Linking border disputes and war: An institutional-statist theory

Geopolitics

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 688-711

  Blanchard, Jean Marc F ^a  

^a SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORDER REGION; GEOPOLITICS; WAR;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDIA; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 30944456307     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040500318464     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. See e.g. Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, 'The U.S. Role in the Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands, 1945-1971', China Quarterly 161 (March 2000) pp.95-123.
2. John Vasquez and Marie T. Henehan, 'Territorial Disputes and the Probability of War', Journal of Peace Research 38/2 (March 2001) pp.123-38
3. and Paul D. Senese and John A. Vasquez, 'A Unified Explanation of Territorial Conflict: Testing the Impact of Sampling Bias, 1919-1992', International Studies Quarterly 47/2 (June 2003) pp.275-98.
4. A borderland is an area 'whose economic and social life is directly and significantly affected by proximity to an international boundary'. Anthony I. Asiwaju, 'Borders and Borderlands as Linchpins for Regional Integration in Africa', in Clive H. Schofield (ed.), Global Boundaries (London: Routledge 1994), p.58. An internal borderland refers to an area within a state's territorial borderline while an external borderland refers to an area on the other side of it.
5. On the importance of boundary salience, see e.g. Paul Huth, Standing Your Ground (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press 1996);
6. and Paul R. Hensel, 'Contentious Issues and World Politics: The Management of Territorial Claims in the Americas, 1816-1992', International Studies Quarterly 45/1 (March 2001) pp.85-6, 99-100, 103.
7. For remarks on the ramifications of stateness, see Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press 1983), pp.116-21
8. and Barry Buzan, 'People, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in the Third World', in Edward E. Azar and Chung-In Moon (eds), National Security in the Third World: The Management of Internal and External Threats (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing 1988), pp.32-3.
9. See e.g. Gary Goertz and Paul F. Diehl, Territorial Changes and International Conflict (London: Routledge 1992);
10. Huth (note 4):
11. Hensel (note 4).
12. On this see David Newman, 'Comments on Daniel Elazar, Political Geography, and Political Science', Political Geography 18 (1999) p.907.
13. For remarks on the importance of national identity, see Alexander B. Murphy, 'Historical Justifications for Territorial Claims', Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80/4 (1990) pp.531-48.
14. A recent work showing the effect of domestic politics on boundary dispute dynamics is Giacomo Chiozza and Ajin Choi, 'Guess Who Did What: Political Leaders and the Management of Territorial Disputes, 1950-1990', Journal of Conflict Resolution 47/3 (June 2003) pp.251-78.
15. Eric Fischer, 'On Boundaries', World Politics 1/2 (January 1949) pp.196-222
16. Friedrich Kratochwil,'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the State System', World Politics 34/1 (October 1986) pp. 28, 35
17. and Tuomas Forsberg, 'Territorial Disputes and the Possibility of Peaceful Change', in Heikki Patomaki (ed.), Peaceful Change in World Politics (Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute 1995), pp. 122-67.
18. Marion Mushkat, 'Development, Peace, and the Changing Role of International Boundaries', in Confini e Regioni: Proceedings of the Conference on Problems and Perspectives of Border Regions (Trieste: Edizioni Lint 1973), p. 339
19. and Bradford L. Thomas, 'International Boundaries: Lines in the Sand (and the Sea)', in George J. Demko and William B. Wood (eds), Reordering the World: Geopolitical Perspectives on the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994), p.92.
20. Jean Gottmann, The Significance of Territory (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press 1973), p.49
21. Alexander B. Murphy, 'Territorial Ideology and International Conflict: The Legacy of Prior Political Formations', in Nurit Kliot and Stanley Waterman (eds), The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace (London: Belhaven Press 1991), p.126
22. and Julian V. Minghi, 'From Conflict to Harmony in Border Landscapes', in Dennis Rumley and Julian V. Minghi (eds), The Geography of Border Landscapes (London: Routledge 1991), p.15.
23. Murphy, 'Historical Justifications' (note 6) p.531
24. Anssi Paasi, Territories, Boundaries, and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons 1996), pp.46-7
25. and David Newman, 'The Geopolitics of Peacemaking in Israel-Palestine', Political Geography 21/5 (June 2002), p.633.
26. On the purification aspect of boundaries, see Newman, 'The Geopolitics of Peacemaking' (note 11) p.641.
27. Friedrich Kratochwil, Paul Rohrlich and Harpreet Mahajan, Peace and Disputed Sovereignty: Reflections on Conflict Over Territory (New York: Columbia University Press 1985), p.117
28. Oscar Martinez, 'The Dynamics of Border Interaction: New Approaches to Border Analysis', in Clive H. Schofield (ed.), Global Boundaries (London: Routledge 1994), p.4
29. and Paasi (note 11) pp.51-9.
30. See S. Whittemore Boggs, International Boundaries: A Study of Boundary Functions and Problems (New York: Columbia University Press 1940), p.5
31. and Fischer (note 8) pp.196-222.
32. Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank-Gaza (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1993), p.41.
33. Robert David Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986), chap.5.
34. It is better to use the term 'stateness' than terms relating to state strength (e.g., strong or weak states). This is because international relations analysts conventionally assume that any references to state strength must entail some conclusions about a country's political, military and economic might vis-à-vis other states.
35. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1988), pp.4-5, 17-19, 28-31
36. Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995), p.5
37. and Peter Dauvergne, 'Weak States, Strong States: A State-in-Society Perspective', in Peter Dauvergne (ed.), Weak and Strong States in Asia-Pacific Societies (Canberra: Allen & Unwin 1998), p.2.
38. See, e.g., Charles Tilly, 'War Making and State Making as Organized Crime', in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985), pp.171-5
39. Joel S. Migdal, 'The State in Society: An Approach to Struggles for Domination', in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli and Vivienne Shue (eds), State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (New York: Cambridge University Press 1994), pp.13-14, 24
40. and Vladimir Kolossov and John O'Loughlin, 'Pseudo-States as Harbingers of a New Geopolitics: The Example of the Trans-Dniester Moldovan Republic (TMR)', in David Newman (ed.), Boundaries, Territory, and Postmodernity (London: Frank Cass 1999), pp.156, 159-60.
41. Hensel (note 4) pp.83, 85-86.
42. Birger Heldt, 'Domestic Politics, Absolute Deprivation, and the Use of Armed Force in Interstate Territorial Disputes, 1950-1990', Journal of Conflict Resolution 43/4 (August 1999) p.454.
43. For a history of events leading to independence for India, the emergence of Pakistan, and the development of Hindu and Muslim identities, see Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press 1993), pp.329-49
44. Rajesh Kadian, The Kashmir Tangle: Issues and Options (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993), pp.69-72
45. Mushtaqur Rahman, Divided Kashmir: Old Problems New Opportunities for India, Pakistan, and the Kashmiri People (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1996), pp.47-57, 60-62, 65-8
46. Sanjoy Banerjee, 'Actions, Practices, and Historical Structures: The Partition of India', International Relations of the Asia Pacific 2 (2002), pp.207-18
47. and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan: At the Crosscurrents of History (Oxford: Oneworld 2003), pp.1-39.
48. See Jawaharlal Nehru, 'Speech While Moving the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly, December 13, 1946', in Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches, Vol. 1, September 1946-May 1949 (Bombay: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 1958), pp.5-16.
49. 'Message to the Bombay Presidency Provincial Muslim League Conference, May 1940', pp.172-3
50. and 'Presidential Address Delivered at the Special Pakistan Session of the Punjab Muslim Students Federation, March 2, 1941', p.234
51. both in Jamil-Ud-Din Ahmad (ed.), Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, 6th ed. (Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf 1960).
52. Michael Brecher, India and World Politics: Krishna Menon's View of the World (New York: Frederick A. Praeger 1968), p.198
53. Bhikhu Parekh, Gandhi's Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press 1989), pp.56-7; 178-8
54. and Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin (London: Routledge 1997), pp.71-80, 109-13.
55. Parekh, Gandhi's Political Philosophy, pp. 177-179
56. and 'Presidential Address at the All-India Muslim League, Lahore Session, March 1940', p. 162
57. both Ahmad (note 24).
58. 'Message to the Bombay Presidency' (note 24) pp.178-9
59. and M.V. Pylee, India's Constitution (Bombay: Asia Publishing House 1962).
60. Sarvepalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Vol. 2: 1947-1956 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1979), chs 4, 12
61. V.P. Menon, Integration of the Indian States (Hyderabad: Orient Longman 1985)
62. and Paul Brass, The New Cambridge History of India, Part 4, Vol. 1: The Politics of India Since Independence, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994) [hereinafter NCHI, Part 4, Vol. 1], pp.36-7, 70, 135.
63. Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press 1967), pp.362-75
64. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (New York: St Martin's Press 1988), chs 3-4
65. Samad Yunas, A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 (New Delhi: Sage Publications 1995), chs 2-3, pp.126-31
66. and Ziring (note 22) pp.42-3, 45-57.
67. Kadian (note 22) pp.51-60, 73
68. Sumit Ganguly, The Origins of War in South Asia: Indo-Pakistani Conflicts Since 1947, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994), pp.35-6
69. and Rahman (note 22), pp.37-44, 71-2.
70. On the war, see Kadian (note 22) pp.74-85, 91-8
71. Ganguly, Origins of War (note 30) pp.13-14, 53
72. Rahman, (note 22) pp.17-19, 72-6, 81
73. Sumit Ganguly, Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press 2001), pp.8-10
74. and J.N. Dixit, India-Pakistan in War & Peace (London: Routledge 2002), pp.113-17.
75. Wolpert (note 22) pp.358-68
76. Brass, NCHI, Part 4, vol. 1, pp.76-7, 101-102
77. and Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf, A Concise History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002), pp.227-42.
78. Talbot (note 29) ch.5
79. Yunas (note 29) chs 4-5
80. and Ziring (note 22) pp.51-96.
81. Rahman (note 22) pp.95-7, 106.
82. Ziring (note 22) p.74.
83. For remarks on these issues, see Rahman (note 22) pp.101-102
84. Ganguly, Conflict Unending (note 31) p.27
85. and Dixit (note 31) pp.140-41.
86. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, The Myth of Independence (London: Oxford University Press 1969), pp.12, 33, 152, 178-80.
87. Brecher (note 25) pp.217-21, 225-6, ch.17
88. Krishan Bhatia, The Ordeal of Nationhood: A Social Study of India since Independence, 1947-1970 (New York: Atheneum 1971), chs 3-4, 6
89. Sarvepalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Vol. 3: 1956-1964 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1984), pp.264
90. Wolpert (note 22) pp.368-72
91. and Brass, NCHI, Part 4, Vol. 1, pp.164-82, 201-203.
92. Ziring (note 22) pp.96-101.
93. This section draws from Kadian (note 22) pp.105-107, 118-29
94. Ganguly, Origins of War (note 30) pp.66-7
95. and Ganguly, Conflict Unending (note 31) pp.35-6, 40.
96. On the war, see Kadian (note 22) pp.111, 128-31
97. Ganguly, Origins of War (note 30) pp.47-8, 71, 74-7
98. Rahman (note 22) pp.108-16
99. Ganguly, Conflict Unending (note 31) pp.43-7
100. and Dixit (note 31) pp.145-61.
101. Senese and Vasquez (note 2) p.278
102. see also Hensel (note 4) pp.87, 103.
103. On the Sino-Indian border dispute, see Sumit Ganguly, 'India and China: Border Issues, Domestic Integration, and International Security', in Francine R. Frankel and Harry Harding (eds), The India-China Relationship: What the United States Needs to Know (New York: Columbia University Press 2004), pp.103-33.
104. Norrin M. Ripsman, Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World War Settlements (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press 2003).