Dispersal-mediated coexistence of competing predators

Theoretical Population Biology

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 53-70

  Namba, Toshiyuki ^a   Hashimoto, Chiemi ^a  

^a Osaka Prefecture University   (Japan)

Author keywords

Competition colonization trade off; Dispersal mediated coexistence; Metacommunity; Source sink habitat; Spatial synchrony; Subsidized effect

Indexed keywords

COEXISTENCE; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); DISPERSAL; METAPOPULATION; NUMERICAL MODEL; PREDATOR;

ALGORITHM; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATION; THEORETICAL MODEL;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENT; MODELS, THEORETICAL; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; SPATIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 3042766296     PISSN: 00405809     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2004.03.003     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Adler F.R. Migration alone can produce persistence of host-parasitoid models. Am. Nat. 141:1993;642-650
2. Adler F.R., Mosquera J. Is space necessary? Interference competition and limits to biodiversity. Ecology. 81:2000;3226-3232
3. Amarasekare P. Spatial dynamics in a host-multiparasitoid community. J. Anim. Ecol. 69:2000;201-213
4. Amarasekare P. Coexistence of competing parasitoids on a patchily distributed host. local vs. spatial mechanisms Ecology. 81:2000;1286-1296
5. Amarasekare P., Nisbet R.M. Spatial heterogeneity, source-sink dynamics, and the local coexistence of competing species. Am. Nat. 158:2001;572-584
6. Armstrong R.A. Fugitive species. experiments with fungi and some theoretical considerations Ecology. 57:1976;953-963
7. Armstrong R.A., McGehee R. Competitive exclusion. Am. Nat. 115:1980;151-170
8. Bascompte, J., Solé, R.V. (Eds.), 1998. Modeling Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Ecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
9. Bengtsson J. Interspecific competition in metapopulations. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42:1991;219-237
10. Bj ø rnstad O.N., Ims R.A., Lambin X. Spatial population dynamics. analyzing patterns and processes of population synchrony Trends Ecol. Evol. 14:1999;427-432
11. Blasius B., Huppert A., Stone L. Complex dynamics and phase synchronization in spatially extended ecological systems. Nature. 399:1999;354-359
12. Bolker B.M., Pacala S.W. Spatial moment equations for plant communities. understanding spatial strategies and the advantages of short dispersal Am. Nat. 153:1999;575-602
13. Bolker B.M., Pacala S.W., Neuhauser C. Spatial dynamics in model plant communities. What do we really know? Am. Nat. 162:2003;135-148
14. Brown J.H., Kodric-Brown A. Turnover rates in insular biogeography. effect of immigration on extinction Ecology. 58:1977;445-449
15. Burkey T.V. Metapopulation extinction in fragmented landscapes. using bacteria and protozoa communities as model ecosystems Am. Nat. 150:1997;568-591
16. Cantrell R.S., Cosner C. On the effects of spatial heterogeneity on the persistence of interacting species. J. Math. Biol. 37:1998;103-145
17. Caswell, H., Etter, R., 1993. Ecological interactions in patchy environments: from patch-occupancy models to cellular automata. In: Levin, S.A., Powell, T.M., Steele, J.H. (Eds.), Patch Dynamics. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, Vol. 96. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 93-109.
18. Codeço C.T., Grover J.P. Competition along a spatial gradient of resource supply. a microbial experimental model Am. Nat. 157:2001;300-315
19. Comins H.N., Hassell M.P. Persistence of multispecies host-parasitoid interactions in spatially distributed models with local dispersal. J. Theor. Biol. 183:1996;19-28
20. Comins H.N., Hassell M.P., May R.M. The spatial dynamics of host-parasitoid systems. J. Anim. Ecol. 61:1992;735-748
21. Crowley P.H. Dispersal and the stability of predator-prey interactions. Am. Nat. 118:1981;673-701
22. Czárán T. Spatiotemporal Models of Population and Community Dynamics. 1998;Chapman & Hall, London
23. Davis A.J., Jenkinson L.S., Lawton J.H., Shorrocks B., Wood S. Making mistakes when predicting shifts in species range in response to global warming. Nature. 391:1998;783-786
24. Debinski D.M., Holt R.D. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conserv. Biol. 14:2000;342-355
25. de Roos A.M., McCauley E., Wilson W.G. Pattern formation and the spatial scale of interaction between predators and their prey. Theor. Popul. Biol. 53:1998;108-130
26. Dias P.C. Sources and sinks in population biology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:1996;326-330
27. Dieckmann, U., Law, R., Metz, J.A.J. (Eds.), 2000. The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
28. Durrett R., Levin S.A. The importance of being discrete (and spatial). Theor. Popul. Biol. 46:1994;363-394
29. Gilbert F., Gonzalez A., Evans-Freke I. Corridors maintain species richness in the fragmented landscapes of a microecosystem. Proc. R. Soc. London B. 265:1998;577-582
30. Gilpin, M.E., Hanski, I.A. (Eds.), 1991. Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. Academic Press, London.
31. Gleeson S.K., Tilman D. Allocation and the transient dynamics of succession on poor soils. Ecology. 71:1990;1144-1155
32. Gonzalez A., Lawton J.H., Gilbert F.S., Blackburn T.M., Evans-Freke I. Metapopulation dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem. Science. 281:1998;2045-2047
33. Grenfell B.T., Wilson K., Finkenstädt B.F., Coulson T.N., Murray S., Albon S.D., Pemberton J.M., Clutton-Brock T.H., Crawley M.J. Noise and determinism in synchronized sheep dynamics. Nature. 394:1998;674-677
34. Grubb P.J. Problems posed by sparse and patchily distributed species in species rich plant communities. Diamond J., Case T.J. Community Ecology. 1986;207-226 Harper & Row, New York
35. Gundersen G., Johannesen E., Andreassen H.P., Ims R.A. Source-sink dynamics. how sinks affect demography of sources Ecol. Lett. 4:2001;14-21
36. Hanski I. Colonization of ephemeral habitats. Gray A.J., Crawley M.J., Edwards P.J. Colonization, Succession and Stability. 1987;155-185 Academic Press, San Diego
37. Hanski I. Dung and carrion insects. Shorrocks B., Swingland I.R. Living in a Patchy Environment. 1990;127-145 Oxford University Press, Oxford
38. Hanski I. Metapopulation dynamics. Nature. 396:1998;41-49
39. Hanski I. Metapopulation Ecology. 1999;Oxford University Press, Oxford
40. Hanski I.A., Gilpin M.E. Metapopulation dynamics. brief history and conceptual domain Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42:1991;3-16
41. Hanski, I.A., Gilpin, M.E. (Eds.), 1997. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. Academic Press, San Diego.
42. Hanski I., Ranta E. Coexistence in a patchy environment. three species of Daphnia in rock pools J. Anim. Ecol. 52:1983;263-279
43. Hanski I.A., Simberloff D. The metapopulation approach, its history, conceptual domain, and application to conservation. Hanski I.A., Gilpin M.E. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. 1997;5-26 Academic Press, San Diego
44. Hanski I., Woiwod I.P. Spatial synchrony in the dynamics of moth and aphid populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 62:1993;656-668
45. Hanski I., Zhang Da-Yong. Migration, metapopulation dynamics and fugitive coexistence. J. Theor. Biol. 163:1993;491-504
46. Harrison S., Thomas C.D., Lewinsohn T.M. Testing metapopulation model of coexistence in the insect community of ragwort (Senecio jacobea). Am. Nat. 145:1995;546-562
47. Hassell M.P., Wilson H.B. The dynamics of spatially distributed host-parasitoid systems. Tilman D., Kareiva P. Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. 1997;75-110 Princeton University Press, Princeton
48. Hassell M.P., Comins H.N., May R.M. Spatial structure and chaos in insect population dynamics. Nature. 353:1991;255-258
49. Hassell M.P., Comins H.N., May R.M. Species coexistence and self-organizing spatial dynamics. Nature. 370:1994;290-292
50. Hastings A. Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space. Theor. Popul. Biol. 18:1980;363-373
51. Heino M., Kaitala V., Ranta E., Lindström J. Synchronous dynamics and rates of extinction in spatially structured populations. Proc. R. Soc. London B. 264:1997;481-486
52. Hogeweg P., Hesper B. Two predators and one prey in a patchy environment. an application of MICMAC modeling J. Theor. Biol. 93:1981;411-432
53. Holmes E.E., Wilson H.B. Running from trouble. long-distance dispersal and the competitive coexistence of inferior species Am. Nat. 151:1998;578-585
54. Holmes E.E., Lewis M.A., Banks J.E., Veit R.R. Partial differential equations in ecology. spatial interactions and population dynamics Ecology. 75:1994;17-29
55. Holt R.D. Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and coexistence of prey species. Am. Nat. 124:1984;377-406
56. Holt R.D. Population dynamics in two-patch environments. some anomalous consequences of optimal habitat selection Theor. Popul. Biol. 28:1985;181-208
57. Holt R.D. Ecology at the mesoscale: the influence of regional processes on local communities. Ricklefs R.E., Schulter D. Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. 1993;77-88 University of Chicago Press, Chicago
58. Holt R.D. Food webs in space: an island biogeographic perspective. Polis G.A., Winemiller K.O. Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. 1996;313-323 Chapman & Hall, New York, London
59. Holt R.D. Adaptive evolution in source-sink environments. direct and indirect effects of density-dependence on niche evolution Oikos. 75:1996;182-192
60. Holt R.D. Community modules. Gange A.C., Brown V.K. Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial Systems. 1997;333-350 Blackwell Science, Oxford
61. Holt R.D. On the evolutionary stability of sink populations. Evol. Ecol. 11:1997;723-731
62. Holt R.D., Hassell M.P. Environmental heterogeneity and the stability of host-parasitoid interactions. J. Anim. Ecol. 62:1993;89-100
63. Holyoak M., Lawler S.P. Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics. Ecology. 77:1996;1867-1879
64. Holyoak M., Lawler S.P. The role of dispersal in predator-prey metapopulation dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 65:1996;640-652
65. Horn H.S., MacArthur R.H. Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin environment. Ecology. 53:1972;749-752
66. Hsu S.B., Hubbell S.P., Waltman P. A mathematical theory for single-nutrient competition in continuous cultures of micro-organisms. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 32:1977;366-383
67. Hsu S.B., Hubbell S.P., Waltman P. Competing predators. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 35:1978;617-625
68. Hsu S.B., Hubbell S.P., Waltman P. A contribution to the theory of competing predators. Ecol. Monog. 48:1978;337-349
69. Hutchinson G.E. Copepodology for the ornithologist. Ecology. 32:1951;571-577
70. Ims R.A., Steen H. Geographical synchrony in microtine population cycles. a theoretical evaluation of the role of nomadic avian predators Oikos. 57:1990;381-387
71. Ives A.R. Continuous-time models of host-parasitoid interactions. Am. Nat. 140:1992;1-29
72. Iwasa Y., Roughgarden J. Interspecific competition among metapopulations with space-limited subpopulations. Theor. Popul. Biol. 30:1986;194-214
73. Jäger W., So W.-H., Tang B., Waltman P. Competition in the gradstat. J. Math. Biol. 25:1987;23-42
74. Jansen V.A.A. Regulation of predator-prey systems through spatial interactions. a possible solution to the paradox of enrichment Oikos. 74:1995;384-390
75. Jansen V.A.A. The dynamics of two diffusively coupled predator-prey populations. Theor. Popul. Biol. 59:2001;119-131
76. Jansen V.A.A., Sigmund K. Shaken not stirred. on permanence in ecological communities Theor. Popul. Biol. 54:1998;195-201
77. Jansen V.A.A., Yoshimura J. Populations can persist in an environment consisting of sink habitats only. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;3696-3698
78. Kareiva P. Habitat fragmentation and the stability of predator-prey interactions. Nature. 326:1987;388-390
79. Kareiva P. Population dynamics in spatially complex environments. theory and data Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B. 330:1990;175-190
80. Kareiva P., Wennergren U. Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystems and population processes. Nature. 373:1995;299-302
81. Kishimoto K. A stable spatially non-constant equilibrium of Lotka-Volterra two-patch system with May-Leonard dynamics. Ricciardi L.M. Biomathematics and Related Computational Problems. 1988;331-335 Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht
82. Kishimoto K. Coexistence of any number of species in the Lotka-Volterra competitive system over two patches. Theor. Popul. Biol. 38:1990;149-158
83. Koch A.L. Competitive coexistence of two predators utilizing the same prey under constant environmental conditions. J. Theor. Biol. 44:1974;387-395
84. Koenig W.D. Spatial autocorrelation of ecological phenomena. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14:1999;22-26
85. Kostitzin, V.A., 1937. Biologie Mathématique. Collection Armand Colin, Paris. (Translated in English by T.H. Savory in 1939). Mathematical Biology. Harrap and Co., London.
86. Kostitzin, V.A., 1937. Biologie Mathématique. Collection Armand Colin, Paris. (Translated in English by T.H. Savory in 1939). Mathematical Biology. Harrap and Co., London.
87. Lavorel S., Chesson P. How species with different regeneration niches coexist in patchy habitats with local disturbances. Oikos. 74:1995;103-114
88. Lei G., Hanski I. Spatial dynamics of two competing specialist parasitoids in a host metapopulation. J. Anim. Ecol. 67:1998;422-433
89. Lenas P., Thomopoulos N.A., Vayenas D.V., Pavlou S. Oscillations of two competing microbial populations in configurations of two interconnected chemostats. Math. Biosci. 148:1998;43-63
90. Levin S.A. Dispersion and population interactions. Am. Nat. 108:1974;207-228
91. Levin S.A., Pacala S.W. Theories of simplification and scaling of spatially distributed processes. Tilman D., Kareiva P. Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. 1997;271-295 Princeton University Press, Princeton
92. Levins R. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15:1969;237-240
93. Levins, R., 1970. Extinction. In: Gerstenhaber, M. (Ed.), Some Mathematical Problems in Biology. American Mathematical Society, Providence RI, pp. 75-107.
94. Levins R., Culver D. Regional coexistence of species and competition between rare species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 68:1971;1246-1248
95. Loreau M., Mouquet N. Immigration and the maintenance of local species diversity. Am. Nat. 154:1999;427-440
96. Marino P.C. Dispersal and coexistence of mosses (Splachnaceae) in patchy habitats. J. Ecol. 79:1991;1047-1060
97. McCullough, D.R. (Ed.), 1996. Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC.
98. McGehee R., Armstrong R.A. Some mathematical problems concerning the ecological principle of competitive exclusion. J. Differential Equations. 23:1977;30-52
99. McLaughlin J.F., Roughgarden J. Species interactions in space. Ricklefs R.E., Schulter D. Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. 1993;89-98 University of Chicago Press, Chicago
100. Menge B. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs. patterns and importance Ecol. Monog. 65:1995;21-74
101. Moran P.A.P. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. II. Synchronization and meteorology. Austral. J. Zool. 1:1953;291-298
102. Mouquet N., Loreau M. Coexistence in metacommunities. the regional similarity hypothesis Am. Nat. 159:2002;420-426
103. Muko S., Iwasa Y. Species coexistence by permanent spatial heterogeneity in a lottery model. Theor. Popul. Biol. 57:2000;273-284
104. Murdoch W.W., Briggs C.J., Nisbet R.M., Gurney W.S.C., Stewart-Oaten A. Aggregation and stability in metapopulation models. Am. Nat. 140:1992;41-58
105. Murray J.D. Mathematical Biology. 1989;Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
106. Namba T. Emigration of a population and stability of a prey-predator system. Bull. Assoc. Nat. Sci. Senshu Univ. 11:1983;9-20
107. Namba T., Umemoto A., Minami E. The effects of habitat fragmentation on persistence of source-sink metapopulations in systems with predators and prey or apparent competitors. Theor. Popul. Biol. 56:1999;123-137
108. Nee S., May R.M. Dynamics of metapopulations. habitat destruction and competitive coexistence J. Anim. Ecol. 61:1992;37-40
109. Nee S., May R.M., Hassell M.P. Two species metapopulation models. Hanski I.A., Gilpin M.E. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. 1997;123-147 Academic Press, San Diego
110. Nisbet R.M., Briggs C.J., Gurney G.S.C., Murdoch W.W., Stewart-Oaten A. Two-patch metapopulation dynamics. Levin S.A., Powell T.M., Steele J.H. Patch Dynamics. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics. Vol. 96:1993;125-135 Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
111. Oksanen T. Exploitation ecosystems in heterogeneous habitat complexes. Evol. Ecol. 4:1990;220-234
112. Okubo A. Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Mathematical Models. 1980;Springer, New York
113. Okubo A., Levin S.A. Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Modern Perspectives. 2nd Edition:2001;Springer, New York
114. Pacala S.W., Rees M. Models suggesting field experiments to test two hypotheses explaining successional diversity. Am. Nat. 152:1998;729-737
115. Pacala S.W., Roughgarden J. Spatial heterogeneity and interspecific competition. Theor. Popul. Biol. 21:1982;92-113
116. Paine R.T., Levin S.A. Intertidal landscapes. disturbance and the dynamics of pattern Ecol. Monog. 51:1981;145-178
117. Pajunen V.I. Competition between rock pool corixids. Annal. Zool. Fennici. 16:1979;138-143
118. Paradis E., Baillie S.R., Sutherland W.J., Gregory R.D. Dispersal and spatial scale affect synchrony in spatial population dynamics. Ecol. Lett. 2:1999;114-120
119. Pascual M. Diffusion-induced chaos in a spatial predator-prey system. Proc. R. Soc. London B. 251:1993;1-7
120. Pascual M., Caswell H. Environment heterogeneity and biological pattern in a chaotic predator-prey system. J. Theor. Biol. 185:1997;1-13
121. Petrovskii S.V., Malchow H. A minimal model of pattern formation in a prey-predator system. Math. Comp. Model. 29:1999;49-63
122. Petrovskii S.V., Malchow H. Wave of chaos. new mechanism of pattern formation in spatio-temporal population dynamics Theor. Popul. Biol. 59:2001;157-174
123. Platt W.J., Weis I.M. Resource partitioning and competition within a guild of fugitive prairie plants. Am. Nat. 111:1977;479-513
124. Platt W.J., Weis I.M. An experimental study of competition among fugitive prairie plants. Ecology. 66:1985;708-720
125. Polis G.A., Anderson W.B., Holt R.D. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology. the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28:1997;289-316
126. Polis G.A., Holt R.D., Menge B.A., Winemiller K.O. Polis G.A., Winemiller K.O. Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. 1996;435-460 Chapman & Hall, London
127. Pulliam H.R. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. Am. Nat. 132:1988;652-661
128. Pulliam H.R. Sources and sinks: empirical evidence and population consequences. Rhodes O.E. Jr., Chesser R.K., Smith M.H. Population Dynamics in Ecological Space and Time. 1996;45-69 The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
129. Pulliam H.R., Danielson B.J. Sources, sinks, and habitat selection. a landscape perspective on population dynamics Am. Nat. 137:1991;S50-S66
130. Ranta E., Kaitala V., Lindström J., Lindén H. Synchrony in population dynamics. Proc. R. Soc. London B. 262:1995;113-118
131. Ranta E., Kaitala V., Lindström J., Helle E. The Moran effect and synchrony in population dynamics. Oikos. 78:1997;136-142
132. Ranta E., Kaitala V., Lundberg P. Population variability in space and time. the dynamics of synchronous population fluctuations Oikos. 83:1998;376-382
133. Ranta E., Kaitala V., Lindström J. Spatial dynamics of populations. Bascompte J., Solé R.V. Modeling Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Ecology. 1998;47-62 Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
134. Reeve J.D. Environmental variability, migration, and persistence in host-parasitoid systems. Am. Nat. 132:1988;810-836
135. Robinson G.R., Holt R.D., Gaines M.S., Hamburg S.P., Johnson M.L., Fitch H.S., Martinko E.A. Diverse and contrasting effects of habitat fragmentation. Science. 257:1992;524-526
136. Rosenzweig M.L. The paradox of enrichment. destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time Science. 171:1971;385-387
137. Rosenzweig M.L., MacArthur R.H. Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions. Am. Nat. 97:1963;209-223
138. Royama T. Analytical Population Dynamics. 1992;Chapman & Hall, London
139. Schmiegelow F.K.A., Machtans C.S., Hannon S.J. Are boreal birds resilient to forest fragmentation? An experimental study of short-term community responses. Ecology. 78:1997;1914-1932
140. Shigesada N., Kawasaki K. Biological Invasions: Theory and Practice. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. 1997;Oxford University Press, Oxford
141. Shimada M. Population fluctuation and persistence of one-host-two- parasitoid systems depending on resource distribution. from parasitizing behavior to population dynamics Res. Popul. Ecol. 41:1999;69-79
142. Skellam J.G. Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika. 38:1951;196-218
143. Slatkin M. Competition and regional coexistence. Ecology. 55:1974;128-134
144. Smith H.L., Waltman P. The Theory of the Chemostat: Dynamics of Microbial Competition. 1995;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
145. Snyder R., Chesson P. Local dispersal can facilitate coexistence in the presence of permanent spatial heterogeneity. Ecol. Lett. 6:2003;301-309
146. Stewart F.M., Levin B.R. Partitioning of resources and the outcome of interspecific competition. a model and some general considerations Am. Nat. 107:1973;171-198
147. Sutcliffe O.L., Thomas C.D., Moss D. Spatial synchrony and asynchrony in butterfly population dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 65:1996;85-95
148. Swanson B.J., Johnnson D.R. Distinguishing causes of interspecific synchrony in population dynamics. Oikos. 86:1999;265-274
149. Takeuchi Y. Diffusion-mediated persistence in two-species competition Lotka-Volterra model. Math. Biosci. 95:1989;65-83
150. Takeuchi Y. Global Dynamical Properties of Lotka-Volterra Systems. 1996;World Scientific, Singapore
151. Taylor A.D. Large-scale spatial structure and population dynamics in arthropod predator-prey systems. Annal. Zool. Fennici. 25:1988;63-74
152. Thomopoulos N.A., Vayenas D.V., Pavlou S. On the coexistence of three microbial populations competing for two complementary substrates in configurations of interconnected chemostats. Math. Biosci. 154:1998;87-102
153. Tilman (Titman), D., 1976. Ecological competition between algae: experimental confirmation of resource-based competition theory. Science 192, 463-465.
154. Tilman D. Resources. a graphical-mechanistic approach to competition and predation Am. Nat. 116:1980;362-393
155. Tilman D. Resource Competition and Community Structure. 1982;Princeton University Press, Princeton
156. Tilman D. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology. 75:1994;2-16
157. Tilman, D., Kareiva, P. (Eds.), 1997. Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
158. Tilman D., May R.M., Lehman C.L., Nowak M.A. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature. 371:1994;65-66
159. Tilman D., Lehman C.L., Yin C. Habitat destruction, dispersal, and deterministic extinction in competitive communities. Am. Nat. 149:1997;407-435
160. Turchin P. Quantitative Analysis of Movement: Measuring and Modeling Population Redistribution in Animals and Plants. 1998;Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
161. Vepsäläinen K. Coexistence of two competing corixid species (Heteroptera) in an archipelago of temporary rock pools. Oecologia. 37:1978;177-182
162. Warren P.H. The effects of between-habitat dispersal rate on protist communities and metacommunities in microcosms at two spatial scales. Oecologia. 105:1996;132-140
163. Watkinson A.R., Sutherland W.J. Sources, sinks and pseudo-sinks. J. Anim. Ecol. 64:1995;126-130
164. Werner P.A. Competition and coexistence of similar species. Solbrig O.T., Jain S., Johnson G.B., Raven P.H. Topics in Plant Population Biology. 1979;287-310 Columbia University Press, New York
165. Werner P.A., Platt W.J. Ecological relationships of co-occurring goldenrods (Solidago: Compsidae). Am. Nat. 110:1976;959-971
166. Wootton J.T. The Nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25:1994;443-466
167. Yang Z. On a reaction diffusion system of competing predators. Acta Math. Sci. 10:1990;101-110
168. Yu D.W., Wilson H.B. The competition-colonization trade-off is dead; long live the competition-colonization trade-off. Am. Nat. 158:2001;49-63
169. Yu D.W., Wilson H.B., Pierce N.E. An empirical model of species coexistence in a spatially structured environment. Ecology. 82:2001;1761-1770