Mechanisms affecting the overturning response in global warming simulations

Journal of Climate

Volumn 18, Issue 23, 2005, Pages 4925-4936

  Schweckendiek, U ^a   Willebrand, J ^a  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION (THC); CLIMATE MODELS; GLOBAL WARMING SIMULATIONS;

GLOBAL WARMING;

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; GLOBAL WARMING; OVERTURN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

EID: 31344432321     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3550.1     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Bacher, A., J. Oberhuber, and E. Roecker, 1998: ENSO dynamics and seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific as simulated by the ECHAM4/OPYC3 coupled general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 14, 431-450.
2. Boyer, T., and S. Levitus, 1997: Objective Analyses of Temperature and Salinity for the World Ocean on a 1/4° Grid. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 11, 64 pp.
3. Delworth, T. L., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2000: Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J. Climate, 13, 1481-1494.
4. Delworth, T. L., R. Stouffer, K. Dixon, M. Spelman, T. Knutson, A. Broccoli, P. Kushner, and R. Wetherald, 2002: Review of simulations of climate variability and change with the GFDL R30 coupled climate model. Climate Dyn., 19, 555-574.
5. Dickson, B., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, B. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort, 2002: Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832-837.
6. Dickson, R. R., E. M. Gmitrowicz, and A. J. Watson, 1990: Deepwater renewal in the northern North Atlantic. Nature, 344, 848-850.
7. Dixon, K. W., T. L. Delworth, M. J. Spelman, and R. J. Stouffer, 1999: The influence of transient surface fluxes on North Atlantic overturning in a coupled GCM climate change experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2749-2752.
8. Dixon, K. W., T. L. Delworth, T. Knutson, M. J. Spelman, and R. J. Stouffer, 2002: A comparison of climate change simulations produced by two GFDL coupled climate models. Global Planet. Change, 37, 81-102.
9. Döscher, R., and R. Redler, 1997: The relative importance of northern overlow and subpolar deep convection for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1894-1902.
10. Döscher, R., and A. Beckmann, 2000: Effects of a bottom boundary layer parameterization in a coarse-resolution model of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 698-707.
11. Eden, C., and T. Jung, 2001: North Atlantic interdecadel variability: Oceanic response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (1865-1997). J. Climate, 14, 676-691.
12. Eden, C., and J. Willebrand, 2001: Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Climate, 14, 2266-2280.
13. Fischer, J., and F. A. Schott, 1997: Seasonal transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27 751-27 769.
14. Gent, P., 2001: Will the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation weaken during the 21st century? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1023-1026.
15. Gent, P., and J. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
16. Haney, R,, 1971: Surface thermal boundary conditions for ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1, 241-248.
17. Haywood, J. M., D. L. Roberts, A. Sligo, J. M. Edwards, and K. P. Shine, 1997: General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol. J. Climate, 10, 1562-1577.
18. Houghton, J. T., B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney, Eds., 1992: Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 205 pp.
19. Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, and D. Xiaosu, Eds., 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, 944 pp.
20. Jia, Y., 2002: Ocean heat transport and its relationship to ocean circulation in CMIP coupled models. Climate Dyn., 20, 153-174.
21. Kushnir, Y., and I. Held, 1996: Equilibrium atmospheric response to North Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Climate, 9, 1208-1220.
22. Latif, M., E. Roecker, U. Mikolajewicz, and V. Voss, 2000: Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation. J. Climate, 13, 1809-1813.
23. Levitus, S., and T. Boyer, 1994: Temperature. Vol. 4, World Ocean Atlas 1994, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117 pp.
24. Lilly, J. M., P. B. Rhines, M. Visbeck, R. Davis, J. R. N. Lazier, F. Schott, and D. Farmer, 1999: Observing deep convection in the Labrador Sea during winter 1994/95. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2065-2098.
25. Manabe, S., and R. Stouffer, 1994: Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate, 7, 5-23.
26. Oberhuber, J., E. Roecker, A. Bacher, M. Esch, and M. Latif, 1998: Predicting the '97 El Niño event with a global climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2273-2276.
27. Pacanowski, R., 1995: MOM 2 documentation. Users' guide and reference manual, GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. 3, 329 pp.
28. Pacanowski, R., K. Dixon, and A. Rosati, 1991: Ocean model users' guide version 1. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. 2, 44 pp.
29. Rhein, M., and Coauthors, 2002: Labrador Sea Water: Pathways, CFC-inventory and formation rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 648-665.
30. Stevens, D., 1990: On open boundary conditions for three dimensional primitive equation ocean circulation models. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 51, 103-133.
31. Stramma, L., D. Kicke, M. Rhein, F. Schott, I. Yashayaev, and K. Koltermann, 2004: Deep Water changes at the western boundary of the subpolar North Atlantic during 1996 and 2001. Deep-Sea Res., 51, 1033-1056.
32. Thorpe, R., I. Gregory, T. Johns, R. Wood, and J. Mitchell, 2001: Mechanisms determining the Atlantic thermohaline circulation response to greenhouse gas forcing in a non-flux-adjusted coupled climate model. J. Climate, 14, 3102-3116.
33. Timmermann, A., M. Latif, R. Voss, and A. Grötzner, 1998: Northern Hemispheric interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode. J. Climate, 11, 1906-1931.