., M. D'Orgeville, G. Eldin, Y. Gouriou, R. Chuchla, Y. D. Penhoat, and S. Arnault (2002), On the evolution of the thermocline and subthermocline eastward currents in the Equatorial Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(16), 1785, doi:10.1029/2002GL015098.
6. Boyer, T. P., and S. Levitus (1997), Objective analyses of temperature and salinity for the world ocean on a 1/4 degree grid, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 11, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
7. Brandt, P., and C. Eden (2005), Annual cycle and interannual variability of the mid-depth tropical Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., I, (52), 199-219.
8. Bryan, F. O., and W. R. Holland (1989), A high resolution simulation of the wind- and thermohaline-driven circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean: Parametrization of small-scale processes, in Proceedings of 'Aha Huliko'a, Hawaian Winter Workshop, edited by P. Müller and D. Henderson, Hawaii Inst. Geophys. Spec. Publ., 99-115.
9. Csanady, G. T. (1987), What controls the rate of equatorial warm water mass formation?, J. Mar. Res., 45, 513-532.
10. Cummins, P. F., G. Holloway, and A. E. Gargett (1990), Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean general circulation model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 817-830.
11. Czeschel, L. (2004), The role of eddies for the deep water formation in the Labrador Sea, Ph.D. thesis, 101 pp., Christian-Albrechts Univ., Kiel, Germany.
12. Döös, K. (1999), Influence of Rossby waves on the seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29,591-29,598.
13. Emery, W. J., and J. Meincke (1986), Global water masses: summary and review, Oceanol. Acta, 9, 383-391.
14. Foltz, G. R., S. A. Grodsky, and J. A. Carton (2003), Seasonal mixed layer heat budget of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C5), 3146, doi:10.1029/2002JC001584.
15. Foltz, G. R., J. A. Carton, and E. P. Chassignet (2004), Tropical instability vortices in the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03029, doi:10.1029/2003JC001942.
16. Fonseca, C. A., G. J. Goni, W. E. Johns, and E. J. D. Campos (2004), Investigation of the North Brazil Current retroflection and North Equatorial Countercurrent variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21304, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020054.
17. Grodsky, S. A., and J. A. Carton (2002), Surface drifter pathways originating in the equatorial Atlantic cold tongue, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2147, doi:10.1029/2002GL015788.
18. Gouretski, V. V., and K. P. Koltermann (2004), WOCE global hydrographic climatology, Ber. 35, 50 pp., Bundesamtes für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographic, Hamburg, Germany.
19. Hagen, E. (2001), Northwest African upwelling scenario, Oceanol. Acta, 24, suppl., S113-S128.
20. Jochum, M., P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. Busalacchi (2004), Tropical instability waves in the Atlantic Ocean, Ocean Modell., 7, 145-163.
21. Joyce, T. M. (1989), On in situ "calibration" of shipboard ADCPs, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 169-172.
22. Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner (1967), A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline laboratory experiment and its interpretation, Tellus, 19, 88-97.
23. Levin, L. A. (2003), Oxygen minimum zone benthos: Adaptation and community response to hypoxia, in Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 2003, vol. 41, edited by R. N. Gibson and R. J. A. Atkinson, pp. 1-45, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, Pa.
24. Luyten, J. R., and H. Stommel (1986), Gyres driven by combined wind and buoyancy flux, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1551-1560.
25. Molmari, R. L., S. L. Garzoli, E. J. Katz, D. E. Harrison, P. L. Richardson, and G. Reverdin (1986), A synthesis of the first GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr:, 16, 91-112.
26. O'Connor, B. M., R. A. Fine, and D. B. Olson (2005), A global comparison of subtropical Underwater formation rates, Deep Sea Res., I, (52), 1569-1590.
27. 2 balances approach for estimating biological production in the mixed layer of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 47, 385-409.
28. Pacanowski, R. (1995), MOM 2 documentation, user's guide and reference manual, GFDL Tech. Rep., 2, 123 pp.
29. Redi, M. H. (1982), Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158.
30. Richardson, P. L., and G. Reverdin (1987), Seasonal cycle of velocity in the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent as measured by surface drifters, current meters, and ship drifts, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 3691-3708.
31. Schafstall, J. (2003), Oberflächennahe Zirkulation des tropischen Atlantiks bei 10°N im Herbst 2002, diploma thesis, 55 pp., Christian-Albrechts-Univ., Kiel, Germany.
32. Schott, F. A., and C. Böning (1991), The WOCE model in the western equatorial Atlantic: Upper layer circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6993-7004.
33. Schott, F. A., L. Stramma, and J. Fischer (1995), The warm water inflow into the western tropical Atlantic boundary regime, spring 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24,745-24,760.
34. Schott, F. A., J. Fischer, and L. Stramma (1998), Transports and pathways of the upper-layer circulation in the western tropical Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogy., 28, 1904-1928.
35. Schott, F. A., P. Brandt, M. Hamann, J. Fischer, and L. Stramma (2002), On the boundary flow off Brazil at 5-10°S and its connection to the interior tropical Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 1840, doi:10.1029/2002GL014786.
36. Schott, F. A., J. P. McCreary, and G. Johnson (2004), Shallow overturning circulations of the tropical-subtropical oceans, in Earth's Climate: The Ocean Atmosphere Interaction, edited by C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. A. Carton, pp. 261-304, AGU, Washington, D. C.
37. Siedler, G., and R. Onken (1996), Eastern Recirculation, in The Warm Water Sphere of the North Atlantic Ocean, edited by W. Krauss, pp. 339-364, Gebrüder Bomträger, Berlin.
38. Siedler, G., N. Zangenberg, R. Onken, and A. Morliere (1992), Seasonal changes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean: Observations and simulations of the Guinea Dome, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 703-715.
39. Stramma, L. (1984), Geostrophic transport in the Warm Water Sphere of the eastern subtropical North Atlantic, J. Mar. Res., 42, 537-558.
40. Stramma, L., and F. Schott (1999), The mean flow field of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. II, 46, 279-303.
41. Stramma, L., and G. Siedler (1988), Seasonal changes in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8111-8118.
42. Stramma, L., J. Fischer, P. Brandt, and F. Schott (2003), Circulation, variability and near-equatorial meridional flow in the central tropical Atlantic, in Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, Oceanogr. Ser, vol. 68, edited by G. J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, pp. 1-22, Elsevier, New York.
43. Stramma, L., M. Rhein, P. Brandt, M. Dengler, C. Böning, and M. Walter (2005), Upper ocean circulation in the western tropical Atlantic in boreal fall 2000, Deep Sea Res., I, (52), 221-240.
44. Tomczak, M., and J. S. Godfrey (1994), Regional Oceanography: An Introduction, 422 pp., Elsevier, New York.
45. Tsuchiya, M., L. D. Talley, and M. S. McCartney (1992), An eastern Atlantic section from iceland southward across the equator, Deep Sea Res., 39, 1885-1917.
46. Urbano, D. F., M. Jochum, and I. C. A. da Silveira (2005), Rediscovering the second core of the Atlantic NECC, Ocean Modell., in press.
47. Wallace, D. R., and H. W. Bange (2004), Introduction to special section: Results of the Meteor 55: Tropical SOLAS expedition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23S01, doi:10.1029/2004GL021014.
48. Weller, R. A., P. W. Furey, M. A. Spall, and R. E. Davis (2004), The largescale context for oceanic subduction in the northeast Atlantic, Deep Sea Res. I, 51, 665-699.
49. Willebrand, J., B. Barnier, C. Böning, C. Dieterich, P. Herrmann, P. Killworth, C. Le Provost, Y. Jia, J.-M. Molines, and A. L. New (2001), Circulation characteristics in three eddy-permitting models of the North Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 48, 123-161.
50. Zenk, W., B. Klein, and M. Schröder (1991), Cape Verde Frontal Zone, Deep Sea Res., 38, suppl. I, S505-S530.
51. Zhang, D.. M. J. McPhaden, and W. E. Johns (2003), Observational evidence for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic tropical cells, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1783-1797.