Preoperative evaluation for elective surgery;Valoración anestésica preoperatoria del paciente en cirugía programada

Actualizaciones en Anestesiologia y Reanimacion

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 107-125

  Garcia Miguel F J ^a   Miron Rodriguez M F ^a   Dominguez Ruiz Huerta A ^b   Alsina Aser, F J ^b  

^a HOSPITAL GENERAL DE SEGOVIA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL INFANTIL LA PAZ   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cost effectiveness preoperative assessment; Elective surgery; Preoperative assessment; Preoperative tests

Indexed keywords

CREATININE; ELECTROLYTE; GLUCOSE; LIVER ENZYME;

ANAMNESIS; ANESTHESIST; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; ELECTIVE SURGERY; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER FUNCTION; MEDICAL AUDIT; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RESIDENCY EDUCATION; REVIEW; SAFETY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 31344481448     PISSN: 11320095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Roizen MF, Foss JF, Fisher SP. Preoperative evaluation. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia Vol 1. 5th ed. New-York: Churchill Livingston, 2000. p. 827-82.
2. López-Bastida J, Serrano-Aguilar P, Duque-González B, Talavera-Déniz A. Análisis de costes y ahorros potenciales relacionados con la utilización de pruebas preoperatorias en los hospitales de Canarias. Gac Sanit 2003; 17 (2): 131-6.
3. Myers LM. Preoperative evaluation. Jacksonville Medicine, 1998.
4. García-Miguel FJ. Efectividad del electrocardiograma y la radiografía de tórax preoperatorios en el hospital general de Segovia. Propuestas de mejora. [Tesis Doctoral]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2000.
5. Roizen MF. More preoperative assessment by physicians and less by laboratory tests. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 204-5.
6. Preoperative routines. SBU. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. Stockholm: SBU may, 1989.
7. Agence Nationale pour l'Developpement de l'Évaluation Médicale (ANDEM). Indications des examens préopératoires. Paris: ANDEM, 1992.
8. Office for Health Technology Assessment (OSTEBA). Healthy/Asymptomatic Patient Preoperative Evaluation. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Health Department, 1995.
9. Protocol for routine pre-operative testing. Canadian Medical Association, december 1996.
10. Health Council of the Netherlands, Gezondheidsraad (GR): Preoperative evaluation. Den Haag: Health Council of the Netherlands, 1997.
11. CAHTA (Agencia Catalana de Evaluación de Tecnoiogías Sanitarias). Práctice y opinión de la valoración preoperatoria en Cataluna. Barcelona: CAHTA, 1999.
12. Guidelines & Protocols Advisory Committee (GPAC), Medical services Commission, and British Columbia Medical Association. Guideline for Routine Pre-operative Testing. Victoria BC. Ministry of Health, 2000.
13. Pre-operative assessment. The role of the anaesthetist. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. November 2001. Avaible from: www.aagbi.org
14. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guideline: Preoperative Evaluation. Bloomington. The ICSI, march 2002.
15. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of preoperative tests for elective surgery. NICE Clinical Guideline no 3. 2003. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Avaible from: www.nice.org.uk
16. García-Miguel FJ, Serrano-Aguilar PG, López-Bastida J. Preoperative assessment. Lancet 2003; 362: 1749-57.
17. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 485-96.
18. Smetana GW. Preoperative medical evaluation of the healthy patient (Up To Date Review). Up To Date 2002; 10: N3. http: //www.uptodate.com (accessed Jan 30, 2003).
19. Arvidsson S, Ouchterlony J, Nilsson S, Sjöstedt L, Svärdsudd K. The Gothenburg study of preoperatory risk. I. Preoperative findings, postoperative complications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38: 679-90.
20. Slinger PD, Johnston MR. Preoperative evaluation on the thoracic surgery patient. In: Kaplan JA, Slinger PD, editors. Thoracic anesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2003. p. 1-23.
21. Alcalde J, Ruiz P, Acosta F, Landa JI, Jaurrieta E. Proyecto para la elaboración de un protocolo de evaluación preoperatoria en cirugía programada. Cir Esp 2001; 69: 584-90.
22. Ladfors MB, Lofgren MEO, Gabriel B, Olsson JHA. Patient accept questionnaires integrated in clinical routine-a study by the Swedish National Register of Gynecological Surgery. December 2001. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81: 437-42.
23. Conferénce de consensus. Prophylaxie des thromboses veineuses profondes et des embolies pulmonaires postopératoires (chirurgie générale, gynécologique et orthopédique) 9 avril 1998, Paris. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 1998; 10: 417-21.
24. Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults (protocol for a Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
25. López-Muñoz AC, Tomás Braulio J, Montero R. Guidelines for preoperative fasting and premedication to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 314-23.
26. Kallar SK, Everett LL. Potential risks and preventive measures for pulmonary aspiration: new concepts in preoperative fasting guidelines. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 171-82.
27. Dowling JL Jr. "Nulla per os after midnight" reassessed. Rhode Island Medicine 1995; 78: 339-41.
28. Corbett AR, Mortimer AJ. Pre-operative fasting: how long is necessary? Eur J Anaesth 1997; 14: 555-7.
29. Eriksson LI, Sandin R. Fasting guidelines in different countries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 971-74.
30. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 896-905.
31. Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for children (protocol for a Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
32. Splinter WM, Schreiner MS. Preoperating fasting in children. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 80-9.
33. Casinello Ogea C, Oliva Perales P, Herranz Andrés P, Izquierdo Villanueva B, Val Pérez J, Abengoechea Reisty JM. Comparación del volumen gástrico tras intubación entre pacientes con y sin enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. Rev Esp Anest Reanim 2005; 52.
34. Munro J, Booth A, Nicholl J. Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence. Southampton: National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment (NCCHTA) 1997; 1: 1-62.
35. Escolano F, Gomar C, Alonso J, Sierra P, Cabrera JC, Castaño J. Utilidad del electrocardiograma preoperatorio en cirugía electiva. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1996; 43: 305-9.
36. Roizen MF, Foss JF, Fischer SP. Preoperative evaluation. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. 5th edn. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000. p. 824-83.
37. Goldberger AL, O'Konski M. Utility of the routine electrocardiogram before surgery and on general hospital admission. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 552-7.
38. Massie BM, Mangano DT. Risk stratification for noncardiac suergery. Circulation 1993; 87: 1752-5.
39. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spahn R. Preoperative evaluation of patients with, or at risk of, coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 747-59.
40. Deffarges C, Marty J, Sacuto T, Desmonts JM. Évaluation de la qualité d'interprétation de l'électrocardiogramme préoperatoire par les médecins anesthésistes. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 1990; 9: 403-7.
41. Velanovich V. Preoperative screening electrocardiography: predictive value for postoperative cardiac complications. South Med J 1994; 87: 431-4.
42. Mangano DT, Goldman L. Preoperative assessment of patients with known or suspected coronary disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1750-6.
43. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spahn DR. Preoperative evaluation of patients with, or at risk of, coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2000; 89: 747-59.
44. Ashton CM, Petersen NJ, Wray NP, Kiefe CI, Dunn JK, Wu L, et al. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 504-10.
45. Bléry C, Charpak Y, Kemmoun RB, Pham J, Brage D, Zindel G, et al. Évaluation d'un protocole de prescription sélective des examens paracliniques préopératoires chez des sujets sains. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 1987; 6: 64-70.
46. Pérez A, Planell J, Bacardaz C, Hounie A, Franci J, Brotons C, et al. Value of routine preoperative tests: a multicentre study in four general hospitals. Br J Anesth 1995; 74: 250-6.
47. Von Walter J, Kroiss K, Hopner P, Russwurm W, Kellermann W, Emmrich P. Preoperative ECG in routine preoperative assessment of children. Anaesthesist 1998; 47: 373-8.
48. García-Miguel FJ, García Caballero J, Gómez de Caso-Canto JA. Indicaciones del electrocardiograma preoperatorio en cirugía programada. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 5-12.
49. Liu LL, Dzankic S, Leung JM. Preoperative electrocardiogram abnormalities do not predict postoperative cardiac complications in geriatric surgical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1301-3.
50. Archer C, Levy AR, McGregor M. Value of routine preoperative X-rays: A meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 1022-7.
51. Tape TG, Mushlin AI. The utility of routine preoperative chest x-ray. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 663-70.
52. Wiencek RG, Weaver DW, Bouwman DL, Sachs RJ. Usefulness of selective preoperative X-ray films. A prospective study. Am Surg 1987; 53: 396-8.
53. García-Miguel FJ, García Caballero J, Gómez de Caso-Canto JA. Indications for thoracic radiography in the preoperative evaluation for elective surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 80-8.
54. Escolano F, Alonso J, Gomar C, Sierra P, Castillo J, Castaño J. Use of chest x-rays taken before elective surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1994; 41: 7-12.
55. National Study by The Royal College of Radiologists. Preoperative chest Radiology. Lancet 1979; 2: 83-6.
56. Bouillot JL, Fingerhut A, Paquet JC, Hay JM, Coggia M. Are routine preoperative chest radiographs useful in general surgery? A prospective, multicentre study in 3959 patients. Association des Chirurgiens de l'Assistance Publique pour les Evaluations Médicales. Eur J Surg 1996; 162: 597-604.
57. Sociedad Española de Anestesiología-Reanimación y Terapia del Dolor. Evaluación preanestésica por el anestesiólogo-reanimador. Guía de práctica clínica en Anestesiología y Reanimación. Madrid: Gráficas Almogávares, 1996; 9-16.
58. Health Services Utilization and Research Comision. Selective Chest Radiography: Guidelines. Canada 1997.
59. Acapem J, Bouillot JL, Paquet JC, Hay JM, Coggia M. La radiographie thoracique préopératoire systematique en chirurgie générale est-elle utile?. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 1992; 11: 88-95.
60. Rodríguez MP. La radiografía de tórax preoperatoria. Análisis de decisión sobre un test clínico. Tesis doctoral. UAM. Facultad de Medicina. 1988.
61. Farnsworth PB, Steiner E, Klein RM, SanFilippo JA. The value of routine preoperative chest roentgenograms in infants and children. JAMA 1980; 244: 582-3.
62. Rees AM, Roberts CJ, Bligh AS, Evans KT. Routine preoperative chest radiography in non cardiopulmonary surgery. Br Med J 1976; 1: 1333-5.
63. Silvestri L, Maffessanti M, Gregori D, Berlot G, Gullo A. Usefulness of routine pre-operative chest radiography for anaesthetic management: a prospective multicentre pilot study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999; 16: 749-60.
64. Power LM, Thackray NM. Reduction of preoperative investigations with the introduction of an anaesthetist-led preoperative assessment clinic. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999; 27: 481-88.
65. Adams JG Jr, Weigelt JA, Poulos E. Usefulness of preoperative laboratory assessment of patients undergoing elective herniorraphy. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 801-4.
66. Kaplan EB, Sheiner LB, Boeckmann AJ, Roizen MF, Beal SL, Cohen SN, et al. The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening. JAMA 1985; 253: 3576-81.
67. Wood RA, Hoekelman RA. Value of the chest X-ray as a screening test for elective surgery in children. Pediatrics 1981; 67: 447-52.
68. Sommerville TE, Murray WB. Information yield from routine preoperative chest radiography and electrocardiography. S Afr Med J 1992; 81: 190-6.
69. Chantal A, Levy AR, McGregor M. Value of routine preoperative chest x-rays: a meta-analisys. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 1022-7.
70. Smetana GW, Macpherson DS. The case against routine preoperative laboratory testing. Med Clin North Am 2003; 87: 7-40.
71. Barazzoni F, Grillo R, Baggi M, Biegger P, Resella R. Evaluation of the impact of guidelines for rationalizing the prescription of preoperative tests for patients ASA 1 and 2 undergoing elective surgery. Epidemiol Prev 1999; 23: 37-46.
72. Assenza M, Antonaci A, Carnuccio P, Carnuccio A, Consorte F, Errera AM, et al. Guidelines for the routine assessment of respiratory surgical risk: thoracic radiography. G Chir 1999; 20: 149-53.
73. DHHS: Code of practice for the protection of persons against ionizing radiation arising from medical and dental use. London HMSO 1972.
74. Vesconi S, Riedo R, Ciceri G, Rusconi MG. Protocol for preoperative chest X-rays in elective surgery. Minerva Anestesiol 2000; 66: 11-6.
75. Bennet JV, Brachman PS. Infecciones hospitalarias endémicas y epidémicas. En: Infecciones hospitalarias. Barcelona: Editorial Pediátrica, 1982. p. 348-9.
76. Schwilk B, Muche R, Bothner U, Goertz A, Friesdorf W, Georgieff M. Quality control in anesthesiology. Results of a prospective study following the recommendations of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. Anaesthesist 1995; 44: 242-9.
77. Pedersen T, Eliasen K, Henriksen EA. A prospective study of risk factors and cardiopulmonary complications associated with anaesthesia and surgery: risks indicators of cardiopulmonary morbidity. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 144-55.
78. Grupo de Trabajo EPINE. Localización de las infecciones nosocomiales. En: Evolución de la Prevalencia de las Infecciones Nosocomiales en los Hospitales Españoles. EPINE 1990-1999. Barcelona: Vaqué J, Rosselló J, eds. Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventive, Salud Pública e Higiene 2001. p. 83-124.
79. Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 485-96.
80. Shaheen WH, Sharm G. Preoperative testing, http: //www.emedicine.com/med/ topic3172.htm. Last updated, October 2002.
81. Turnbull JM, Buck C. The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1101-5.
82. Pal KM, Khan IA, Safdar B. Preoperative work up: are the requirements different in a developing country? J Pak Med Assoc 1998; 48: 339-41.
83. Hackmann T, Steward DJ, Sheps SB. Anemia in pediatric day-surgery patients: prevalence and detection. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 27-31.
84. Harris EJ. Usefulness od preoperative testing in pediatric podiatric surgery. Does it influence clinical decisions? Clin Podiatric Med & Surg 1997; 14: 149-78.
85. Narr FJ, Hansen TR, Warner MA. Preoperative laboratory screening in healthy Mayo patients: cost-effective elimination of tests and unchanged outcomes. Mayo Clin Pronc 1991; 66: 155-9.
86. Roy WL, Lerman J, McIntyre BG. Is preoperative haemoglobin testing justified in children undergoing minor elective surgery? [see comments]. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1991; 38: 700-3.
87. Keating EM, Meding JB, Faris PM, Ritter MA. Predictors of transfusion risk in elective knee surgery. Clin Orthop 1998; 357: 50-9.
88. Swetech SM, Conlon JW, Messana AS. Common features associated with spinal-anaesthesia induced hypotension: a retrospective study [see comments]. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1991; 91: 1195-8.
89. Rosselló PJ, Ramos Cruz A, Mayol PM. Routine laboratory tests for elective surgery in pediatric patients: are they necessary? Bol Assoc Med PR 1980; 72: 614-23.
90. Baron MJ, Gunter J, White P. Is the pédiatric preoperative hematocrit determination necessary. South Med J 1992; 1187-9.
91. Gold BD, Wolfersberger WH. Findings from toutine urinalisys and hematocrit on ambulatory oral and maxillofacial surgery patients. J Oral Surg 1980; 38: 677-8.
92. Haug RH, Reifeis RL. A prospective evaluation of the value of preoperative laboratory testing for office anesthesia and sedation. J Oral Maxillfac Sur 1999; 57: 16-20.
93. Shah KB, Kleinman BS, Rao TL, Jacobs HK, Mestan K, Schaafsma M. Angina and other risk factors in patiets with cardiac diseases undergoing noncardiac operations [see comments]. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: 240-7.
94. Sewell JMA, Spooner LLR, Dixon AK, Rubenstein D. Screnning investigations in the elderly. Age Ageing 1981; 10: 165-8.
95. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS/WHO). El uso clínico de la sangre. Manual de bolsillo. Ginebra/Londres/Malta 2001.
96. García-Erce JA, Solano VM, Cuenca J, Ortega P. La hemoglobina preoperatoria como único factor predictor de las necesidades transfusionales en la artroplastia de rodilla. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 254-60.
97. Laglera S, Rasal S, García-Erce JA, Sánchez-Matienzo D, Pardillos C, Sánchez-Tirado JA. Actualización de la práctica transfusional entre los anestesiólogos y su impacto en el paciente quirúrgico. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2003; 50: 498-503.
98. Drouet N. Pour le groupe de travail SANGUIS. Les pratiques transfusionelles européennes: l'enquête SANGUIS. Cahiers Anesth 1994; 42: 425-8.
99. Muñiz E, Ramila E, Zamora C, Castellé D, Carpio N, Corral M, et al. Resultados de un estudio multicéntrico sobre consumo de sangre en cirugía programada. Hematológica (ed esp) 2002; 87 (Supl. 2): 26.
100. Lienhart A, Auroy Y, Clergue F, Laxenaire MC, Pequignot F, Jougla E. La pratique de l'anesthésie en France en 1996. Anesthésie et techniques transfusionnelles. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 1998; 17: 1374-86.
101. Close HL, Kryzer TC, Nowling JH, Alving BM. Hemostatic assesment of patients before tonsillectomy: a prospective study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111: 733-8.
102. Aghajanian A, Grimes DA. Routine prothrombin time determination before elective gynecologyc operations. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 837-39.
103. Bolger WE, Parsons DS, Potempa L. Preoperative hemostatic assessment of the adenotonsillectomy patient. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 103: 396-405.
104. Burk CD, Miller L, Handler SD, Cohen AR. Preoperative history and coagulation screening in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 691-5.
105. Eisenbergerg JM, Clarke JR, Sussman SA. Prothrombin and partial thrombloplastin times as preoperative screening tests. Arch surg 1982; 117: 48-51.
106. Erban SB, Kinman JL, Schwartz R. Routine use of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times. JAMA 1989; 262: 2428-32.
107. Houry S, Georgeac C, Hay JM, Fingerhut A, Boudet MJ. A prospective multicenter evaluation of preoperative hemostatic screening tests. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 19-23.
108. Korte W, Truttmann B, Heim C, Stangl U, Schmid L, Kreienbuhl G. Preoperative values of molecular coagulation markers identify patients at low risk for intraoperative haemostatic disorders and excessive blood loss. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 36: 235-40.
109. Kozak EA, Brath LK. Do "screening" coagulating tests predict bleeding in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with biopsy? Chest 1994; 106: 703-5.
110. Robbins JA, Rose SD. Partial thromblopastin time as a screening test. Ann Int Med 1979; 90: 796-97.
111. Rohrer MJ, Michelotti MC, Nahwold DL. A prospective evaluation of the efficacy of preoperative coagulation testing. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 554-7.
112. Tami TA, Parker GS, Taylor RE. Post-tonsillectomy bleeding: an evaluation of risk factors. Laryngoscope 1987; 97: 1307-11.
113. Myers ER, Clarke-Pearson DL, Olt GJ, Soper JT, Berchuck A. Preoperative coagulation testing on a gynecologic oncology service. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 438-44.
114. Rader ES. Hematologic screening tests in patients with operative prostatic disease. Urology 1978; 9: 243-46.
115. Wojtkowski TA, Rutledge JC, Matthews DC. The clinical impact of increased sensitivity PT and APTT coagulation assays. Am J Clin Pathol 1999; 112: 225-32.
116. Llau JV, Bisbe E. Transfusion and hemostasis: and unavoidable commitment for the modern. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2003; 50: 495-97.
117. Wong KC. Hypokaliemia and anesthetic implications. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 1238-60.
118. Vaughan RS. Potassium in the perioperative period. Br J Anesth 1991; 67: 194-200.
119. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 845-50.
120. Kharasch ED, Bowdle TA. Hypokaliemia before induction of anesthesia and prevention by beta 2 adrenoceptor antagonism. Anesth Analg 1991; 72: 216-20.
121. Hirsch IA, Tomlinson DL, Slogoff S, Keats AS. The overstated risk of preoperative hypokaliemia. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 131-6.
122. Hjortrup A, Sorensen C, Dyremose E. Influence of diabetes mellitus on operative risk. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 783-5.
123. Khan NA, Ghali WA. Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. (Up To Date Review). Up To date 2003; 11: N3. http: //www.uptodated.com (accessed Jan 10, 2004).
124. Powell-Jackson P, Greenway B, Williams R. Adverse effects of exploratory laparotomy in patients with unsuspected lever disease. Br J Surg 1982; 69: 449-51.
125. Adams JG Jr, Weigelt JA, Poulos E. Usefulness of preoperative laboratory assessment of patients undergoing elective herniorraphy. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 801-4.
126. O'Connor ME, Drasner K. Preoperative laboratory testing of children undergoing elective surgery. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: 176-80.
127. Akin BV, Hubbell FA, Frye EB, Rucker L, Friis R. Efficacy of the routine admission urinalisys. Am J Med 1987; 82: 719-22.
128. Sanders DP, McKinney FW, Harris WH. Clinical evaluation and cost-effectiveness of preoperative laboratory assessment on patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Orthopedics 1989; 12: 1449-53.
129. Muskett AD, McGreevy JM. Rational preoperative evaluation. Postgrad Med J 1986; 62: 925-8.
130. Johnson H, Jr, Knee-Loli S, Butler TA, Muñoz E, Wise L. Are routine preoperative laboratory screening tests necessary to evaluate ambulatory surgical patients? Surgery 1988; 104: 639-45.
131. Azzam FJ, Gurpreet SP, DeBoard JW, Krock JL, Kolterman SM. Preoperative pregnancy testing in adolescents. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 4-7.
132. Manley S, de Kelaita G, Joseph NJ, Salem R, Heyman HJ. Preoperative pregnancy testing in ambulatory surgery. Incidence and impact of positive results. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 690-93.
133. Pierre N. Evaluation of a pregnancy-testing protocol in adolescents undergoing surgery. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1998; 11: 139-41.
134. Twersky RS, Singleton G. Preoperative pregnancy testing: "Justice and testing for all". Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 438-9.
135. Wheeler M, Cote CJ. Preoperative pregnancy testing in a tertiary care children's hospital: a medico-legal conundrum. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11: 56-63.
136. Gilsanz F, Santos M, Alsina E, Matute E, Pérez C. Anestesia en la embarazada para cirugía no obstétrica. Act Anestesiol Reanim 2000; 10: 151-3.
137. López-Bastida J, Serrano-Aguilar P, Duque-González B, Talavera-Déniz A. Cost analysis and potential cost savings related to the use of preoperative tests in hospitals of the Canary Islands (Spain). Gac Sanit 2003; 17: 131-6.
138. Johnson RK, Mortimer AJ. Routine pre-operative blood testing: is it necessary? Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 914-7.
139. Roizen MF. A prospective evaluation of the value of preoperative laboratory testing for office anesthesia and sedation. J Oral Maxilofac Surg 1999; 57: 21-2.
140. Vilarasau J, Martín-Baranera M, Oliva G. Encuesta sobre la valoración preoperatoria en los centros quirúrgicos catalanes (I). ¿Cuál es la práctica preoperatoria? Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2001; 48: 4-10.
141. Oliva G, Vilarasau Farré J, Martín-Baranera M. Survey of preoperative assessment practices in Catalonia (II). How do the anesthesiologists and surgeons involves view current practice? Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2001; 48: 11-6.
142. American Society of Anesthesiologists: The ASA Directory of Members 1994. American Society of Anesthesiologists, Park Ridge, IL, 1994.
143. García-Miguel FJ. Efectividad del electrocardiograma y la radiografía de tórax preoperatorios en el Hospital General de Segovia. Propuestas de mejora. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad autónoma de Madrid, 2000. p. 269-71.
144. Simini B, Bertolini G. Should same anaesthetist do preoperative anaesthetic visit and give subsequent anaesthetic? Questionnaire survey of anaesthetists. BMJ 2003; 327: 79-80.
145. Simini B. Pre-operative visits by anaesthetists. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 591.
146. Royal College of Anaesthetists and Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Good practice: a guide for departments of anaesthesia, 1998.
147. Grimshaw JM, Russell IT. Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet 1993; 342: 1317-22.