Editorial I: Acute pain management: Scientific evidence revisited

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Volumn 96, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-4

  Macintyre, Pamela E ^a   Walker, S ^a   Power, I ^a   Schug, S A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; KETAMINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL PRACTICE; EDITORIAL; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA; PATIENT REFERRAL; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED KINGDOM; ACUTE DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE;

ACUTE DISEASE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PAIN; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE;

EID: 31144468712     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: 14716771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aei295     Document Type: Editorial

References (122)

1. Afman, CE, Welge, JA and Steward, DL (2006). Steroids for post-tonsillectomy pain reduction: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(2): 181-6.
2. Anim-Somuah, M, Smyth, R and Howell, C (2005). Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD000331.
3. Arroll, B and Goodyear-Smith, F (2005). Corticosteroid injections for painful shoulder: a meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract 55(512): 224-8.
4. Bainbridge, D, Cheng, DC, Martin, JE, et al. (2006). NSAID-analgesia, pain control and morbidity in cardiothoracic surgery. Can J Anaesth 53(1): 46-59.
5. Bainbridge, D, Martin, JE and Cheng, DC (2006). Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery--a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 53(5): 492-9.
6. Beckmann, MM and Garrett, AJ (2006). Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD005123.
7. Bell, RF, Dahl, JB, Moore, RA, et al. (2006). Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD004603.
8. Bellu, R, de Waal, KA and Zanini, R (2005). Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD004212.
9. Bennett, M, Jepson, N and Lehm, J (2005). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute coronary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD004818.
10. Boddy, AP, Mehta, S and Rhodes, M (2006). The effect of intraperitoneal local anesthesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 103(3): 682-8.
11. Bong, CL, Samuel, M, Ng, JM, et al. (2005). Effects of preemptive epidural analgesia on post-thoracotomy pain. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19(6): 786-93.
12. Bracco, D and Hemmerling, T (2007). Epidural analgesia in cardiac surgery: an updated risk assessment. Heart Surg Forum 10(4): E334-7.
13. Brull, R, McCartney, CJ, Chan, VW, et al. (2007). Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg 104(4): 965-74.
14. Calder, LA, Balasubramanian, S and Fergusson, D (2005). Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for corneal abrasions: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Acad Emerg Med 12(5): 467-73.
15. Cameron, CM, Scott, DA, McDonald, WM, et al. (2007). A review of neuraxial epidural morbidity: experience of more than 8,000 cases at a single teaching hospital. Anesthesiology 106(5): 997-1002.
16. Cardwell, M, Siviter, G and Smith, A (2005). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD003591.
17. Carvalho, B, Riley, E, Cohen, SE, et al. (2005). Single-dose, sustained-release epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain after elective cesarean delivery: results of a multicenter randomized controlled study. Anesth Analg 100(4): 1150-8.
18. Carvalho, B, Roland, LM, Chu, LF, et al. (2007). Single-dose, extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur) compared to conventional epidural morphine for post-cesarean pain. Anesth Analg 105(1): 176-83.
19. Cepeda, MS, Carr, DB, Lau, J, et al. (2006). Music for pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD004843.
20. Challapalli, V, Tremont-Lukats, IW, McNicol, ED, et al. (2005). Systemic administration of local anesthetic agents to relieve neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD003345.
21. Clarkson, JE, Worthington, HV and Eden, OB (2007). Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD001973.
22. Corman, SL and Skledar, SJ (2007). Use of lipid emulsion to reverse local anesthetic-induced toxicity. Ann Pharmacother 41(11): 1873-7.
23. Davies, RG, Myles, PS and Graham, JM (2006). A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy--a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth 96(4): 418-26.
24. Dhiwakar, M, Eng, CY, Selvaraj, S, et al. (2006). Antibiotics to improve recovery following tonsillectomy: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(3): 357-64.
25. Dodson, T (2007). Paracetamol is an effective drug to use for pain following oral surgery. Evid Based Dent 8(3): 79-80.
26. Duedahl, TH, Romsing, J, Moiniche, S, et al. (2006). A qualitative systematic review of peri-operative dextromethorphan in post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50(1): 1-13.
27. Dunlop, RJ and Bennett, KC (2006). Pain management for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD003350.
28. Eidelman, A, Weiss, JM, Lau, J, et al. (2005). Topical anesthetics for dermal instrumentation: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Emerg Med 46(4): 343-51.
29. Elia, N, Lysakowski, C and Tramer, MR (2005). Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 103(6): 1296-304.
30. Elia, N and Tramer, MR (2005). Ketamine and postoperative pain--a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain 113(1-2): 61-70.
31. Foxall, G, McCahon, R, Lamb, J, et al. (2007). Levobupivacaine-induced seizures and cardiovascular collapse treated with Intralipid. Anaesthesia 62(5): 516-8.
32. Foxlee, R, Johansson, A, Wejfalk, J, et al. (2006). Topical analgesia for acute otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005657.
33. French, SD, Cameron, M, Walker, BF, et al. (2006). Superficial heat or cold for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD004750.
34. Gagnier, JJ, van Tulder, M, Berman, B, et al. (2006). Herbal medicine for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD004504.
35. Grimes, DA, Hubacher, D, Lopez, LM, et al. (2006). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine-device use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD006034.
36. Guay, J (2006). The benefits of adding epidural analgesia to general anesthesia: a metaanalysis. J Anesth 20(4): 335-40.
37. Gupta, A (2005). Local anaesthesia for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy--a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 19(2): 275-92.
38. Gutierrez-Alvarez, AM, Beltran-Rodriguez, J and Moreno, CB (2007). Antiepileptic drugs in treatment of pain caused by diabetic neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage 34(2): 201-8.
39. Hagen, NA, Fisher, K, Victorino, C, et al. (2007). A titration strategy is needed to manage breakthrough cancer pain effectively: observations from data pooled from three clinical trials. J Palliat Med 10(1): 47-55.
40. Hamunen, K and Kontinen, V (2005). Systematic review on analgesics given for pain following tonsillectomy in children. Pain 117(1-2): 40-50.
41. Harris, DS, Mendelson, JE, Lin, ET, et al. (2004). Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Clin Pharmacokinet 43(5): 329-40.
42. Hedayati, H, Parsons, J and Crowther, CA (2005). Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD004223.
43. Hegi, TR, Bombeli, T, Seifert, B, et al. (2004). Effect of rofecoxib on platelet aggregation and blood loss in gynaecological and breast surgery compared with diclofenac. Br J Anaesth 92(4): 523-31.
44. Ho, KM, Ismail, H, Lee, KC, et al. (2005). Use of intrathecal neostigmine as an adjunct to other spinal medications in perioperative and peripartum analgesia: a meta-analysis. Anaesth Intensive Care 33(1): 41-53.
45. Ho, KM and Litton, E (2006). Use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing to prevent vascular and epidural catheter colonization and infection: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 58(2): 281-7.
46. Ho, KY and Tan, KH (2007). Botulinum toxin A for myofascial trigger point injection: a qualitative systematic review. Eur J Pain 11(5): 519-27.
47. Holdgate, A and Pollock, T (2005). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD004137.
48. Hollingshead, J, Duhmke, RM and Cornblath, DR (2006). Tramadol for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD003726.
49. Hudcova, J, McNicol, E, Quah, C, et al. (2006). Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD003348.
50. Hurley, RW, Cohen, SP, Williams, KA, et al. (2006). The analgesic effects of perioperative gabapentin on postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 31(3): 237-47.
51. Iskedjian, M, Bereza, B, Gordon, A, et al. (2007). Meta-analysis of cannabis based treatments for neuropathic and multiple sclerosis-related pain. Curr Med Res Opin 23(1): 17-24.
52. Iyer, S, DeFoor, W, Grocela, J, et al. (2006). The use of perioperative antibiotics in tonsillectomy: does it decrease morbidity? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 70(5): 853-61.
53. Johansson, K, Nuutila, L, Virtanen, H, et al. (2005). Preoperative education for orthopaedic patients: systematic review. J Adv Nurs 50(2): 212-23.
54. Kearney, PM, Baigent, C, Godwin, J, et al. (2006). Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. Bmj 332(7553): 1302-8.
55. Knopp, JA, Diner, BM, Blitz, M, et al. (2005). Calcitonin for treating acute pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 16(10): 1281-90.
56. Lander, JA, Weltman, BJ and So, SS (2006). EMLA and amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD004236.
57. Lee, A, Cooper, MG, Craig, JC, et al. (2007). Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD002765.
58. Liabsuetrakul, T, Choobun, T, Peeyananjarassri, K, et al. (2007). Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD005456.
59. Litz, RJ, Popp, M, Stehr, SN, et al. (2006). Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61(8): 800-1.
60. Liu, SS, Richman, JM, Thirlby, RC, et al. (2006). Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg 203(6): 914-32.
61. Llewellyn, N and Moriarty, A (2007). The national pediatric epidural audit. Paediatr Anaesth 17(6): 520-33.
62. Lysakowski, C, Dumont, L, Czarnetzki, C, et al. (2007). Magnesium as an adjuvant to postoperative analgesia: a systematic review of randomized trials. Anesth Analg 104(6): 1532-9, table of contents.
63. Manterola, C, Astudillo, P, Losada, H, et al. (2007). Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD005660.
64. Marret, E, Kurdi, O, Zufferey, P, et al. (2005). Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 102(6): 1249-60.
65. Marret, E, Remy, C and Bonnet, F (2007). Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 94(6): 665-73.
66. Marucci, M, Cinnella, G, Perchiazzi, G, et al. (2007). Patient-requested neuraxial analgesia for labor: impact on rates of cesarean and instrumental vaginal delivery. Anesthesiology 106(5): 1035-45.
67. Mason, L, Moore, RA, Edwards, JE, et al. (2004). Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 5: 28.
68. McCartney, CJ, Duggan, E and Apatu, E (2007). Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve blockade? A qualitative systematic review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med 32(4): 330-8.
69. McGettigan, P and Henry, D (2006). Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. Jama 296(13): 1633-44.
70. McQuay, HJ and Moore, RA (2007). Dose-response in direct comparisons of different doses of aspirin, ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in analgesic studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63(3): 271-8.
71. Migita, RT, Klein, EJ and Garrison, MM (2006). Sedation and analgesia for pediatric fracture reduction in the emergency department: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160(1): 46-51.
72. Naja, MZ, El-Rajab, M, Kabalan, W, et al. (2005). Pre-incisional infiltration for pediatric tonsillectomy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 69(10): 1333-41.
73. Newman, S, Stygall, J, Hirani, S, et al. (2007). Postoperative cognitive dysfunction after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. Anesthesiology 106(3): 572-90.
74. Nishimori, M, Ballantyne, JC and Low, JH (2006). Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid-based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005059.
75. Nuttall, GA, Eckerman, KM, Jacob, KA, et al. (2007). Does low-dose droperidol administration increase the risk of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes in the general surgical population? Anesthesiology 107(4): 531-6.
76. Ong, CK, Lirk, P, Seymour, RA, et al. (2005). The efficacy of preemptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 100(3): 757-73, table of contents.
77. Peloso, P, Gross, A, Haines, T, et al. (2007). Medicinal and injection therapies for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD000319.
78. Peng, PW, Wijeysundera, DN and Li, CC (2007). Use of gabapentin for perioperative pain control -- a meta-analysis. Pain Res Manag 12(2): 85-92.
79. Potting, CM, Uitterhoeve, R, Op Reimer, WS, et al. (2006). The effectiveness of commonly used mouthwashes for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 15(5): 431-9.
80. Ramacciotti, AS, Soares, BG and Atallah, AN (2007). Dipyrone for acute primary headaches. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD004842.
81. Ranji, SR, Goldman, LE, Simel, DL, et al. (2006). Do opiates affect the clinical evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain? Jama 296(14): 1764-74.
82. Reuben, SS, Ablett, D and Kaye, R (2005). High dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compromise spinal fusion. Can J Anaesth 52(5): 506-12.
83. Reuben, SS and Ekman, EF (2005). The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on analgesia and spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(3): 536-42.
84. Richman, JM, Liu, SS, Courpas, G, et al. (2006). Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids? A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 102(1): 248-57.
85. Roberts, DM and Meyer-Witting, M (2005). High-dose buprenorphine: perioperative precautions and management strategies. Anaesth Intensive Care 33(1): 17-25.
86. Rosenblatt, MA, Abel, M, Fischer, GW, et al. (2006). Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 105(1): 217-8.
87. Rosseland, LA (2005). No evidence for analgesic effect of intra-articular morphine after knee arthroscopy: a qualitative systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 30(1): 83-98.
88. Rovers, MM, Glasziou, P, Appelman, CL, et al. (2006). Antibiotics for acute otitis media: a meta-analysis with individual patient data. Lancet 368(9545): 1429-35.
89. Ruppen, W, Derry, S, McQuay, HJ, et al. (2006). Incidence of epidural haematoma and neurological injury in cardiovascular patients with epidural analgesia/anaesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol 6: 10.
90. Saarto, T and Wiffen, P (2007). Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD005454.
91. Schug, SA, Camu, F, Joshi, G, et al. (2007). Cardiovascular safety of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in the postoperative setting: An analysis of integrated data.. Anesth Analg (in press).
92. Shah, PS, Aliwalas, LI and Shah, V (2006). Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD004950.
93. Shakespeare, DT, Boggild, M and Young, C (2003). Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD001332.
94. Siddall, PJ, Cousins, MJ, Otte, A, et al. (2006). Pregabalin in central neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 67(10): 1792-800.
95. Silver, S, Gano, D and Gerretsen, P (2007). Acute treatment of paediatric migraine: A meta-analysis of efficacy. J Paediatr Child Health.
96. Simmons, SW, Cyna, AM, Dennis, AT, et al. (2007). Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD003401.
97. Smith, CA, Collins, CT, Cyna, AM, et al. (2006). Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD003521.
98. Somdas, MA, Senturk, M, Ketenci, I, et al. (2004). Efficacy of bupivacaine for post-tonsillectomy pain: a study with the intra-individual design. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 68(11): 1391-5.
99. Stinson, JN, Kavanagh, T, Yamada, J, et al. (2006). Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents. Pain 125(1-2): 143-57.
100. Stokman, MA, Spijkervet, FK, Boezen, HM, et al. (2006). Preventive intervention possibilities in radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: results of meta-analyses. J Dent Res 85(8): 690-700.
101. Straube, S, Derry, S, McQuay, HJ, et al. (2005). Effect of preoperative Cox-II-selective NSAIDs (coxibs) on postoperative outcomes: a systematic review of randomized studies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49(5): 601-13.
102. Suthisisang, C, Poolsup, N, Kittikulsuth, W, et al. (2007). Efficacy of low-dose ibuprofen in acute migraine treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 41(11): 1782-91.
103. Tiippana, EM, Hamunen, K, Kontinen, VK, et al. (2007). Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Anesth Analg 104(6): 1545-56, table of contents.
104. Trautmann, E, Lackschewitz, H and Kroner-Herwig, B (2006). Psychological treatment of recurrent headache in children and adolescents--a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 26(12): 1411-26.
105. Uman, LS, Chambers, CT, McGrath, PJ, et al. (2006). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD005179.
106. Vila, H, Jr., Smith, RA, Augustyniak, MJ, et al. (2005). The efficacy and safety of pain management before and after implementation of hospital-wide pain management standards: is patient safety compromised by treatment based solely on numerical pain ratings? Anesth Analg 101(2): 474-80, table of contents.
107. Viscusi, ER, Kopacz, D, Hartrick, C, et al. (2006). Single-dose extended-release epidural morphine for pain following hip arthroplasty. Am J Ther 13(5): 423-31.
108. Viscusi, ER, Martin, G, Hartrick, CT, et al. (2005). Forty-eight hours of postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty with a novel, extended-release epidural morphine formulation. Anesthesiology 102(5): 1014-22.
109. von Baeyer, CL and Spagrud, LJ (2007). Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years. Pain 127(1-2): 140-50.
110. Weil, K, Hooper, L, Afzal, Z, et al. (2007). Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD004487.
111. Weinberg, G, Ripper, R, Feinstein, DL, et al. (2003). Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28(3): 198-202.
112. Weinberg, GL, VadeBoncouer, T, Ramaraju, GA, et al. (1998). Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 88(4): 1071-5.
113. Werawatganon, T and Charuluxanun, S (2005). Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD004088.
114. White, WB, West, CR, Borer, JS, et al. (2007). Risk of cardiovascular events in patients receiving celecoxib: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 99(1): 91-8.
115. Wiffen, P, Collins, S, McQuay, H, et al. (2005). Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD001133.
116. Wiffen, PJ, McQuay, HJ, Edwards, JE, et al. (2005). Gabapentin for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD005452.
117. Wiffen, PJ, McQuay, HJ and Moore, RA (2005). Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD005451.
118. Wiffen, PJ and Rees, J (2007). Lamotrigine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD006044.
119. Wu, CL, Cohen, SR, Richman, JM, et al. (2005). Efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids: a meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 103(5): 1079-88; quiz 1109-10.
120. Wu, CL, Rowlingson, AJ, Cohen, SR, et al. (2006). Gender and post-dural puncture headache. Anesthesiology 105(3): 613-8.
121. Zaric, D, Christiansen, C, Pace, NL, et al. (2005). Transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local anaesthetics. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD003006.
122. Zeppetella, G and Ribeiro, MD (2006). Opioids for the management of breakthrough (episodic) pain in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD004311.