Preoperative assessment

Lancet

Volumn 362, Issue 9397, 2003, Pages 1749-1757

  Garcia Miguel F J ^a   Serrano Aguilar, P G ^b   Lopez Bastida J ^b  

^a HOSPITAL GENERAL DE SEGOVIA   (Spain)

^b Servicio Canario de Salud   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIET RESTRICTION; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; LUNG DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT INFORMATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SAFETY; TREATMENT INDICATION;

EID: 0344616903     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14857-X     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Roizen M.F. More preoperative assessment by physicians and less by laboratory tests. N Engl J Med. 342:2000;204-205.
2. Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Anesthesiology. 96:2002;485-496.
3. Myers L.M. Preoperative evaluation. 1998;Jacksonville Medicine, Florida.
4. Lundberg D., Hägerdal M. Pre-anaesthetic assessment. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 40:1996;961.
5. Roizen M.F. What is necessary for preoperative patient assessment? Barash P.G., Deutsch S., Tinker J. The American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1995;189-202 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
6. Munro J., Booth A., Nicholl J. Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence. 1997;National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment, Southampton.
7. Preoperative routines. 1989;SBU, Stockholm.
8. Healthy/asymptomatic patient preoperative evaluation. 1994;Health Department, Victoria-Gasteiz.
9. Indication of Preoperative Tests. 1992;ANDEM, Paris.
10. Preoperative Evaluation. 1997;Gezondheidsraad, Den Haag.
11. Guideline for Routine Pre-Operative Testing. 2000;Ministry of Health, Victoria BC.
12. Guidance on the use of preoperative tests for elective surgery. NICE Clinical GuidelineNo 3. 2003;National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London.
13. The association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Pre-operative assessment. The role of the anaesthetist. http://www.aagbi.org/ pdf/pre-operative_ass.pdf (accessed Nov 10, 2003).
14. Duncan P.G., Cohen M.M. Postoperative complications: factors of significance to anaesthetic practice. Can J Anaesth. 34:1987;2-8.
15. Eagle K.A., Brundage B.H., Chaitman B.R., et al. Guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery: report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol. 27:1996;910-948.
16. Forrest J.B., Rehder K., Cahalan M.K., Goldsmith C.H. Multicenter study of general anesthesia. III. Predictors of severe perioperative adverse outcomes. Anesthesiology. 76:1992;3-15.
17. Kroenke K., Lawrence V.A., Theroux J.F., Tuley M.R., Hilsenbeck S. Postoperative complications after thoracic and major abdominal surgery in patients with and without obstructive lung disease. Chest. 104:1993;1445-1451.
18. Evaluation and preparation of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia (RE9633). Pediatrics. 98:1996;502-508.
19. Lawrence V.A., Dhanda R., Hilsenbeck S.G., Page C.P. Risk of pulmonary complications after elective abdominal surgery. Chest. 110:1996;744-750.
20. Vanzetto G., Machecourt J., Blendea D., et al. Additive value of thallium single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial imaging for prediction of perioperative events in clinically selected high cardiac risk patients having abdominal aortic surgery. Am J Cardiol. 77:1996;143-148.
21. Smetana GW. Preoperative medical evaluation of the healthy patient (Up To Date Review). Up To Date 2002; 10: N3. http://www.uptodate.com (accessed Jan 30, 2003).
22. Arvidsson S., Ouchterlony J., Nilsson S., Sjöstedt L., Svärdsudd K. The Gothenburg study of preoperatory risk. I. Preoperative findings, postoperative complications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 38:1994;679-690.
23. Health Care Guideline: Preoperative evaluation. 2002;Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, Bloomington.
24. Alcalde J., Ruiz P., Acosta F., Landa J.I., Jaurrieta E. Proyecto para la elaboración de un protocolo de evaluación preoperatoria en cirugía programada. Cir Esp. 69:2001;584-590.
25. Ladfors M.B., Lofgren M.E.O., Gabriel B., Olsson J.H.A. Patient accept questionnaires integrated in clinical routine - a study by the Swedish National Register of Gynecological Surgery. December 2001. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 81:2002;437-442.
26. Serrano Aguilar P., López Bastida J., Duque González B., et al. Preoperative testing routines for healthy, asymptomatic patients in the Canary Islands (Spain). Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 48:2001;307-313.
27. Kerr I.H. Preoperative chest x ray. Br J Anaesth. 46:1974;558-563.
28. Sagel S.S., Evens R.G., Forrest J.V. Efficacy of routine screening and lateral chest radiographs in a hospital based population. N Engl J Med. 291:1974;1001-1004.
29. Seymour D.C., Pringle R., Shaw J.W. The role of the routine pre-operative chest x-ray in the elderly general surgical patient. Postgrad Med J. 58:1982;741-745.
30. Rees A.M., Roberts C.J., Bligh A.S., Evans K.T. Routine preoperative chest radiography in non-cardiopulmonary surgery. BMJ. 1:1976;1333-1335.
31. Sane S.M., Worsing R.A. Jr, Wiens C.W., Sharma R.K. Value of preoperative chest X-ray examinations in children. Pediatrics. 60:1977;669-672.
32. Umbach G.E., Zubek S., Deck H.J., Buhl R., Bender H.G., Jungblut R.M. The value of preoperative chest X-rays in gynecological patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 243:1988;179-185.
33. Adams J.G. Jr, Weigelt J.A., Poulos E. Usefulness of preoperative laboratory assessment of patients undergoing elective herniorrhaphy. Arch Surg. 127:1992;801-804.
34. MacDonald J.B., Dutton M.J., Stott D.J., Hamblen D.L. Evaluation of pre-admission screening of elderly patients accepted for major joint replacement. Health Bull Edinb. 50:1992;54-60.
35. Ramsey G., Arvan D.A., Stewart S., Blumberg N. Do preoperative laboratory tests predict blood transfusion needs in cardiac operations? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 85:1983;564-569.
36. Jones M.W., Harvey I.A., Owen R. Do children need routine preoperative blood-tests and blood cross matching in orthopedic practice. Ann R C Surg Engl. 71:1989;1-3.
37. Kozak E.A., Brath L.K. Do screening coagulation tests predict bleeding in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with biopsy? Chest. 106:1994;703-705.
38. Manning S.C., Beste D., McBride T., Goldberg A. An assessment of preoperative coagulation screening for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 13:1987;237-244.
39. Aghajanian A., Grimes D.A. Routine prothrombin time determination before elective gynecologic operations. Obstet Gynecol. 78:1991;837-839.
40. Bouillot J.L., Fingerhut A., Paquet J.C., Hay J.M., Coggia M. Are routine preoperative chest radiographs useful in general surgery? A prospective, multicentre study in 3959 patients. Association des Chirurgiens de l'Assistance Publique pour les Evaluations medicales. Eur J Surg. 162:1996;597-604.
41. Lavernia C.J., Hernandez R.A., Rodriguez J.A. Perioperative X-rays in arthroplasty surgery: outcome and cost. J Arthroplasty. 14:1999;669-671.
42. García-Miguel F.J., García Caballero J., Gómez de Caso-Canto J.A. Indications for thoracic radiography in the preoperative evaluation for elective surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 49:2002;80-88.
43. García-Miguel F.J., García Caballero J., Gómez de Caso-Canto J.A. Indications for electrocardiogram in the preoperative assessment for programmed surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 49:2002;5-12.
44. Escolano F., Gomar C., Alonso J., Sierra P., Cabrera J.C., Castaño J. Usefulness of the preoperative electrocardiogram in elective surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 43:1996;305-309.
45. Silvestri L., Maffessanti M., Gregori D., Berlot G., Gullo A. Usefulness of routine pre-operative chest radiography for anaesthetic management: a prospective multicentre pilot study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 16:1999;749-760.
46. Murdoch C.J., Murdoch D.R., McIntyre P., Hosie H., Clark C. The pre-operative ECG in day surgery: a habit? Anaesthesia. 54:1999;907-908.
47. Liu L.L., Dzankic S., Leung J.M. Preoperative electrocardiogram abnormalities do not predict postoperative cardiac complications in geriatric surgical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 50:2002;1186-1191.
48. Schein O.D., Katz J., Bass E.B., et al. The value of routine preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery. N Engl J Med. 342:2000;168-175.
49. Johnson R.K., Mortimer A.J. Routine pre-operative blood testing: is it necessary? Anaesthesia. 57:2002;914-917.
50. Alsumait B.M., Alhumood S.A., Ivanova T., Mores M., Edeia M. A prospective evaluation of preoperative screening laboratory tests in general surgery patients. Med Princ Pract. 11:2002;42-45.
51. Ansermino J.M., Than M., Swallow P.D. Pre-operative blood tests in children undergoing plastic surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 81:1999;175-178.
52. Kaplan E.B., Sheiner L.B., Boeckmann A.J. The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening. JAMA. 253:1985;3576-3581.
53. Narr B.J., Hansen T.R., Warner M.A. Preoperative laboratory screening in healthy Mayo patients: cost effective elimination of tests and unchanged outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc. 66:1991;155-159.
54. Tape T.G., Mushlin A.I. How useful are routine chest x-rays of 55 preoperative patients at risk for postoperative chest disease? J Gen Intern Med. 3:1988;15-20.
55. Rucker L., Frye E.B., Staten M.A. Usefulness of screening chest roentgenograms in preoperative patients. JAMA. 250:1983;3209-3211.
56. Mendelson D.S., Khilnani N., Wagner L.D., Rabinowitz J.G. Preoperative chest radiography: value as a baseline examination for comparison. Radiology. 165:1987;341-343.
57. Gagner M., Chiasson A. Preoperative chest X-ray films in elective surgery: a valid screening tool. Can J Surg. 33:1990;271-274.
58. Turnbull J.M., Buck C. The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals. Arch Intern Med. 147:1987;1101-1105.
59. Johnson H. Jr, Knee-Ioli S., Butler T.A., Muñoz E., Wise L. Are routine preoperative laboratory screening tests necessary to evaluate ambulatory surgical patients? Surgery. 104:1988;639-645.
60. Loder R.E. Routine preoperative chest radiography. 1977 compared with 1955 at Peterborough District General Hospital. Anaesthesia. 33:1978;972-974.
61. Macario A., Roizen M.F., Thisted R.A., Kim S., Orkin F.K., Phelps C. Reassessment of preoperative laboratory testing has changed the test ordering pattern of physicians. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 75:1992;539-547.
62. Velanovich V. The value of routine preoperative laboratory testing in predicting postoperative complications: a multivariate analysis. Surgery. 109:1991;236-243.
63. Roizen M.F., Foss J.F., Fischer S.P. Preoperative evaluation. Miller R.D. Anesthesia. 5th edn :2000;824-883 Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia.
64. Narr B.J., Warner M.E., Schroeder D.R., Warner M.A. Outcomes of patients with no laboratory assessment before anaesthesia and a surgical procedure. Mayo Clin Proc. 72:1997;505-509.
65. Vilarasau J., Farré M., Martín-Baranera, Oliva G. Survey of preoperative assessment practices in Catalonia (I). What protocols are being followed? Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 48:2001;4-10.
66. Oliva G., Vilarasau Farré J., Martín-Baranera M. Survey of preoperative assessment practices in Catalonia (II). How do the anesthesiologists and surgeons involved view current practice? Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 48:2001;11-16.
67. Ricciardi G., Angelillo I.F., Del Prete U., et al. Routine preoperative investigation. Results of a multicenter survey in Italy. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 14:1998;526-534.
68. Cohen M.M., Duncan P.G., Tate R.B. Does anesthesia contribute to perioperative mortality? JAMA. 260:1988;2859-2863.
69. Kaboli PJ, Wilson S, Steven Hata J. Anesthesia techniques and their impact on perioperative management (Up To Date Review). Up To Date 2002; 10: N3. http://www.uptodate.com (accessed Jan 30, 2003).
70. Davis F.M., Woolner D.F., Frampton C., et al. Prospective multi-centre trial of mortality following general or spinal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in the elderly. Br J Anaesth. 59:1987;1080-1088.
71. Tuman K.J., McCarthy R.J., March R.J., De Laria G.A., Patel R.V., Ivanovich A.D. Effects of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on coagulation and outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesth Analg. 73:1991;696-704.
72. Christopherson R., Beatti C., Frank S.M., Norris E.J., Meinert C.L., Gottlieb S.O. Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. The Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology. 79:1993;422-434.
73. Bode R.H. Jr, Lewis K.P., Zarich S.W., et al. Cardiac outcome after peripheral vascular surgery. Comparison of general and regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 84:1996;3-13.
74. Baron J.B., Bertrand M., Barré E., et al. Combined epidural and general anesthesia versus general anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology. 75:1991;611-618.
75. Rodgers A., Walker N., Schug S., et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ. 321:2000;1493-1496.
76. Modig J., Borg T., Karlstrom G., Maripuu E., Sahlstedt B. Thromboembolism after total hip replacement: role of epidural and general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 62:1983;174-180.
77. Mitchell D., Friedman R.J., Baker J.D. 3rd, Cooke J.E., Darcy M.D., Miller M.C. 3rd. Prevention of thromboembolic disease following total knee arthroplasty. Epidural versus general anesthesia. Clin Orthop. 269:1991;109-112.
78. Nielsen P.T., Jorgensen L.N., Albrecht-Beste E., Leffers A.M., Rasmussen L.S. Lower thrombosis risk with epidural blockade in knee arthoplasty. Acta Orthop Scand. 61:1990;29-31.
79. Sorenson R.M., Pace N.L. Anesthetic techniques during surgical repair of femoral neck fractures. A metaanalysis. Anesthesiology. 77:1992;1095-1104.
80. Prins M.H., Hirsh J. A comparison of general anesthesia and regional anesthesia as a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis following hip surgery: a critical review. Thromb Haemost. 64:1990;497-500.
81. Joffe II, Morgan JP. Estimation of coronary risk before noncardiac surgery (Up To Date Review). Up To Date 2002; 10: N3. http://www.uptodate.com (accessed Jan 30, 2003).
82. Goldman L., Caldera D.L., Nussbaum S.R., et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med. 297:1977;845-850.
83. Shammash JB, Mohler ER, Kimmel SE. Management of high-risk patients with vascular disease prior to major noncardiac surgery (Up To Date Review). Up To Date 2002; 10: N3. http://www.uptodate.com (accessed Jan 30, 2003).
84. Gilbert K., Larocque B.J., Patrick L.T. Prospective evaluation of cardiac risk indices for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med. 133:2000;356-359.
85. Lee T.H., Marcantonio E.R., Mangione C.M., et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 100:1999;1043-1049.
86. Younis L.T., Miller D.D., Chaitman B.R. Preoperative strategies to assess cardiac risk before noncardiac surgery. Clin Cardiol. 18:1995;447-454.
87. Eagle K.A., Coley C.M., Newell J.B., et al. Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med. 110:1989;859-866.
88. Eagle K.A., Berger P.B., Calkins H., et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol. 39:2002;542-553.
89. Guidelines for assessing and managing the perioperative risk from coronary artery disease associated with major noncardiac surgery. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 309-12.
90. Karnath B.M. Preoperative cardiac risk assessment. Am Fam Physician. 66:2002;1889-1896.
91. Smetana GW. Evaluation of preoperative pulmonary risk. (Up To Date Review). Up To Date 2002; 10: N3. http://www.uptodate.com (accessed Jan 30, 2003).
92. Mohr D.N., Jett J.R. Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary risk factors. J Gen Intern Med. 3:1988;277-287.
93. O'Donohue W.J. Postoperative pulmonary complications: When are preventive and therapeutic measures necessary? Postgrad Med. 91:1992;167-170.
94. Hall J.C., Tarala M.D., Hall J.L., Mander J. A multivariate analysis of the risk of pulmonary complications after laparotomy. Chest. 99:1991;923-927.
95. Gracey D.R., Divertie M.B., Didier E.P. Preoperative pulmonary preparation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; a prospective study. Chest. 76:1979;123-129.
96. Smetana G.W. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation. N Engl J Med. 340:1999;937-944.
97. Warner D.O., Warner M.A., Barnes R.D., et al. Perioperative respiratory complications in patients with asthma. Anesthesiology. 85:1996;460-467.
98. Warner M.A., Offord K.P., Warner M.E., Lennon R.L., Conover M.A., Jansson-Schumacher V. Role of preoperative cessation of smoking and other factors in postoperative pulmonary complications: a blinded prospective study of coronary artery bypass patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 64:1989;609-616.
99. Pasulka P.S., Bistian B.R., Benotti P.N., Blackburn G.L. The risks of surgery in obese patients. Ann Intern Med. 104:1986;540-546.
100. Kroenke K., Lawrence V.A., Theroux J.F., Tuley M.R. Operative risk in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 152:1992;967-971.
101. Moller A.M., Maaloe R., Pedersen T. Postoperative intensive care admittance: the role of tobacco smoking. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 45:2001;345-348.
102. Thomas D.R., Ritchie C.S. Preoperative assessment of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 43:1995;811-821.
103. Arozullah A.M., Daley J., Henderson W.G., Khuri S.F. Multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative respiratory failure in men after major noncardiac surgery. The National Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Ann Surg. 232:2000;242-253.
104. Brooks-Brunn J.A. Predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery. Chest. 111:1997;564-571.
105. Celli B.R., Rodríguez K.S., Snider G.L. A controlled trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and deep breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. Am Rev Respir Dis. 130:1984;12-15.
106. Yeager M.P., Glass D.D., Neff R.K., Brinck-Johnsen T. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 66:1987;729-736.
107. Brady M., Kinn S., Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults (protocol for a Cochrane review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. 2001;Update Software, Oxford.
108. López-Muñoz A.C., Tomás Braulio J., Montero R. Guidelines for preoperative fasting and premedication to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 49:2002;314-323.
109. Kallar S.K., Everett L.L. Potential risks and preventive measures for pulmonary aspiration: new concepts in preoperative fasting guidelines. Anesth Analg. 77:1993;171-182.
110. Petring O.U., Blade D.W. Gastric emptying in adults: an overview related to anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care. 21:1993;774-781.
111. Dowling J.L. Jr. "Nulla per os after midnight" reassessed. Rhode Island Medicine. 78:1995;339-341.
112. Corbett A.R., Mortimer A.J. Pre-operative fasting: how long is necessary? Eur J Anaesth. 14:1997;555-557.
113. Pandit U.A., Pandit S.K. Fasting before and after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nursing. 12:1997;181-187.
114. Eriksson L.I., Sandin R. Fasting guidelines in different countries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 40:1996;971-974.
115. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures. Anesthesiology. 90:1999;896-905.
116. Brady M., Kinn S., Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for children (protocol for a Cochrane review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. 2001;Update Software, Oxford.
117. Splinter W.M., Schreiner M.S. Preoperating fasting in children. Anesth Analg. 89:1999;80-89.
118. Simini B., Bertolini G. Should same anaesthetist do preoperative anaesthetic visit and give subsequent anaesthetic? Questionnaire survey of anaesthetists. BMJ. 327:2003;79-80.
119. Simini B. Pre-operative visits by anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 56:2001;591.
120. Royal College of Anaesthetists and Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Good practice: a guide for departments of anaesthesia. 1998.
121. American Society of Anesthesiologists: The ASA Directory of Members 1994. American Society of Anesthesiologists, Park Ridge, IL, 1994.
122. Acapem J., Bouillot J.L., Paquet J.C., Hay J.M., Coggia M. La radiographie thoracique préopératoire systématique en chirurgie générale est-elle utile? Ann Fr Anesth Rèanim. 11:1992;88-95.
123. García-Miguel FJ. Efectividad del electrocardiograma y la radiografía de tórax preoperatorios en el Hospital General de Segovia. Propuestas de mejora. PhD thesis, Universidad autónoma de Madrid, 2000: 269-71.
124. López-Bastida J., Serrano-Aguilar P., Duque-González B., Talavera-Déniz A. Cost analysis and potential cost savings related to the use of preoperative tests in hospitals of the Canary Islands (Spain). Gac Sanit. 17:2003;131-136.
125. Roizen M.F. A prospective evalution of the value of preoperative laboratory testing for office anesthesia and sedation. J Oral Maxilofac Surg. 57:1999;21-22.
126. Asua J., López-Argumedo M. Preoperative evaluation in elective surgery. INAHTA Synthesis Report. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 16:2000;673-683.
127. Deber R.B., Kraetschmer N., Irvine J. What role do patients wish to play in treatment decision making? Arch Intern Med. 156:1996;1414-1420.
128. Jadad A., Rizo C., Enkin M. I am a good patient, believe it or not. BMJ. 326:2003;1293-1295.
129. Moumjid N., Bremond A., Carrere M.O. From information to shared decision making in medicine. Health Expect. 6:2003;187-188.