A comparison of climate change simulations produced by two GFDL coupled climate models

Global and Planetary Change

Volumn 37, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 81-102

  Dixon, Keith W ^a   Delworth, Thomas L ^a   Knutson, Thomas R ^a   Spelman, Michael J ^a   Stouffer, Ronald J ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Global change; Global circulation models; Global warming; Precipitation; Sea ice; Thermohaline circulation

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-ICE-OCEAN SYSTEM; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; GLOBAL WARMING; SEA ICE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

EID: 0038356546     PISSN: 09218181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00192-3     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Betts, A.K., Ball, J.H., Beljaars, A.C.M., Miller, M.J., Viterbo, P.A., 1996. The land surface-atmosphere interaction: a review based on observational and global modeling perspectives. J. Geophys. Res 101 (D3), 7209-7225.
2. Boer, G.J., Lazare, M., 1988. Some results concerning the effect of horizontal resolution and gravity-wave drag on simulated climate. J. Climate 1 (8), 789-806.
3. Broecker, W.S., 1987. Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse? Nature 328, 123-126.
4. Bryan, K., 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation III. The ocean model. Mon. Weather Rev. 97 (11), 806-827.
5. 2 forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18 (6), 851-867.
6. Covey, C., AchutaRao, K.M., Cubasch U., Jones, P., Lambert, S.J., Mann, M.E., Phillips, T.J., Taylor, K.E., 2003. An overview of results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Global Planet. Change 37, 103-133.
7. Cox, M.D., 1987. Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Model. 74, 1-5.
8. Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., 2000. Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. J. Climate 13 (21), 3721-3727.
9. Delworth, T.L., Knutson, T.R., 2000. Simulation of early 20th century global warming. Science 287 (5461), 2246-2250.
10. Delworth, T.L., Stouffer, R.J., Dixon, K.W., Spelman, M.J., Knutson, T.R., Broccoli, A.J., Kushner, P.J., Wetherald, R.T., 2002. Simulation of climate variability and change by the GFDL R30 coupled climate model. Clim. Dyn. 19 (7), 555-574.
11. Dixon, K.W., Lanzante, J.R., 1999. Global mean surface air temperature and North Atlantic overturning in a suite of coupled GCM climate change experiments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (13), 1885-1888.
12. Dixon, K.W., Delworth, T.L., Spelman, M.J., Stouffer, R.J., 1999. The influence of transient surface fluxes on North Atlantic overturning in a coupled GCM climate change experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (17), 2749-2752.
13. Gates, W.L., Henderson-Sellers, A., Boer, G.J., Folland, C.K., Kitoh, A., McAvaney, B.J., Semazzi, F., Smith, N., Weaver, A.J., Zneg, Q.-C., 1996. Climate models - evaluation. In: Houghton, J.J., Meiro Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., Maskell, K. (Eds.), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 229-284.
14. Gent, P., 2001. Will the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation weaken during the 21st century? Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (6), 1023-1026.
15. Gregory, J.M., Church, J.A., Boer, G.J., Dixon, K.W., Flato, G.M., Jackett, D.R., Lowe, J.A., O'Farrell, S.P., Roeckner, E., Russell, G.L., Stouffer, R.J., Winton, M., 2001. Comparison of results from several AOGCMs for global and regional sea level change 1900-2100. Clim. Dyn. 18 (3/4), 225-240.
16. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lacis, A., Oinas, V., 2000. Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, 9875-9880.
17. Hasselmann, K., Sausen, R., Maier-Reimer, E., Voss, R., 1993. On the cold start problem in transient simulations with coupled atmosphere-ocean models. Clim. Dyn. 9, 53-61.
18. Haywood, J.M., Stouffer, R.J., Wetherald, R.T., Manabe, S., Ramaswamy, V., 1997. Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (11), 1335-1338.
19. Holloway, G., Sou, T., 2001. Has Arctic sea ice rapidly thinned? J. Climate 15 (13), 1691-1701.
20. Ingram, W.J., Wilson, C.A., Mitchell, J.F.B., 1989. Modeling climate change: an assessment of sea ice and surface albedo feedbacks. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (D6), 8609-8622.
21. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1990. In: Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J., Ephraums, J.J. (Eds.), Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 365.
22. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1996. In: Houghton, J.T., Meiro Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., Maskell, K. (Eds.), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 572.
23. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 944.
24. Kattenberg, A., Giorgi, F., Grassl, H., Meehl, G.A., Mitchell, J.F.B., Stouffer, R.J., Tokioka, T., Weaver, A.J., Wigley, T.M.L., 1996. Climate models - projections of future climate. In: Houghton, J.J., Meiro Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., Maskell, K. (Eds.), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 285-357.
25. Knutson, T., Manabe, S., 1998. Model assessment of decadal variability and trends in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Preprints, The Ninth Symposium on Global Change Studies and Namias Symposium on the Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 216-219.
26. 2 sensitivity. J. Climate 10 (1), 138-161.
27. Knutson, T.R., Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., Stouffer, R.J., 1999. Model assessment of regional surface temperature trends (1949-1997). J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D24), 30981-30996.
28. Leggett, J., Pepper, W.J., Swart, R.J., 1992. Emissions scenarios for the IPCC: an update. In: Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A., Varney, S.K. (Eds.), Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 69-95.
29. Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Wang, J., Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., Broccoli, A.J., 2001. Anthropogenic wanning of Earth's climate system. Science 292 (5515), 267-270.
30. Lindberg, C., Broccoli, A.J., 1996. Representation of topography in spectral climate models and its effect on simulated precipitation. J. Climate 9 (11), 2641-2659.
31. Manabe, S., 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation: 1. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface. Mon. Weather Rev. 97 (11), 739-774.
32. Manabe, S., Stouffer, R.J., 1994. Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate 7 (1), 5-23.
33. Manabe, S., Smagorinsky, J., Strickler, R.F., 1965. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Weather Rev. 93 (12), 769-798.
34. Manabe, S., Bryan, K., Spelman, M.J., 1990. Transient response of a global ocean-atmosphere model to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20 (5), 722-749.
35. 2. Part I. Annual mean response. J. Climate 4 (8), 785-818.
36. May, W., Roeckner, E., 2001. A time-slice experiment with the ECHAM4 AGCM at high resolution: the impact of horizontal resolution on annual mean climate change. Clim. Dyn. 17 (5-6), 407-420.
37. McAvaney, B.J., Covey, C., Joussaume, S., Kattsov, V., Kitoh, A., Pitman, A.J., Weaver, A.J., Wood, R.A., Zhao, Z.-C., 2001. Model evaluation. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J, Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 471-523.
38. Mikohjewicz, U., Voss, R., 2000. The role of the individual air-sea flux components in CO2-induced changes of the ocean's circulation and climate. Clim. Dyn. 16, 627-642.
39. Milly, P.C.D., Wetherald, R.T., Dunne, K.A., Delworth, T.L., 2002. Increasing risk of great floods in a changing climate. Nature 415 (6871), 514-517.
40. Moritz, R.E., Bitz, C.M., 2000. Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent. Science 288, 927a.
41. Pacanowski, R., Dixon, K., Rosati, A., 1991. The GFDL Modular Ocean Model Users Guide version 1. GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report No. 2, NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ.
42. 2-induced climate change in CMIP2 experiments: quantification of agreement and role of internal variability. J. Climate 14 (9), 2088-2104.
43. Räisänen, J., Palmer, T.N., 2001. A probability and decision-model analysis of a multimodel ensemble of climate change simulations. J. Climate 14 (15), 3212-3226.
44. 2 climate model sensitivity. Part I. The total influence of sea ice thickness and extent. J. Climate 8, 449-463.
45. 2 climate model sensitivity. Part II. Hemispheric dependencies. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (212), 1491-1494.
46. Rothrock, D.A., Yu, Y., Maykut, G.A., 1999. Thinning of the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (23), 3469-3472.
47. Schmitz, W.J., McCartney, M.S., 1993. On the North Atlantic circulation. Rev. Geophys. 31 (1), 29-49.
48. Senior, C.A., 1995. The dependence of climate sensitivity on the horizontal resolution of a GCM. J. Climate 8 (11), 2860-2880.
49. Spelman, M.J., Manabe, S., 1984. Influence of oceanic heat transport upon the sensitivity of a model climate. J. Geophys. Res. 89 (C1), 571-586.
50. Stouffer, R.J., Dixon, K.W., 1998. Initialization of coupled models for use in climate studies: a review. In Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, Report No. 27, WMO/TD-No. 865. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. I.1-I.8.
51. 2. Nature 342, 660-662.
52. Thorpe, R.B., Gregory, J.M., Johns, T.C., Wood, R.A., Mitchell, J.F.B., 2001. Mechanisms determining the Atlantic thermohaline circulation response to greenhouse gas forcing in a non-flux-adjusted coupled climate model. J. Climate 14 (14), 3102-3116.
53. Vinnikov, K.Y., Robock, A., Stouffer, R.J., Walsh, J.E., Parkinson, C.L., Cavalieri, D.J., Mitchell, J.F.B., Garrett, D., Zakharov, V.F., 1999. Global warming and Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent. Science 286 (5446), 1934-1937.
54. Wetherald, R.T., Stouffer, R.J., Dixon, K.W., 2001. Committed warming and its implications for climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (8), 1535-1538.
55. Winsor, P., 2001. Arctic sea ice thickness remained constant during the 1990s. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (6), 1039-1041.
56. Xie, P., Arkin, P.A., 1997. Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 2539-2558.