Babies born small for gestational age: Insulin sensitivity and growth hormone treatment

Hormone Research

Volumn 64, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2005, Pages 58-65

  Dunger, David B ^a   Ong, Ken K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Growth hormone; Insulin resistance; Intrauterine growth retardation; Small for gestational age

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN; PROINSULIN;

BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY HEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; ETHNOLOGY; FAMILY HISTORY; FOLLOW UP; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; WEIGHT GAIN;

ADULT; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 31544447219     PISSN: 03010163     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000089319     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (71)

1. de Zegher F, Hokken-Koelega A: Growth hormone therapy for children born small for gestational age: height gain is less dose dependent over the long term than over the short term. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e458-e462.
2. Barker DJ, Winter PD, Osmond C, Margetts B, Simmonds SJ: Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1989;ii:577-580.
3. Hales CN, Barker DJ, Clark PM, Cox LJ, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD: Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ 1991;303:1019-1022.
4. Fowelin J, Attvall S, von Schenck H, Smith U, Lager I: Characterisation of the insulin-antagonistic effect of growth hormone in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1995;12:990-996.
5. Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Osmond C: Mothers' pelvic size, fetal growth, and death from stroke and coronary heart disease in men in the UK. Lancet 1996;348:1264-1268.
6. Barker DJ, Bull AR, Osmond C, Simmonds SJ: Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. BMJ 1990;301:259-262.
7. Stein CE, Fall CH, Kumaran K, Osmond C, Cox V, Barker DJ: Fetal growth and coronary heart disease in south India. Lancet 1996;348:1269-1273.
8. Forsén T, Eriksson JG, Tuomilehto J, Teramo K, Osmond C, Barker DJ: Mother's weight in pregnancy and coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men: follow up study. BMJ 1997;315:837-840.
9. Leon DA, Lithell HO, Vagero D, Koupilova I, Mohsen R, Berglund L, Lithell UB, McKeigue PM: Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29. BMJ 1998;317:241-245.
10. Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW: Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 1976;295:349-353.
11. Gale CR, Martyn CN, Kellingray SD, Eastell R, Cooper C: Intrauterine programming of adult body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:267-272.
12. McKeigue PM, Lithell HO, Leon DA: Glucose tolerance and resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in men aged 70 years in relation to size at birth. Diabetologia 1998;41:1133-1138.
13. Reilly JJ, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in British children: cohort study. BMJ 1999;319:1039.
14. Bundred P, Kitchiner P, Buchan I: Prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1989 and 1998: population based series of cross sectional studies. BMJ 2001;322:326-328.
15. Hales CN, Barker DJ: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 1992;35:595-601.
16. Hales CN, Barker DJ: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 2001;60:5-20.
17. Reaven GM: Hypothesis: muscle insulin resistance is the ('not so') thrifty genotype. Diabetologia 1998;41:482-484.
18. Neel JV: Diabetes mellitus: a thrifty genotype rendered detrimental by 'progress'? Am J Hum Genet 1962;14:353-362.
19. McCance DR, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Jacobsson LT, Knowler WC, Bennett PH: Birth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype? BMJ 1994;308:942-945.
20. Hattersley AT, Tooke JE: The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet 1999;353:1789-1792.
21. Dunger DB, Ong KKL, Huxtable SJ, Sherriff A, Woods KA, Ahmed ML, Golding J, Pembrey ME, Ring S, the ALSPAC Children in Focus Team, Bennett ST, Todd JA: Association of INS VNTR with size at birth. Nat Genet 1998;19:98-100.
22. Casteels K, Ong KKL, Phillips D, Bednarz A, Bendall H, Woods KA, Sherriff A, the ALSPAC study team, Golding J, Pembrey M, Poulton J, Dunger DB: Mitochondrial 16189 variant, thinness at birth and type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1999;353:1499-1500.
23. Poulton J, Luan J, Macaulay V, Hennings S, Mitchell J, Wareham NJ: Type 2 diabetes is associated with a common mitochondrial variant: evidence from a population-based case-control study. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:1581-1583.
24. Ong KKL, Phillips DI, Fall C, Poulton J, Bennett ST, Golding J, Todd JA, Dunger DB: The insulin gene VNTR, type 2 diabetes and birthweight. Nat Genet 1999;21:262-263.
25. Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Shields B, Knight B, Turner T, Metcalf BS, Voss L, Wilkin TJ, McCarthy A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Davey Smith G, Ring S, Jones R, Golding J, Byberg L, Mann V, Axelsson T, Syvanen AC, Leon D, Hattersley AT: Genetic regulation of birth weight and fasting glucose by a common polymorphism in the islet cell promoter of the glucokinase gene. Diabetes 2005;54:576-581.
26. Karn MN, Penrose LS: Birth weight and gestation time in relation to maternal age, parity and infant survival. Ann Eugen 1951;16:147-158.
27. Alberman E: Are our babies becoming bigger? J R Soc Med 1991;84:257-260.
28. Ong KK, Dunger DB: Perinatal growth failure: the road to obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in adults. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;16:191-207.
29. Eriksson JG, Forsen TJ, Osmond C, Barker DJ: Pathways of infant and childhood growth that lead to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3006-3010.
30. Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB: Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000;320:967-971.
31. Ong KK, Dunger DB: Birthweight, infant growth and insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(suppl 3):U131-U139.
32. Stettler N, Zemel BS, Kumanyika S, Stallings VA: Infant weight gain and childhood overweight status in a multicenter, cohort study. Pediatrics 2002;109:194-199.
33. Stettler N, Bovet P, Shamlaye H, Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Paccaud F: Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in children from Seychelles, a country in rapid transition: the importance of early growth. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:214-219.
34. Ekelund U, Ong K, Linne Y, Neovius M, Brage S, Dunger DB, Wareham NJ, Rossner S: Both infancy and childhood weight gain predict obesity risk at age 17 years: prospective birth cohort study (SWEDES). Obes Res 2004;12:Abstract A186.
35. Law CM, Barker DJ, Osmond C, Fall CH, Simonds SJ: Early growth and abdominal fatness in adult life. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992;46:184-186.
36. Yajnik C: Interactions of perturbations in intrauterine growth and growth during childhood on the risk of adult-onset disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2000;59:257-265.
37. Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R: Birth weight and body composition in young adult men - a prospective twin study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1537-1545.
38. Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R: Birth weight and body composition in young women: a prospective twin study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:676-682.
39. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Maurer KR, Kuczmarski RJ, McGlynn A, Davis WW: Growth of infants and young children born small or large for gestational age: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:1225-1231.
40. Garnett SP, Cowell CT, Baur LA, Fay RA, Lee J, Coakley J, Peat JK, Boulton TJ: Abdominal fat and birth size in healthy prepubertal children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1667-1673.
41. Bavdekar A, Yajnik CS, Fall CH, Bapat S, Pandit AN, Deshpande V, Bhave S, Kellingray SD, Joglekar C: Insulin resistance syndrome in 8-year-old Indian children: small at birth, big at 8 years, or both? Diabetes 1999;48:2422-2429.
42. Ibanez L, Ong K, de Zegher F, Marcos MV, del Rio L, Dunger DB: Fat distribution in non-obese girls with and without precocious pubarche: central adiposity related to insulinaemia and androgenaemia from prepuberty to postmenarche. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:372-379.
43. Ong KK, Petry CJ, Emmett PM, Sandhu MS, Kiess W, Hales CN, Ness AR, the-ALSPAC-study-team, Dunger DB: Insulin sensitivity and secretion in normal children related to size at birth, postnatal growth, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Diabetologia 2004;47:1064-1070.
44. Lucas A, Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ: Fetal origins of adult disease - the hypothesis revisited. BMJ 1999;319:245-249.
45. Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Bloch J, Pinet A, Chevenne D, Porquet D, Collin D, Czernichow P: Reduced final height and indications for insulin resistance in 20 year olds born small for gestational age: regional cohort study. BMJ 1997;315:341-347.
46. Jaquet D, Gaboriau A, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C: Insulin resistance early in adulthood in subjects born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1401-1406.
47. Bazaes RA, Salazar TE, Pittaluga E, Pena V, Alegria A, Iniguez G, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Mericq MV: Glucose and lipid metabolism in small for gestational age infants at 48 hours of age. Pediatrics 2003;111:804-809.
48. Hales CN, Desai M, Ozanne SE: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis: how does it look after 5 years? Diabet Med 1997;14:189-195.
49. Soto N, Bazaes RA, Pena V, Salazar T, Avila A, Iniguez G, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Mericq MV: Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related to catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age infants at age 1 year: results from a prospective cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3645-3650.
50. Hofman PL, Regan F, Jackson WE, Jefferies C, Knight DB, Robinson EM, Cutfield WS: Premature birth and later insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2179-2186.
51. dos Santos Silva I, De Stavola BL, Mann V, Kuh D, Hardy R, Wadsworth ME: Prenatal factors, childhood growth trajectories and age at menarche. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:405-412.
52. Ong K, Kratzsch J, Kiess W, Dunger D; ALSPAC Study Team: Circulating IGF-I levels in childhood are related to both current body composition and early postnatal growth rate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1041-1044.
53. He Q, Karlberg J: BMI in childhood and its association with height gain, timing of puberty, and final height. Pediatr Res 2001;49:244-251.
54. Sandhu MS, Heald AH, Gibson JM, Cruickshank JK, Dunger DB, Wareham NJ: Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and development of glucose intolerance: a prospective observational study. Lancet 2002;359:1740-1745.
55. Beardsall K, Ong KKL, Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Dunger DB: Growth and growth hormone in children born small for gestational age. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003;10:23-31.
56. Woods K, Van Helvoirt M, Mohn A, Ong KKL, Levy J, de Zegher F, Dunger DB: The somatotropic axis in short children born small for gestational age: relation to insulin resistance. Pediatr Res 2002;51:76-80.
57. Woods KA, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Clark AJ: Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1363-1367.
58. Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, Kiess W, Klammt J, Kratzsch J, Osgood D, Pfaffle R, Raile K, Seidel B, Smith RJ, Chernausek SD: IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2211-2222.
59. Okubo Y, Siddle K, Firth H, O'Rahilly S, Wilson LC, Willatt L, Fukushima T, Takahashi S, Petry CJ, Saukkonen T, Stanhope R, Dunger DB: Cell proliferation activities on skin fibroblasts from a short child with absence of one copy of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) gene and a tall child with three copies of the IGF1R gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5981-5988.
60. Kofoed EM, Hwa V, Little B, Woods KA, Buckway CK, Tsubaki J, Pratt KL, Bezrodnik L, Jasper H, Tepper A, Heinrich JJ, Rosenfeld RG: Growth hormone insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1139-1147.
61. Veening MA, Van Weissenbmch MM, Delemarre-Van De Waal HA: Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in children born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4657-4661.
62. Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Robinson EM, Bergman RN, Menon RK, Sperling MA, Gluckman PD: Insulin resistance in short children with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:402-406.
63. Leger J, Carel C, Legrand I, Paulsen A, Hassan M, Czernichow P: Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of adipose tissue and muscle tissue mass in children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Turner's syndrome, and intrauterine growth retardation during the first year of treatment with GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:904-909.
64. Jaquet D, Leger J, Tabone MD, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C: High serum leptin concentrations during catch-up growth of children born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1949-1953.
65. Veening MA, van Weissenbruch MM, Roord JJ, Delemarre-van de Waal HA: Pubertal development in children born small for gestational age. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17:1497-1505.
66. Dahlgren J, Boguszewski M, Rosberg S, Albertsson-Wikland K: Adrenal steroid hormones in short children born small for gestational age. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49:353-361.
67. de Zegher F, Ong K, van Helvoirt M, Mohn A, Woods K, Dunger D: High-dose growth hormone (GH) treatment in non-GH-deficient children born small for gestational age induces growth responses related to pretreatment GH secretion and associated with a reversible decrease in insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:148-151.
68. Hokken-Koelega A, van Pareren Y, Arends N, Boonstra V: Efficacy and safety of long-term continuous growth hormone treatment of children born small for gestational age. Horm Res 2004;62(suppl 3):149-154.
69. Cutfield WS, Wilton P, Bennmarker H, Albertsson-Wikland K, Chatelain P, Ranke MB, Price DA: Incidence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents receiving growth-hormone treatment. Lancet 2000;355:610-613.
70. Cutfield WS, Jackson WE, Jefferies C, Robinson EM, Breier BH, Richards GE, HofmanPL: Reduced insulin sensitivity during growth hormone therapy for short children born small for gestational age. J Pediatr 2003;142:113-116.
71. van Pareren Y, Mulder P, Houdijk M, Jansen M, Reeser M, Hokken-Koelega A: Effect of discontinuation of growth hormone treatment on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:347-353.