Why Hungary and Poland differed in 1989: The role of medium-term frames in explaining the outcomes of democratic transition

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 36-57

  Renwick, Alan ^a  

^a NEW COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Democratization; Frames; Hungary; Poland

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL HISTORY;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; HUNGARY; POLAND;

EID: 30644462716     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340500378233     Document Type: Article

References (153)

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14. Cf. the analytic narratives argument, that models can be applied only after model terms have been specified through careful historical study, made in Robert H. Bates et al., Analytic Narratives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 11.
15. Mark Brzezinski, The Struggle for Constitutionalism in Poland, revised edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 84.
16. For details, see Uncensored Poland News Bulletin [hereafter UPNB], 1989, Nos 10/11 (15 June), 12 (30 June) and 14 (29 July).
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18. UPNB, 1989, No. 16 (20 September), p. 7.
19. George Sanford, Poland: The Conquest of History (Amsterdam: Harwood, 1999), pp. 32-3.
20. For example, András Bozóki, 'The Hungarian Roundtable Talks of 1989 in a Central European Comparison', in Lee W. Congdon and Béla K. Király (eds), The Ideas of the Hungarian Revolution, Suppressed and Victorious, 1956-1999,
21. trans. Judit Zinner (Boulder, CO: Atlantic Research and Publications, 2002), p. 237;
22. Marjorie Castle, Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Transition (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), p. 2.
23. UPNB, 1989, No. 10-11 (15 June), pp. 3, 5-6;
24. UPNB, 1989 Election Supplement (18 June).
25. Anne Applebaum, 'Poles Apart Round the Table', The Spectator, 11 February 1989, p. 13;
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27. Piotr Stasiński, 'Hard Bargains at the Round Table', Uncaptive Minds, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1989), p. 2;
28. Stokes (note 1), p. 125.
29. See, for example, the comments in 'Roundtable Interviews: Democratization or Legitimization', Uncaptive Minds, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1989), pp. 2-4.
30. Gorbachev's Strasbourg speech, as quoted in Vladimir V. Kusin, 'Mikhail Gorbachev's Evolving Attitude to Eastern Europe', Radio Free Europe Background Report, 1989, No. 128 (20 July), p. 2.
31. Ibid., p. 1.
32. Batt (note 1), p. 381.
33. Interview with Lech Walȩsa, Konfrontacje, No. 9 (September 1988), p. 7.
34. Transcript of the first meeting of the Roundtable, 6 February 1989, in Krzysztof Dubiński (ed.), Okragły Stół [Round Table] (Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Promocyjna, 1999), p. 223.
35. FIDESZ, 'Programtervezet' ['Draft Programme'], Summer 1988,
36. reprinted in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor and László Vass (eds), Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1988 [Political Yearbook of Hungary 1988] (Budapest: R-Forma, 1989), pp. 720-1;
37. SZKH, 'Van kiút' ['There Is a Way Out'], May 1988, reprinted ibid., p. 767
38. FKGP, 'FKgFPP ideiglenes vezetoségének irányelvei a pártprogram kidolgozásához' ['Guiding Principles of the Temporary Leadership of the FKGP for Party Programme Development'], November 1988, reprinted ibid., p. 731.
39. SZKH, 'Állásfoglalás az országgyulési képviselok és tanácstagok választásáról szóló törvény módosítási tervezetrol' ['Position Statement on the Draft Amendment to the Law on Elections of Parliamentary Deputies and Council Members'], Beszélo, No. 25 (1988, No. 3),
40. reprinted in Fanny Havas (ed.), Beszélo: Összkiadás, 1981-1989 [Beszélo: Collected Edition, 1981-1989] (Budapest: AB-Beszélo, 1992), Vol. 3, p. 627.
41. Magyar Nemzet, 11 January 1989, p. 1; 14 January 1989, p. 4; 30 January 1989, p. 4; 31 January 1989, p. 1.
42. Magyar Nemzet, 18 March 1989, p. 3.
43. Rudolf L. Tokés, Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 333.
44. George Schöpflin, Rudolf Tokés and Iván Völgyes, 'Leadership Change and Crisis in Hungary', Problems of Communism, Vol. 37, No. 5 (1988), pp. 23-46.
45. Tokés (note 25), pp. 210-49.
46. Magyar Nemzet, 31 March 1989, p. 3.
47. Ibid., 24
48. Tokés (note 25), pp. 296, 324.
49. László Urbán, 'Hungarian Transition from a Public Choice Perspective', in András Bozóki, András Körösényi and George Schöpflin (eds), Post-Communist Transition: Emerging Pluralism in Hungary (London: Pinter, 1992), p. 93.
50. Voytek Zubek, 'Poland's Party Self-Destructs', Orbis, Vol. 34, No. 2 (1990), p. 187.
51. Paul G. Lewis, 'The Long Goodbye: Party Rule and Political Change in Poland since Martial Law', Journal of Communist Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1990), pp. 32-3;
52. Antoni Sułek, 'The Polish United Worker's Party: From Mobilisation to Non-Representation', Soviet Studies, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1990), pp. 500-2.
53. Sułek (note 33), pp. 500, 502.
54. Yudit Kiss, 'Privatization Paradoxes in East Central Europe', East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1994), pp. 123-32;
55. Kálmán Mizsei, 'Privatisation in Eastern Europe: A Comparative Study of Poland and Hungary', Soviet Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (1992), pp. 288-9.
56. Mizsei (note 35), p. 284;
57. similarly, see Kazimierz Z. Poznanski, 'Restructuring of Property Rights in Poland: A Study of Evolutionary Economics', East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1993), pp. 404-5.
58. László Bruszt and David Stark, 'Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From the Politics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition', in Ivo Banac (ed.), Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 42.
59. János, 'A visszaszámlálás megkezdodött' ['The Countdown Has Begun'], Beszélo, No. 27 (1989, No. 2),
60. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 3, pp. 802-3.
61. János Kis, 'Between Reform and Revolution', East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1998), p. 348.
62. Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 22;
63. Richard E. Walton and Robert B. McKersie, A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations: An Analysis of a Social Interaction System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), pp. 103-4;
64. Robert D. Putnam, 'Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logics of Two-Level Games', International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1988), p. 440.
65. Jan T. Gross, 'Poland: From Civil Society to Political Nation', in Banac (note 37),p. 60.
66. Goffman (note 2), p. 8.
67. Erik Bleich, 'Integrating Ideas into Policy-Making Analysis: Frames and Race Policies in Britain and France', Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 35, No. 9 (2002), p. 1063.
68. Blyth (note 2), pp. 4-5;
69. Hall (note 2), p. 279.
70. Hall (note 2), p. 291.
71. Randall Hansen and Desmond King, 'Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests, and Policy Variance: Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and the U.S.', World Politics, Vol. 53, No. 2 (2001), p. 260.
72. Hall (note 2), p. 291.
73. '34 magyar értelmiségi szolidaritási nyilatkozata Pavel Kohoutnak, a csehszlovákiai Charta 77 egyik bebörtönzött ügyvivojének' ['Declaration of Solidarity of 34 Hungarian Intellectuals with Pavel Kohout, One of the Imprisoned Spokespeople of Czechoslovakia's Charter 77'], in Ervin Csizmadia (ed.), A magyar demokratikus ellenzék (1968-1988): Dokumentumok [The Hungarian Democratic Opposition (1968-1988): Documents] (Budapest: T-Twins, 1995), p. 74; first issued 9 January 1977.
74. Ervin Csizmadia, A magyar demokratikus ellenzék (1968-1988): Monográfia [The Hungarian Democratic Opposition (1968-1988): Monograph] (Budapest: T-Twins Kiadó, 1995), p. 101.
75. David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Antipolitics: Opposition and Reform in Poland since 1968 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), p. 188.
76. János Kis, 'Másfél év után, ugyanarról' ['On the Same Subject, a Year and a Half Later'], Beszélo, No. 9 (February 1984),
77. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, p. 552.
78. Ibid., p. 551.
79. 'Hogyan keressünk kiutat a válságból?: A Beszélo javaslatai' ['How should we look for a way out of the crisis?: Beszélo's Proposals'], Beszélo, No. 5-6 (December 1982),
80. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, p. 234-8.
81. Ibid., p. 236.
82. Ibid., p. 236-7.
83. 'Társadalmi szerzodés: A politikai kibontakozás feltételei' ['Social Contract: The Conditions of Political Development'], Beszélo, No. 20 (June 1987),
84. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 2, pp. 757-8.
85. Ibid., p. 755.
86. Ibid., pp. 761, 782.
87. Ibid., pp. 759-61, 762.
88. Ibid., pp. 769-72.
89. Schöpflin, Tokés and Völgyes (note 26), p. 23.
90. 'Felhívás az SZKH megalakítására' ['Call for the Creation of the SZKH'], March 1988,
91. reprinted in Kurtán, Sándor and Vass (note 21), p. 766.
92. SZKH, 'Van kiút' (note 21), p. 767;
93. Csizmadia, Monográfia (note 49), p. 434.
94. SZKH, 'Állásfoglalás', pp. 626-7.
95. Csizmadia, Monográfia, p. 451.
96. Attila Wéber, A Fidesz-jelenség [The Fidesz Phenomenon] (Budapest: Napvilág, 1996), p. 14.
97. 'A lakiteleki nyilatkozat' ['The Lakitelek Declaration'], 27 September 1987,
98. reprinted in Kurtán, Sándor and Vass (note 21), p. 741;
99. József Debreczeni, A miniszterelnök: Antall József és a rendszerváltás [The Prime Minister: József Antall and the Régime Change] (Budapest: Osiris, 1998), p. 67.
100. Aleksander Smolar, 'The Polish Opposition', in Ferenc Fehér and Andrew Arato (eds), Crisis and Reform in Eastern Europe (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), pp. 210-12.
101. Adam Michnik, Takie czasy... Rzecz o kompromisie [Such Other Times... Concerning Compromise] (London: Aneks, 1985).
102. Ibid., pp. 137-8.
103. Jan Skórzyński, Ugoda i rewolucja: Władza i opozycja 1985-1989 [Compromise and Revolution: Regime and Opposition 1985-1989] (Warsaw: Presspublica, 1995), p. 11.
104. Andrzej Garlicki, Karuzela: Rzecz o okragłym stole [Carousel: On the Roundtable] (Warsaw: Czytelnik, 2003), p. 21.
105. An exception was a set of demands published in September 1985, but these related solely to the economic sphere ['TKK's Economic Demands, 24 September 1985', UPNB, 1985, No. 22 (14 November)].
106. UPNB, 1986, No. 19 (14 October), p. 13.
107. 'The May Manifesto: Statement of 61 Leading Personalities before the Papal Visit, 31 May 1987', reprinted in UPNB, 1987, No. 12 (16 June), p. 8.
108. 'Lech Wałesa's Statement on the Preparations for the Referendum, 20 October 1987', UPNB, 1987, No. 21 (30 October), p. 12.
109. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
110. 'Statement of Solidarity's National Executive Committee, 2nd May 1988', UPNB, 1988, No. 9 (16 May), p. 13.
111. 'Solidarity's National Executive Commission: Statement on Recent Strikes, 30 May 1988', UPNB, 1988, No. 11 (10 June), p. 9.
112. 'Joint Declaration by Solidarity Leaders and Polish Intellectuals, Gdansk, 11 September 1988', UPNB, 1988, No. 18 (30 September), pp. 7-8.
113. Anatol Lewina, Maciej Poleski and Maciej Zalewski, 'The Questions Solidarity Members Would Like to Ask', UPNB, 1987, No. 4 (20 February), p. 24. Insertions in original translation.
114. Ibid., p. 25.
115. Ibid., p. 27.
116. János Kis, 'Gondolatok a közeljövorol' ['Thoughts on the Near Future'], Beszélo, No. 3 (May 1982), in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, p. 122.
117. Jacek Kuroón, 'Patience and Perseverance Will Not Suffice', UPNB, 1986, No. 23-24 (25 December), p. 27;
118. first published in Tygodnik Mazowsze, No. 191 (10 December 1986).
119. Werner Hahn, 'Electoral Choice in the Soviet Bloc', Problems of Communism, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1987), pp. 35-7.
120. '100 Solidarity Activists Appeal for Electoral Boycott, 9 September 1985', UPNB, 1985, No. 18 (12 September), p. 14;
121. see also subsequent editions of UPNB for reporting on the boycott; Ferenc Koszeg, 'Kér még a nép? A választási reformtól a szavazásig' ['Do the People Still Demand? From the Electoral Reform to the Vote'], Beszélo, No. 13-14 (1985), reprinted in Havas (ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 186-7.
122. Koszeg, pp. 185, 190.
123. Dénes Csonka, 'Döcögo parlamentarizmus' ['Hobbling Parliamentarism'], Beszélö, No. 19 (1987, No. 1),
124. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 2, p. 724.
125. Castle (note 12), p.42;
126. Paweł Smoleński and Wojciech Giełzyński, Robotnicy '88 [Workers '88] (London: Aneks, 1989).
127. 'Lapunk elé' ['Before Our Journal'], Beszélo, No. 1 (October 1981),
128. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, p. 12.
129. Tokés, p. 187.
130. László Bruszt, '1989: The Negotiated Revolution in Hungary', in Bozóki, Körösényi and Schöpflin (note 31), p. 48;
131. first published in Social Research, 57 (Summer 1990).
132. 'Hogyan sztrájkolnak Magyarországon?' ['How Do they Strike in Hungary?'], Beszélo, No. 1 (October 1981),
133. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, pp. 26-7;
134. 'Sikeres összefogás' ['Successful Collective Action'], Beszélö, No. 2 (January 1982),
135. reprinted ibid., pp. 79-80.
136. For examples of statements by local strike committees translated into English, see UPNB, 1988, No. 16-17 (10 September), pp. 16-18.
137. Putnam (note 40), p. 434.
138. János Kis, 'Mitol féljünk?' ['What Should We Fear?'], Beszélo, No. 23 (1988, No. 1),
139. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 3, p. 219.
140. Michnik (note 69), p. 139.
141. János Kis, 'Az új választási törvényrol - utólag' ['On the New Electoral Law - After the Event'], Beszélo, No. 9 (February 1984),
142. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, p. 492.
143. Janina Frentzel-Zagorska, 'Civil Society in Poland and Hungary', Soviet Studies, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1990), p. 766.
144. Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism vs. Realism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 252-3.
145. Csizmadia, Monográfia (note 49), p. 237.
146. Emil Kürthy, 'Polgárrá válni' ['To Become a Citizen'], Beszélo, No. 4 (September 1982),
147. reprinted in Havas (note 22), Vol. 1, p. 191.
148. Dénes Csonka, 'Az optimista alternatíva körvonalai: Magyarország illírizálása' ['The Contours of the Optimistic Alternative: The Illyrianization of Hungary'], Beszélo, No. 5-6 (December 1982),
149. reprinted ibid., p. 265.
150. György Konrád, 'Adottságainkból kell kiindulnunk' ['We Must Proceed from What We Are Given'], Beszélo, No. 8 (October 1983),
151. reprinted ibid., pp. 453-6.
152. 'Hogyan keressünk' (note 53).
153. Interview with János Kis, 29 July 2004.