Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM): A viral disease with an autoimmune component

Dermatology Online Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-30

  Aurelian, L ^a   Ono, F ^a   Burnett, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; CD34 ANTIGEN; CELL ANTIGEN; CELL PROTEIN; DNA FRAGMENT; DNA POLYMERASE; EPITOPE; GAMMA INTERFERON; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VIRUS ANTIGEN; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; AUTOIMMUNITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE COURSE; DNA DETERMINATION; DNA TRANSFER; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG INDUCED ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; GENE EXPRESSION; HERPES ASSOCIATED ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LANGERHANS CELL; LEUKOCYTE; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; MONOCYTE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RASH; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TH1 CELL; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS INFECTION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL CLONE; EPIDERMIS; HERPES SIMPLEX; IMMUNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; KERATINOCYTE; METABOLISM; NECROSIS; PATHOLOGY; RECURRENT DISEASE; UPREGULATION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VIROLOGY;

ANTIGENS, SURFACE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; CLONE CELLS; DNA, VIRAL; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; EPIDERMIS; ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; HERPES SIMPLEX; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1; INTERFERON TYPE II; KERATINOCYTES; NECROSIS; RECURRENCE; SIMPLEXVIRUS; UP-REGULATION;

EID: 3042781292     PISSN: 10872108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Hebra, F. von, On Diseases of the Skin including Exanthemata, vol. 1. translated by C.H. Fagge, London, New Sydenham Society pp 285-289, 1866
2. Huff JC, Weston WL, Tonnesen MG: Erythema multiforme: a critical review of characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:763-775.
3. Leigh IM, Mowbray JF, Levene GM, Sutherland S: Recurrent and continuous erythema multiforme - a clinical and immunologic study. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;10:58-67.
4. Dowd RM, Champion RH. Erythema multiforme. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, Breatnach SM eds. Textbook of Dermatology 6th edition, . Blackwell Science Pub. Oxford UK. pp: 2081-2084, 1998.
5. Margolis RJ, Tonnesen MG, Harrist TJ, Bhan AK, Wintroub BV, Mihm MC, Soter NA: Lymphocyte subsets Langerhans cells and indeterminate cells in erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:403-406.
6. Zaim MT, Giorno RC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS, Huff JC: An immunopathologic study of herpes-associated erythema multiforme. J Cutan Pathol 1987;14:257-262.
7. Malmstrom M, Ruokonen H, Konttinen YT, Bergroth V, et al. Herpes simplex virus antigens and inflammatory cells in oral lesions in recurrent erythema multiforme. Acta Derm Venereol 1990;70:405-410.
8. Ford, MJ., Smith KL, Croker BP, Hacker SM, Flowers FP. Large granular lymphocytes within the epidermis of erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:460-462.
9. Katz, J., Livneh, A., Shemer, J., Danon, Y.L., Peretz, B. herpes simplex-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM): a clinical therapeutic dilemma. Pediatr Dent 1999;21:359-362.
10. Assier H, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, Roujeau J-C. Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:539-542.
11. Paquet P, Pierard GE. Erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparative study. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:127-132.
12. Auquier-Durant A, Mockenhaupt M, Naldi L, Correia O, Scroder W, Roujeau JC. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal necrolysis. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1019-1024.
13. Villiger RM, vonVigier RO, Ramelli GP, Hassink RI, Bianchetti MG. Precipitants in 42 cases of erythema multiforme. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:929-932.
14. Onishi I, Kishimoto S. Erythema multiforme after resolution of herpes zoster by acyclovir. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12:370-2.
15. Weston WL, Morelli JG. Herpes simplex virus-associated erythema multiforme in prepubertal children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:1014-1016.
16. Kokuba S, Imafuku S, Huang S, Aurelian L, Burnett J. Expression of a herpes simplex virus (HSV) gene and the qualitative nature of the HSV-specific T cell response are associated with the development of erythema multiforme lesions. J Brit Dermatol 1998;138:952-964.
17. Zohdi-Mofid M, Horn TD. Acrosyringeal concentration of necrotic keratinocytes in erythema multiforme: a clue to drug etiology. Clinicopathologic review of 29 cases. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:235-240.
18. Kokuba H, Kauffman CL, Burnett JW, and Aurelian L. Clinical and virologic comparison of three patients with erythema multiforme. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999;79:247-248.
19. Kokuba H., Aurelian, L., Burnett, J.W. Herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme (HAEM) is mechanistically distinct from drug-induced EM: IFN-γ is expressed in HAEM lesions and TNF-α in drug-induced EM lesions. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:808-815.
20. Smith EM, McLaren LC: Attempt to recover simplex virus from skin sites of recurrent infection. Int J Dermatol 1977;16:748-757.
21. Orton PW, Huff JC, Tonnesen MG, Weston WL: Detection of herpes simplex virus antigen in skin lesions of erythema multiforme. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:48-50.
22. Miura S, Smith CC, Burnett JW, Aurelian L: Detection of viral DNA within skin of healed recurrent herpes simplex infection and erythema multiforme lesions. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98:68-72.
23. Imafuku S, Kokuba H, Aurelian L, Burnett J. Expression of herpes simplex virus DNA fragments located in epidermal keratinocytes and germinative cells is associated with the development of erythema multiforme lesions. J Invest. Dermatol 1997;109:550-556.
24. Brice SL, Krzemien D, Weston WL, Huff JC: Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 1989;93:183-187.
25. Cao M, Xiao X, Egbert B, Darragh TM, Yen TSB: Rapid detection of cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection with polymerase-chain reaction. J Invest Dermatol 1989;92:391-392.
26. Darragh TM, Egbert M, Berger TG, Yen TSB: Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA in lesions of erythema multiforme by the polymerase chain reaction. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:23-26.
27. Aslanzadeh J, Helm KF, Espy MJ, Muller SA, Smith TF: Detection of HSV-specific DNA in biopsy tissue of patients with erythema multiforme by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:19-23.
28. Yokoi K. Erythema multiforme and HSV. The Japanese J Dermatol 1995;105:1661-1664.
29. Larcher C, Gasser A, Hattmannstorfer R, Obexer P, Furhapter C, Fritsch P, Sepp N. Interaction of HSV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cultured dermal microvascular endothelial cells: a potential model for the pathogenesis of HSV-1 induced erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:150-156.
30. Reddig PJ, Grinstead LA, Monahan SJ, Johnson PA, Parris DS. The essential in vivo function of the herpes simplex virus UL42 protein correlates with its ability to stimulate the viral DNA polymerase in vitro. Virology 1994;200:447-456.
31. Pancake BA, Wassef EH, Zucker-Franklin D. Demonstration of antibodies to HTLV-I tax in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, who are seronegative for antibodies to the structural proteins of the virus. Blood 1996;88:3004-3009.
32. Persing DH, Rutledge BJ, Rys PN, Podzorski DS, et al. Target imbalance: disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi genetic material in synovial fluid from Lyme arthritis patients. J Inf Dis 1994;169:668-672.
33. Aurelian L, Kessler II: Subclinical herpes virus infections of the genital tract are commonly associated with viral shedding. Cervix 1985;3:235-248.
34. Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, Ashley RL, Corey L: Virologic characteristics of subclinical and symptomatic genital herpes infections. New Engl. J. Med 1995;333:770-775.
35. Kokuba, H., Imafuku, S., Burnett, J.W., Aurelian, L. Longitudinal study of a patient with herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme: viral gene expression and T cell repertoire usage. Dermatology 1999;198:233-242.
36. Shelley WB: Herpes simplex virus as a cause of erythema multiforme. JAMA 1967;201:153-156.
37. Tatnall FM, Schofield JK, Leigh IM. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of continusous acyclovir therapy in recurrent erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:267-270.
38. Kerob, D. Recurrent erythema multiforme unresponsive to acyclovir prohylaxis and responsive to valacyclovir continuous therapy. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:877.
39. Advani SJ, Weichselbaum RR, Roizman B. cdc2 cyclin-dependent kinase binds and phosphorylates herpes simplex virus 1 Ul42 DNA synthesis processivity factor. J Virol 2001;75:10326-10333.
40. Inachi S, Mizutani H, Shimizu M. Epidermal apoptotic cell death in erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:845-849.
41. Brice SL, Stockert SS, Bunker JD, Bloomfield D, Huff JC, Norris DA, Weston WL. The herpes-specific immune response of individuals with herpes-associated erythema multiforme copmpared with that of individuals with recurrent herpes labialis. Dermatol Res 1993;285:193-196.
42. Wang X-H, Ohmen JD, Uyemura K, Rea TO, Kronenberg M, Modlin RL. Selection of T lymphocytes bearing limited T-cell receptor chains in the response to a human pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993;90:188-192.
43. Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, et al. The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci 1997;84:254-258.
44. Davies TF, Martin A, Concepcion ES, Graves P, Cohen L, Ben Nun A. Evidence of limited variability of antigen receptors on intrathyroidal T cells in autoimmune thyroid disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325:238-244.
45. Ohmen JD, Moy RL, Zovich D, Lieberman A, et al.: Selective accumulation of T cells according to T cell receptor V_ gene usage in skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:751-757.
46. Schofield, JK, Tatnall FM, Brown McCloskey JD, Navarrete C, I. Leigh IM. Recurrent erythema multiforme: tissue typing in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:532-535.
47. Khalil I., Lepage Douay VC, Morin L, al-Daccak R, Wallach D, et al. HLA DQB1*0301 allele is involved in the susceptibility to erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:697-700.
48. Legendre C, Russell AS, Jeannet M. HLA antigens in patients with recrudescent herpes simplex infections. Tissue Antigens 1982;19:85-89.
49. Malo A, Kampgen E, Wank ER. Recurrent herpes simplex virus-induced erythema multiforme: different HLA DQB1 alleles associate with severe mucous membrane versus skin attcks. Scand J Immunol 1998;47:408-411.
50. Staats HF, Lausch RN. Cytokine expression in vivo during murine herpetic stromal keratitis. J Immunol 1993;151:277-283.
51. Fegali CA, Wright TM. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation. Front. Biosc 1997;2:12-26.
52. Colditz IG, Watson DL. The effect of cytokines and chemotactic agonsist on the migration of T lymphocytes into skin. Immunology 1992;76:272-278.
53. Barker JNWN, Mitra RS, Griffiths CEM, Dixit VM, Nickoloff BJ. Keratinocytes as initiators of inflammation. Lancet 1991;337:211-214.
54. Arany I, Brysk MM, Brysk H, Tyring SK. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels by differentiation and cytokines in human keratinocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm 1996;220:618-622.
55. Nacy CA, Maltzer MS. T cell-mediated activation of macrophages. Curr. Opin. Immunol 1995;3:330-335.
56. Spandau U, Brocker EB, Kampgen E, Gillitzer R. CC and CXC chemokines are differentially expressed in erythema multiforme in vivo. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1027-1033.
57. Basham TY, Nickoloff BJ, Merigan TC, Morhenn VB. Recombinant gamma interferon HLA-DR on cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1984;83:88-92.
58. Kalish RS. Non-specifically activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are cytotoxic for human keratinocytes in vitro. J Immunol 1989;142:74-80.
59. Miklsoka Z, Cunningham AL. Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins gB, gC and gD are major targets for CD4 T lymphocyte cytotoxicity in HLA-DR expressing humnan epidermal keratinocytes. J Gen Virol 1998;79:353-361.
60. Banks TA, Allen EM, Dasgupta S, Sandri-Goldin R, Rouse BT. Herpes simplex virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize immediate-early protein ICP27. J Virol 1991;65:3185-3191.
61. Sayama N, Watanabe Y, Tohyama M, Miki Y. Localization of perforin in viral vesicles and erythema multiforme. Dermatology 1994;188:305-309.
62. Tigges MA, Koelle D, Hartog K, Sekulovich RE, et al. Human CD8+ Herpes simplex virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones recognize diverse virion protein antigens. J Virol 1992;66:1622-1634.
63. Miura S, Kulka M, Smith CC, Imafuku S, et al. Cutaneous UV radiation inhibits herpes simplex virus-induced lymphoproliferation in latently infected subjects. Clin Imm Immunopathol 1994;72:62-69.
64. Hernandez TR, Lehman IR. Functional interaction between the herpes simplex-1 DNA polymerase and UL42 protein. J Biol Chem 1990;265:11227-11232.
65. Rouse, BT. Virus-induced immunopathology. Adv Virus Res 1996;47:353-376.
66. Hemmer B, Fleckenstein BT, Vergelli M, Jung G, McFarland H, et al. Identification of high potency microbial and self ligands for a human autoreactive class II-restricted T cell clone. J Exp Med 1997;185:1651-1659.
67. Gyotoku, T, Ono, F Aurelian, L. Development of HSV-specific CD4+ Th1 responses and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with antiviral activity by vaccination with the HSV-2 mutant ICP10_PK. Vaccine 2002;20:2796-2807.
68. Zhao Z-S, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H. Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus type 1: autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 1998;279:1344-1347.
69. Koelle DM, Chen HB, McClurkan CM, Petersdorf EW. Herpes simplex virus type 2-specific CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte cross-reactivity against prevalent HLA class I alleles. Blood 2002;99:3844-3847.
70. Sporn MB, Roberst AB. Transforming growth factor-β: recent progress and new challenges. J Cell Biol 1992;119:1017-1021.
71. McCartney-Francis NL, Wahls SM. Transforming growth factor β: a matter of life and death. J. Leukocyte Biol 1994;55:401-409.
72. Ravitz MJ, Wenner CE. Cyclin dependent regulation during G1 phase and cell cycle regulation by TGF-β. Adv Cancer Res 1997;71:165-207.
73. Strobl H, Riedl E, Schneicker C, Bello-Fernandez C, et al. TGF-β1 promotes in vitro development of dendritic cells from CD34+ hemopoietic progenitors. J Immunol 1996;157:1499-1507.
74. Aurelian L, Kokuba H., Burnett JW. Understanding the pathogenesis of HSV-associated erythema multiforme. Dermatology 1998;197:219-222.
75. Bruynzeel I, VanDer Raaij EMH, Boorsma DM, DeHaan P, Willemze R. Increased adherence to keratinocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes of a patient with drug-induced erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:45-49.
76. Strunk D, Egger C, Leitner G, Hanau D, Stingl G. A skin homing molecule defines the Langerhans cell progenitor in human peripheral blood. J Exp Med 1997;186:1131-1136.