Forensic applications of isotope ratio mass spectrometry - A review

Forensic Science International

Volumn 157, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-22

  Benson, Sarah ^a,b   Lennard, Chris ^a   Maynard, Philip ^b   Roux, Claude ^b  

^a AFP Forensic Services   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Explosives; Forensic applications; Ignitable liquids; Illicit drugs; Isotope ratio; Isotope ratio mass spectrometry; Stable isotopes

Indexed keywords

CARBON; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; EXPLOSIVE; HYDROGEN; ILLICIT DRUG; ISOTOPE; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; SULFUR;

ARCHEOLOGY; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; FORENSIC SCIENCE; FRACTIONATION; HYPOTHESIS; ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY; KINETICS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; THERMODYNAMICS; WILDLIFE;

EID: 30944452973     PISSN: 03790738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. B.J. Smallwood, R.P. Philp, and J.D. Allen Stable carbon isotopic composition of gasolines determined by isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatography mass spectrometry Org. Geochem. 33 2002 149 159
2. A. Barrie, and S.J. Prosser Automated analysis of light-element stable isotopes by isotope ratio mass spectrometry T.W. Boutton S. Yamasaki Mass Spectrometry of Soils 1996 Marcel Dekker Inc New York 1 46
3. F. Fourel, Forensic Applications in Continuous Flow IRMS Using the IsoPrime. Presentation at the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Conference, 16-17 September 2002 (http://www.forensic-isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/conf/ conf.htm ).
4. J.P. Jasper, J.S. Edwards, L.C. Ford, and R.A. Corry Putting the arsonist at the scene: "DNA" for the fire investigator? Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry Fire Arson Invest. 51 2 2002 30 34
5. J.D. DeHaan Kirk's Fire Investigation 4th ed. 1997 Brady Prentice Hall New Jersey p. 55
6. W. Meier-Augenstein, and R.H. Liu Forensic applications of isotope ratio mass spectrometry J. Yinon Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry 2004 CRC Press USA 149 180
7. R.A. Werner, and W.A. Brand Referencing strategies and techniques in stable isotope ratio analysis Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 15 2001 501 519
8. Micromass Stable Isotope Standardisation Template. Chart no. CH20/DAM, Version 1, November 2000 (00/00329).
9. K.E. Peters, and J.M. Moldowan The Biomarker Guide Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments 1993 Prentice Hall New Jersey pp. 122-130
10. A. Barrie, J.E. Davies, A.J. Park, and C.T. Workman Continuous-flow stable isotope analysis for biologists Spectroscopy 4 7 1989 42 52
11. W. Brand High precision isotope ratio monitoring techniques in mass spectrometry J. Mass Spectrom. 31 1996 225 235
12. J. Hoogewerff, Origin of Trace Element and Isotope Variation, Relevance for Forensic Studies. Presentation at the NITECRIME workshop, Wellington, New Zealand, 2 April 2004.
13. E.M. Galimov The Biological Fractionation of Isotopes 1985 Academic Press Florida
14. F. Vanhaecke, and K.G. Heumann Precise isotope ratio measurements as a unique tool in modern analytical chemistry Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378 2004 227 228
15. T.B. Coplen, J.K. Bohlke, P. De Bievre, T. Ding, N.E. Holden, J.A. Hopple, H.R. Krouse, A. Lamberty, H.S. Peiser, K. Revesz, S.E. Rieder, K.J.R. Rosman, E. Roth, P.D.P. Taylor, R.D. Vocke Jr., and Y.K. Xiao Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC Technical Report) Pure Appl. Chem. 74 10 2002 1987 2017
16. T.C. Schmidt, L. Zwank, M.E.M. Berg, R.U. Meckenstock, and S.B. Haderlein Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of organic contaminants in natural environments: a critical review of the state of the art, prospects, and future challenges Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378 2004 283 300
17. 13C as a tool for comparison and origin assignment of seized heroin samples J. Forensic Sci. 42 3 1997 429 433
18. R.P. Philp Application of stable isotopes and radioisotopes in environmental forensics B.L. Murphy R.D. Morrison Introduction to Environmental Forensics 2002 Academic Press China 99 136
19. Website: http://isohis.iaea.org/userupdate/description/Precip0.html
20. T. Weilacher, G. Gleixner, and H.-L. Schmidt Carbon isotope pattern in purine alkaloids a key to isotope discriminations in C1 compounds Phytochemistry 41 4 1996 1073 1077
21. P.A. Hays, G.S. Remaud, E. Jamin, and Y.-L. Martin Geographic origin determination of heroin and cocaine using site-specific isotopic ratio deuterium NMR J. Forensic Sci. 45 3 2000 552 562
22. J.F. Carter, E.L. Titterton, M. Murray, and R. Sleeman Isotopic characterisation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4- methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (ecstacy) Analyst 127 2002 830 833
23. W. Meier-Augenstein Review: applied gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr. A 842 1999 351 371
24. M. Desage, R. Guilluy, J.L. Brazier, H. Chaudron, J. Girard, H. Cherpin, and J. Jumeau Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry or isotope-ratio mass spectrometry in studying the geographical origin of heroin Anal. Chim. Acta 247 1991 249 254
25. 15N isotopic analyses: a powerful tool to establish links between seized 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 376 2003 486 490
26. S.A. Phillips, S. Doyle, L. Philp, and M. Coleman Proceedings: network developing forensic applications of stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry Conference 2002 Sci. Justice 43 3 2003 153 160
27. 13C Isotopic analysis of an acetaminophen and diacetylmorphine mixture J. Chromatogr. A 756 1996 203 210
28. J. Schmitt, B. Glaser, and W. Zech Amount-dependent isotopic fractionation during compound-specific isotope analysis Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 17 2003 970 977
29. H.C. Urey Oxygen isotopes in nature and in the laboratory Science 108 1948 489 496
30. ThermoFinnigan DELTAPlusXP Operating Manual. Ident. No. 114 90 80, Issue 06/2002.
31. Micromass IsoPrime™ Solution Driven Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Brochure No. BR39/DAM Version 1 March 2001.
32. PDZ Europa 20-20 Series IRMS Product Information Sheet 02 Issue 1.1 Cat. No. 20401/3.
33. Website: http://www.forensic-isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/techniq/techniq.htm
34. Thermo Electron Corporation. Finnigan™ LC IsoLink Catalogue, 2003.
35. M. Krummen, A.W. Hilkert, D. Juchelka, A. Duhr, H.-J. Schlüter, and R. Pesch A new concept for isotope ratio monitoring liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 18 2004 2260 2266
36. 2 for mass spectrometry: an automated Dumas procedure Anal. Biochem. 13 1965 1 5
37. T. Preston, and N.J.P. Owens Interfacing an automatic elemental analyser with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer: the potential for fully automated total nitrogen and nitrogen-15 analysis Analyst 108 1983 971 977
38. J. Oesselmann, A. Hilkert, C.B. Douthitt, Trends in stable isotope analyses and applications. ThermoFinnigan DeltaPlus MAT 252 Application Presentation, 2001.
39. ThermoFinnigan ConFlo III Operating Manual. Ident. No. 111 0041, Issue 5/2001.
40. ThermoFinnigan High Temperature Conversion Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA) Operating Manual. Ident. No. 112 76 01, Issue 11/2001.
41. Micromass EA System The IRMS sample preparation device for Dumas combustion or pyrolysis of solids and liquids. Flyer No. FL56/DAM Version 2 May 2001.
42. 13C analyser Product Information Sheet 06 Issue 1 Cat. No. 20801.
43. D.E. Matthews, and J.M. Hayes Isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 50 11 1978 1465 1473
44. ThermoFinnigan High Temperature Conversion Interface (GC/TC) Operating Manual. Ident. No. 112 76 31, Issue 04/2001.
45. ThermoFinnigan GC Combustion Interface III (GC/CIII) Operating Manual. Ident. No. 111 00 71, Issue 06/2002.
46. Micromass GC System GC combustion and pyrolysis CF IRMS featuring ChromeHD™ technology. Flyer No. FL57/DAM Version 2 May 2001.
47. PDZ Europa GC-CP-IRMS Interface Product Information Sheet 03 Issue 1 Cat. No. 10401/1.
48. J.P. Jasper, F. Fourel, A. Eaton, J. Morrison, and A. Phillips Stable isotopic characterization of analgesic drugs Pharm. Technol. 2004 60 67
49. J.P. Jasper, B.J. Westenberger, J.A. Spencer, L.F. Buhse, and M. Nasr Stable isotopic characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 35 1 2004 21 30
50. 12C Ratios of Some Diazepam Samples Z. Naturforsch 31c 1976 111 114
51. T.R. Browne Stable Isotopes in Pharmaceutical Research 1997 Elsevier Science Amsterdam
52. J. Koziet, A. Rossmann, G.J. Martin, and P.R. Ashurst Determination of carbon-13 content of sugars of fruit and vegetable juices Anal. Chim. Acta 271 1993 31 38
53. Micromass Application Note 503 1999. GC-IRMS Detection of Adulterated Chamomile Extracts.
54. Micromass Application Note 502 1999. The use of GC-C-IRMS in the Detection of Adulterated Vanilla Bean Extracts.
55. 13C EA/IRMS to the detection of adulteration of honey. Micromass Application Brief AB8, 1999.
56. 12C Isotopes in Sparkling and Semi-sparkling Wine with the Aid of Simple On-line Sampling. Micromass Application Note 516, 2002.
57. J. Lofthouse, C. Rhodes, K. Heaton, C. Burwood, P. Brereton, S. Hird, The use of pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Py-IRMS) to Combat Fraud in the food industry: some lessons to be learnt for applications in forensics. Poster at the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Conference, 16-17 September 2002 (http://www.forensic-isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/conf/conf.htm ).
58. S. Kelly, J. Hoogewerff, Detection of Food Adulteration. Presentation at the NITECRIME workshop, Wellington, New Zealand, 2 April 2004.
59. D.A. Krueger, and H.W. Krueger Carbon isotopes in vanillin and the detection of falsified "natural" vanillin J. Agric. Food Chem. 31 1983 1265 1268
60. 13C in the carbonyl carbon J. Agric. Food Chem. 33 3 1985 323 325
61. L.W. Doner, H.W. Krueger, and R.H. Reesman Isotopic composition of carbon in apple juice J. Agric. Food Chem. 28 1980 362 364
62. G. Calderone, N. Naulet, C. Guillou, and F. Reniero Characterization of European wine glycerol: stable carbon isotope approach J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 2004 5902 5906
63. E. Jamin, F. Martin, C.G. Martin, A.I. Blanch-Cortes, N. Christoph, A. Ciambotti, S. Giraudon, R. Guerin, C. Guillou, S. Kelly, C. Lamoureux, J. Mazac, N. Naulet, F. Pavanello, M. Retif, A. Rossmann, and G. Versini Determination of the C-13/C-12 ratio of ethanol derived from fruit juices and maple syrup by isotope ratio mass spectrometry: collaborative study J. AOAC Int. 87 3 2004 621 631
64. K. Fink, E. Richling, F. Heckel, and P. Schreier Determination of H-2/H-1 and C-13/C-12 isotope ratios of (E)-methyl cinnamate from different sources using isotope ratio mass spectrometry J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 10 2004 3065 3068
65. R.P. Evershed, K.I. Arnot, J. Collister, G. Eglinton, and S. Charters Application of isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analysis of organic residues of archaeological origin Analyst 119 1994 909 914
66. J.A. Tripp, and R.E.M. Hedges Single-compound isotopic analysis of organic materials in archaeology LC GC N. Am. 22 11 2004 1098
67. N.C. Sturchio Use of table chlorine and carbon isotope analysis in environmental forensic investigations of groundwater contamination Abstracts from PITTCON - Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Conference Chicago, USA 7-12 March 2004
68. 18O Analysis to Animal Migration Patterns. Micromass Application Note 511, 2000.
69. T. Merren, J. Morrison, S. Dudd, K. Hobson, L. Wassenaar, Investigation of Whale Migration Patterns using Stable Isotope Variations in Baleen Growth Bands. Micromass Application Note 515, 2001.
70. J.A. Royle, and D.R. Rubenstein The role of species abundance in determining breeding origins of migratory birds with stable isotopes Ecol. Appl. 14 6 2004 1780 1788
71. M.A. Stelling, G.J.Q. Van der Peijl, Forensic methods for criminal investigations related to endangered species. Netherlands Forensic Institute report, December 2001.
72. J.-P. Renou, G. Bielicki, C. Deponge, P. Gachon, D. Micol, and P. Ritz Characterisation of animal products according to geographic origin and feeding diet using nuclear magnetic resonance and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Part II. Beef meat Food Chem. 86 2004 251 256
73. J.-P. Renou, C. Deponge, P. Gachon, J.-C. Bonnefoy, J.-B. Coulon, J.-P. Garel, R. Vérité, and P. Ritz Characterisation of animal products according to geographic origin and feeding diet using nuclear magnetic resonance and isotope ratio mass spectrometry: cow milk Food Chem. 85 2004 63 66
74. M. Boner, and H. Förstel Stable isotope variation as a tool to trace the authenticity of beef Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378 2004 301 310
75. M.A. Brescia, M. Monfreda, A. Buccolieri, and C. Carrino Characterisation of the geographical origin of buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese by means of analytical and spectroscopic determinations Food Chem. 89 2005 139 147
76. S.A. Phillips, S. Doyle, S. Mountford, Proceedings of the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Workshop, 14 May 2003 (http://www.forensic-isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/papers/workshop.pdf ).
77. 12C by EA/IRMS Forensic Studies Using the ConFlo II Interface. Application Flash Report No. 15. 12/1995 PL 0/1177.
78. K. Pye, Isotopic and trace element characterization of human teeth and bones for identification and provenance purposes. Presentation at the NITECRIME workshop, Wellington, New Zealand, 2nd April 2004.
79. H.W. Kreuzer-Martin, M.J. Lott, J.R. Ehleringer, Locating the Geographic Origin of Microbial Cultures Through Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis. Poster at the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Conference, 16-17 September 2002 (http://www.forensic-isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/conf/conf.htm ).
80. H.W. Kreuzer-Martin, L.A. Chesson, M.J. Lott, J.V. Dorigan, and J.R. Ehleringer Stable Isotope Ratios as a Tool in Microbial Forensics-Part 1. Microbial Isotopic Composition as a Function of Growth Medium J. Forensic Sci. 49 5 2004 954 960
81. H.W. Kreuzer-Martin, L.A. Chesson, M.J. Lott, J.V. Dorigan, and J.R. Ehleringer Stable isotope ratios as a tool in microbial forensics. Part 2. Isotopic variation among different growth media as a tool for sourcing origins of bacterial cells and spores J. Forensic Sci. 49 5 2004 1 7
82. J. Horita, and A.A. Vass Technical note: stable-isotope fingerprints of biological agents as forensic tools J. Forensic Sci. 48 1 2003 1 5
83. R. Bol, and C. Pflieger Stable isotope (C-13, N-15 and S-34) analysis of the hair of modern humans and their domestic animals Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 16 23 2002 2195 2200
84. D.J. Croft, and K. Pye The potential use of continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry as a tool in forensic soil analysis: a preliminary report Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 17 23 2003 2581 2584
85. T. Ohuchi, K. Muehlenbachs, Isotopic fingerprinting of market products: carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of polymer materials. Proceedings from the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (CSFS) 50th Anniversary Meeting Vancouver BC, 25-29 March 2003.
86. J.F. Carter, P.L. Grundy, J.C. Hill, N.C. Ronan, E.L. Titterton, and R. Sleeman Forensic isotope ratio mass spectrometry of packaging tapes Analyst 129 2004 1206 1210
87. G. Van der Peijl, S. Montero, W. Wiarda, and P. de Joode Isotopic and other investigations in relation to a safe burglary Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences Handbook and Programme Wellington, New Zealand, 28 March-2 April 2004
88. E. Ihle, and H.-L. Schmidt Multielement isotope analysis on drugs of abuse. Possibility for their origin assignment Isot. Environ. Health S. 32 1996 226 228
89. J.R. Ehleringer, D.A. Cooper, M.J. Lott, and C.S. Cook Geo-location of heroin and cocaine by stable isotope ratios Forensic Sci. Int. 106 1999 27 35
90. F. Besacier, and H. Chaudron-Thozet Chemical profiling of illicit heroin samples Forensic Sci. Rev. 11 2 1999 106 119
91. J.R. Ehleringer, J.F. Casale, M.J. Lott, and V.L. Ford Tracing the geographical origin of cocaine Nature 408 2000 311 312
92. J.H. Liu, W.-F. Lin, M.P. Fitzgerald, S.C. Saxena, and Y.N. Shieh Technical note: possible characterization of samples of Cannabis sativa L. by their carbon isotopic distributions J. Forensic Sci. 24 1979 814 816
93. T.M. Denton, S. Schmidt, C. Critchley, and G.R. Stewart Natural abundance of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in Cannabis sativa reflects growth conditions Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28 2001 1005 1012
94. FIRMS (Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2003.
95. M.J. Lott, J. Howa, J.R. Ehleringer, J.F. Jauregui, C. Douthitt, Detecting the Manufacturing Origins of Pseudoephedrines Through Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Poster at the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Conference, 16-17 September 2002 (http://www.forensic-isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/conf/ conf.htm ).
96. F. Mas, B. Beemsterboer, A.C. Veltkamp, and A.M.A. Verweij Technical note: determination of 'common-batch' members in a set of confiscated 3,4-(methylendioxy)-methylamphetamine samples by measuring the natural isotope abundance: a preliminary study Forensic Sci. Int. 71 1995 225 231
97. 14N Stable Isotope Ratios. Micromass Application Note 514, 2002.
98. F. Palhol, C. Lamoureux, M. Chabrillat, and N. Naulet N-15/N-14 isotopic ratio and statistical analysis: an efficient way of linking seized ecstasy Anal. Chim. Acta 510 2004 1 8
99. N. Kurashima, Y. Makino, S. Sekita, Y. Urano, and T. Nagano Determination of origin of ephedrine used as precursor for illicit methamphetamine by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis Anal. Chem. 76 2004 4233 4236
100. 14N isotopic ratio and statistical analysis: an efficient way of linking seized Ecstasy tablets Anal. Chim. Acta 510 2004 1 8
101. R. Aguilera, M. Becchi, H. Casabianca, C.K. Hatton, D.H. Catlin, B. Starcevic, and H.G. Pope Jr. Improved method of detection of testosterone abuse by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids J. Mass Spectrom. 31 2 1996 169 176
102. A. Phillips, Gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for confirming testosterone administration from urinary androstanediols, Micromass Application Note 501, 1999.
103. C.H.L. Shackleton, A. Phillips, T. Chang, and Y. Li Confirming testosterone administration by isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of urinary androstanediols Steroids 62 1997 379 387
104. A.T. Cawley, E.R. Hine, G.J. Trout, A.V. George, and R. Kazlauskas Searching for new markers of endogenous steroid administration in athletes: "looking outside the metabolic box" Forensic Sci. Int. 143 2004 103 114
105. C. Saudan, N. Baume, P. Mangin, and M. Saugy Urinary analysis of 16(5α)-andronsten-3α-ol by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry: implications in anti-doping analysis J. Chromatogr. B 810 2004 157 164
106. R. Aguilera, M. Becchi, L. Mateus, M.A. Popot, Y. Bonnaire, H. Casabianca, and C.K. Hatton Detection of exogenous hydrocortisone in horse urine by gas chromatography-combustion-carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr. B 702 1997 85 91
107. J.P. Jasper, J.S. Edwards, L.C. Ford, A Novel Method for Arson Accelerant Analysis: Gas Chromatography/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, 2001, Website: http://www.molecularisotopes.com/asia.html.
108. P.M.L. Sandercock, Forensic comparison of unevaporated and evaporated automotive gasoline samples from Australia and New Zealand. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Science) University of Technology, Sydney, December 2002.
109. M. Whittaker, S.J.T. Pollard, A.E. Fallick, and T. Preston Characterisation of refractory wastes at hydrocarbon-contaminated sites-II. Screening of reference oils by stable carbon isotope fingerprinting Environ. Pollut. 94 2 1996 195 203
110. I.R. Kaplan, Y. Galperin, S.-T. Lu, and R.-P. Lee Forensic environmental geochemistry: differentiation of fuel types, their sources and release time Org. Geochem. 27 1997 289 317
111. C.A. Kelley, B.T. Hammer, and R.B. Coffin Concentrations and stable isotope values of btex in gasoline-contaminated groundwater Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 1997 2469 2472
112. H.S. Dempster, B.S. Lollar, and S. Feenstra Tracing organic contaminants in groundwater: a new methodology using compound-specific isotopic analysis Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 11 1997 3193 3197
113. R.R. Harrington, S.R. Poulson, J.I. Drever, P.J.S. Colberg, and E.F. Kelly Carbon isotope systematics of monoaromatic hydrocarbons: vaporization and adsorption experiments Org. Geochem. 30 1999 765 775
114. E.J.M. Diegor, T. Abrajano, L. Stehmeier, T. Patel, L. Winsor, Proceedings of the 19th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey, 1999. extended abstract only, abstract No. 010A, p.29, Abstracts published by TUBITAK Marmara Research Centre, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey (cited).
115. J.M.E. Ahad, B.S. Lollar, E.A. Edwards, G.F. Slater, and B.E. Sleep Carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic biodegradation of toluene: implications for intrinsic bioremediation Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 2000 892 896
116. L. Mansuy, R.P. Philp, and J. Allen Source identification of oil spills based on the isotopic composition of individual components in weathered oil samples Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 1997 3417 3425
117. S.A. Harris, M.J. Whiticar, and M.K. Eek Molecular and isotopic analysis of oils by solid phase microextraction of gasoline range hydrocarbons Org. Geochem. 30 1999 721 737
118. K.M. Rogers, and M.M. Savard Detection of petroleum contamination in river sediments from Quebec City region using GC-IRMS Org. Geochem. 30 1999 1559 1569
119. Z. Wang, M. Fingas, and D.S. Page Review: oil spill identification J. Chromatogr. A 843 1999 369 411
120. J.P. Jasper, J.S. Edwards, L.C. Ford, R.A. Corry, An Initial Report of the Arson Stable-Isotope Analysis Project, Poster at the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Conference, 16-17 September 2002 (http://www.forensic- isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/conf/conf.htm ).
121. B.J. Smallwood, R.P. Philp, and T.W. Burgoyne The use of stable isotopes to differentiate specific source markers for MTBE Environ. Forensics 2 2001 215 221
122. R.P. Philp, J. Allen, and T. Kuder The use of the isotopic composition of individual compounds for correlating spilled oils and refined products in the environment with suspected sources Environ. Forensics 3 2002 341 348
123. K.L. Pond, Y. Huang, Y. Wang, and C.F. Kulpa Hydrogen isotopic composition of individual n-alkanes as an intrinsic tracer for bioremediation and source identification of petroleum contamination Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 2002 724 728
124. S.A. Harris, M.J. Whiticar, and M.G. Fowler Classification of Duvernay sourced oils from central and southern Alberta using Compound Specific Isotope Correlation (CSIC) B. Can. Petrol. Geol. 51 2 2003 99 125
125. A. Nissenbaum The distribution of natural stable isotopes of carbon as a possible tool for the differentiation of samples of TNT J. Forensic Sci. 20 1975 455 459
126. R.R. McGuire, C.G. Lee, C.A. Velsko, and E. Raber Application of stable isotope ratios to the analysis of explosive residues Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Analysis and Detection of Explosives Washington, DC, 4-8 December 1995
127. D. Wakelin, Isotopic ratio analysis of explosives traces - a new type of evidence, United Kingdom Defence Evaluation and Research Agency report DERA/CES/CS/CR000294, December 2000.
128. D. Wakelin, Isotopic ratio analysis of explosives traces - a new type of evidence Part 2, United Kingdom Defence Evaluation and Research Agency report DERA/DSTL/CR00569, April 2001.
129. A.M. Beardah, Stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry of explosives - a new type of evidence (Part 3), United Kingdom Defence Science and Technology Laboratory report DSTL/CR05104, October 2002.
130. M.J. Lott, J. Howa, J.R. Ehleringer, Locating the origins of explosives through stable isotope ratio analysis, Poster at the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Conference, 16-17 September 2002 (http://www.forensic- isotopes.rdg.ac.uk/conf/conf.htm ).
131. S. Benson, P. Maynard, C. Lennard, and C. Roux The analysis of explosives and ignitable liquids using isotope ratio mass spectrometry Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences Handbook and Programme Wellington, New Zealand, 28 March-2 April 2004