Psychosocial interventions for children with early-onset bipolar spectrum disorder

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 71-88

  Lofthouse, Nicholas ^a   Fristad, Mary A ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

bipolar disorder; children; manic depression; psychosocial treatment

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

AFFECTIVE NEUROSIS; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BIPOLAR MANIA; BORDERLINE STATE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAMILY HISTORY; FAMILY THERAPY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GROUP PSYCHOLOGY; HUMAN; MARITAL THERAPY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHENOMENOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PSYCINFO; REVIEW; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

AGE FACTORS; AWARENESS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; PSYCHOLOGY; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 3042747880     PISSN: 10964037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:CCFP.0000030286.75522.5f     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Achamallah, N. S., & Decker, D. H. (1991). Mania induced by fluoxetine in an adolescent patient. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(10), 1404.
2. Akiskal, H. S. (1983). The bipolar spectrum: New concepts in classification and diagnosis. In L. Grinspoon (Ed.), Psychiatry update: The American Psychiatric Association annual review (Vol. 2. pp. 271-292). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
3. Akiskal, H. S. (2003). Validating "hard" and "soft" phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: Continuity or discontinuity? Journal of Affective Disorders, 73(1/2), 1-5.
4. Alloy, L. B., Reilly-Harrington, N., Fresco, D. M., Whitehouse, W. G., & Zechmeister, J. S. (1999). Cognitive styles and life events in subsyndromal unipolar and bipolar disorders: Stability and prospective prediction of depressive and hypomanic mood swings. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13(1), 21-40.
5. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(1), 138-157.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. Anthony, E. J., & Scott, P. (1960). Manic-depressive psychosis in childhood. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 53-72.
8. Asarnow, J. R., Carlson, G. A., & Guthrie, D. (1987). Coping strategies, self-perceptions, hopelessness, and perceived family environments in depressed and suicidal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(3), 361-366.
9. Asarnow, J. R., Goldstein, M. J., Tompson, M., & Guthrie, D. (1993). One-year outcomes of depressive disorders in child psychiatric in-patients: Evaluation of the prognostic power of a brief measure of expressed emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 34(2), 129-137.
10. Asarnow, J. R., Scott, C. V. & Mintz, J. (2002). A combined cognitive-behavioral family education intervention for depression in children: A treatment development study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 221-229.
11. Badner, J. A. (2003). The genetics of bipolar disorder. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 247-254). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., & Gladstone, T. R. G. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1134-1141.
13. Biederman, J. (1998). Resolved: Mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(10), 1096-1098.
14. Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Mick, E., Wozniak, J., Chen, L., & Ouellette, C. (1996). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: An overlooked comorbidity? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(8), 997-1008.
15. Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Chu, M. P., & Wozniak, J. (1999). Further evidence of a bidirectional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(4), 468-476.
16. Biederman, J., Mick, E., Bostic, J. Q., Prince, J., Daly, J., & Wilens, T. E. (1998). The naturalistic course of pharmacologic treatment of children with manic-like symptoms: A systematic chart review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(11), 628-637.
17. Biederman, J., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Therapeutic dilemmas in the pharmacotherapy of bipolar depression in the young. Journal of Child and Adolescents Psychopharmacology, 10(3), 185-192.
18. Brestan, E. V., & Eyberg, S. M. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(2), 180-189.
19. Burns, B. J., Hoagwood, K., & Mrazek, P. J. (1999). Effective treatment for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(4), 199-254.
20. Callahan, A. M., & Bauer, M. S. (1999). Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22(3), 675-688.
21. Cantwell, D. P. (1975). A model for the investigation of psychiatric disorders of childhood: Its application in genetic studies of the hyperkinetic syndrome. In E. J. Anthony (Ed.), Explorations in child psychiatry (pp. 57-59). New York: Plenum Press.
22. Carlson, G. A. (1999). Resolved: Mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children: Commentary. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(4), 353-354.
23. Carlson, G. A., & Kelly, K. L. (1998). Manic symptoms in psychiatrically hospitalized children - What do they mean? Journal of Affective Disorders, 51(2), 123-135.
24. Carlson, G. A., Loney, J., Salisbury, H., Kramer, J. R., & Arthur, C. (2000). Stimulant treatment in young boys with symptoms suggesting childhood mania: A report from a longitudinal study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10(3), 175-184.
25. Christensen, R. C. (1995). Paroxetine-induced psychotic mania. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(9), 1399-1400.
26. Cochran, S. (1984). Preventing medical noncompliance in the outpatient treatment of bipolar affective disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 873-878.
27. Craddock, N., & Jones, I. (1999). Genetics of bipolar disorder. Journal of Medical Genetics, 36(8), 585-594.
28. Deal, J. E., Halverson, C. F., & Wampler, K. S. (1989). Parental agreement on child-rearing orientations: Relations to parental, marital, family, and child characteristics. Child Development, 60(5), 1025-1034.
29. DelBello, M. P., & Kowatch, R. A. (2003). Neuroimaging in pediatric bipolar disorder. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 158-174). New York: Guilford Press.
30. DelBello, M. P., Schwiers, M. L., Rosenberg, H. L., & Strakowski, S. M. (2002). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(10), 1216-1223.
31. DelBello, M. P., Soutullo, C. A., Hendricks, W., Niemeier, R. T., McElroy, S. L., & Strakowski, S. M. (2001). Prior stimulant treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder: Association with age at onset. Bipolar Disorders, 3(2), 53-57.
32. Ellicott, A., Hammen, C., Gitlin, M., Brown, G., & Jamison, K. (1990). Life events and the course of bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(9), 1194-1198.
33. Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Tsuang, M. T. (2003). The genetics of pediatric-onset bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53(11), 970-977.
34. Findling, R. L., Gracious, B. L., McNamara, N. K., Youngstrom, E. A., Demeter, C. A., & Branicky, L. A. (2001). Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 3(4), 202-210.
35. Findling, R. L., Kowatch, R. A., and Post, R. M. (2003). Pediatric bipolar disorder. London: Dunitz.
36. Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., Ehlers, C. L., Monk, T. H., Cornes, C., & Carter, S. (1994). Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for bipolar disorder: Integrating interpersonal and behavioral approaches. Behavior Therapist, 17, 143-149.
37. Frank, E. (1999). Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy prevents depressive symptomatology in bipolar I patients. Bipolar Disorders, 1, 13.
38. Frank, E., Hlastala, S., Ritenour, A., Houck, P., Xin, M. U., & Monk, T. H. (1997). Inducing lifestyle regularity in recovering bipolar patients: Results from the maintenance therapies in a bipolar disorder protocol. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 1165-1173.
39. Frank, E., Swartz, H. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: Managing the chaos of bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 48(6), 593-604.
40. Fristad, M. A., Gavazzi, S. M., & Soldano, K. W. (1999). Naming the enemy: Learning to differentiate mood disorder "symptoms" from the "self" that experiences them. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 10(1), 81-88.
41. Fristad, M. A., & Goldberg-Arnold, J. S. (2003). Family interventions for early-onset bipolar disorder. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 295-313). New York: Guilford Press.
42. Fristad, M. A., Goldberg-Arnold, J. S., & Gavazzi, S. M. (2003). Multifamily psychoeducation groups (MFPG) in the treatment of children with mood disorders. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(4), 491-504.
43. Davidson, K. E., & Fristad, M. A. (in press). Thinking-feeling-doing: A cognitive-behavioral therapeutic technique for mood disordered children. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice.
44. Geller, B., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., Williams, M., DelBello, M. P., & Gundersen, K. (2000). Psychosocial functioning in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1543-1548.
45. Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J., Williams, M., & Heath, J. (1998). Lithium for prepubertal depressed children with family history predictors of future bipolarity: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51(2), 165-175.
46. Geller, B., Craney, J. L., Bolhofner, K., DelBello, M. P., Axelson, D., & Luby, J. (2003). Phenomenology and longitudinal course of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 25-50). New York: Guilford Press.
47. Geller, B., Craney, J. L., Bolhofner, K., Nickelsburg, M. J., Williams, M., & Zimerman, B. (2002a). Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 927-933.
48. Geller, B., Craney, J. L., Bolhofner, K., Nickelsburg, M. J., Williams, M., & Zimerman, B. (2002b). Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 927-933.
49. Geller, B., Fox, L. W., & Clark, K. A. (1994). Rate and predictors of prepubertal bipolarity during follow-up of 6- to 12-year-old depressed children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 461-468.
50. Geller, B., Fox, L. W., & Fletcher, M. (1993). Effect of tricyclic antidepressants on switching to mania and on the onset of bipolarity in depressed 6- to 12-year-olds. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(1), 43-50.
51. Geller, B., & Luby, J. (1997). Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1168-1176.
52. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., & Delbello, M. P. (2000). Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10(3), 157-164.
53. Gershon, E. S., Hamovit, J. H., Guroff, J. J., & Nurnberger, J. I. (1987). Birth-cohort changes in manic and depressive disorders in relatives of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(4), 314-319.
54. Gitlin, M. J., Swendsen, J., Heller, T. L., & Hammen, C. (1995). Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(11), 1635-1640.
55. Glovinsky, I. (2002). A brief history of childhood-onset bipolar disorder through 1980. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11(3), 443-460.
56. Goldberg-Arnold, J. S., & Fristad, M. A. (2003). Psychotherapy for children with bipolar disorder. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 272-294). New York: Guilford Press.
57. Goldberg-Arnold, J. S., Fristad, M. A., & Gavazzi, S. M. (1999). Family psychoeducation: Giving caregivers what they want and need. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 48(4), 411-417.
58. Goodwin, F. K., & Jamison, K. R. (1990). Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Hellander, M., Sisson, D. P., & Fristad, M. A. (2003). Internet support for parents of children with early-onset bipolar order. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 314-329). New York: Guilford Press.
60. Hlastala, S. A., Frank, E., Mallinger, A. G., Thase, M. E., Ritenour, A. M., & Kupfer, D. J. (1997). Bipolar depression: An underestimated treatment challenge. Depression and Anxiety, 5, 73-83.
61. James, A. C. D., & Javaloyes, A. M. (2001). The treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(4), 439-449.
62. Johnson, S. L., & Miller, I. (1997). Negative life events and time to recovery from episodes of bipolar disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 449-457.
63. Jouriles, E. N., Murphy, C. M., Farris, A. M., Smith D. A., Richters, J. E., & Waters, E. (1991). Marital adjustment, parental disagreements about child rearing, and behavior problems in boys: Increasing the specificity of the marital assessment. Child Development, 62(6), 1424-1433.
64. Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D. J., Dicker, R., Padula, G., & Kane, J. M. (2001). Adjunctive antipsychotic treatment of adolescents with bipolar psychosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(12), 1448-1456.
65. Kahn, J. S., Kehle, T. J., Jenson, W. R., & Clark, E. (1990). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, and self-modeling interventions for depression among middle-school students. School Psychology Review, 19(2), 196-211.
66. Kaslow, N. J., & Racusin, G. R. (1994). Family therapy for depression in young people. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. Issues in clinical child psychology (pp. 345-363). New York: Plenum Press.
67. Keck, P. E., & McElroy, S. L. (2002). Pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder. In J. M. P. E. Nathan & J. M. Gorman (Eds.), A guide to treatments that work (2nd ed., pp. 277-299). London: Oxford University Press.
68. Kendall, P. C., Chu, B., Gifford, A., Hayes, C. & Nauta, M. (1998). Breathing new life into a manual: Flexibility and creativity with manual-based treatments. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5, 177-198.
69. Klein, R. G., Pine, D. S., & Klein, D. F. (1998). Resolved: Mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(10), 1993-1096.
70. Kluger, J., & Song., S. (August 19, 2002). Young and bipolar. Time, pp. 38-51.
71. Koehler-Troy, C., Strober, M., & Malenbaum, R. (1986). Methylphenidate-induced mania in a prepubertal child. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47(11), 566-567.
72. Kowatch, R. A., Sethuraman, G., Hume, J. H., Kromelis, M., & Weinberg, W. A. (2003). Combination pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 53(11), 978-984.
73. Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Edinburgh: Livingstone.
74. Lam, D. H., Bright, J., Jones, S., Hayward, P., Schuck, N., & Chisholm, D. (2000). Cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder - A pilot study of relapse prevention. Cognitive Therapy Research, 24, 503-520.
75. Leibenluft, E., Charney, D. S., Towbin, K. E., Bhangoo, R. K., & Pine, D. S. (2003). Denning clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 430-437.
76. Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, D. N., & Seeley, J. R. (2000). Bipolar disorder during adolescence and young adulthood in a community sample. Bipolar Disorders, 2, 281-293.
77. Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, J. R., & Klein, D. N. (1995). Bipolar disorder in a community sample of older adolescents: Prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity and course. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 454-463.
78. Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Klein, D. N. (2003). Epidemiology and suicidal behavior. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 7-24). New York: Guilford Press.
79. Lish, J. D., Dime-Meenan, S., Whybrow, P. C., Price, R. A., & Hirschfeld, R. M. (1997). The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association (NDMDA) survey of bipolar members. Journal of Affective Disorders, 31(4), 281-294.
80. Lochman, J. E., Curry, J. F., Dane, H., & Ellis, M. (2001). The Anger Coping Program: An empirically-supported treatment for aggressive children. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 18(3), 63-73.
81. Lochman, J. E., Whidby, J. M., & FitzGerald, D. P. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment with aggressive children. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.). Child and adolescent therapy - cognitive-behavioral procedures (2nd ed., pp. 31-87). New York: Guilford Press.
82. Lonigan, C. J., Elbert, J. C., & Johnson, S. B. (1998). Empirically supported psychosocial interventions for children: An overview. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(2), 138-145.
83. Mackinaw-Koons, B., & Fristad, M. A. (2002). Research in Practice: Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder: What Every Child Clinician Should Know. Society Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Newsletter, 17(4).
84. Magno-Zito, J., Safer, D. J., dosReis, S., Gardner, J. F., Madger, L., & Soken, K. (2003). Psychotropic practice patterns for youth: A 10-year perspective. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 157(1), 17-25.
85. Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B., Sherrill, J. T., Siegel, L., & Patterson, D. (1998). Stressful life events and social rhythm disruption in the onset of manic and depressive bipolar episodes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(8), 702-707.
86. Mendlewicz, J., Lindbald, K., Souery, D., Mahieu, B., Nylander, P. O., & De Bruyn, A. (1997). Expanded trinucleotide CAG repeats in families with bipolar affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 42(12), 1115-1122.
87. Mendlewicz, J., & Rainer, J. D. (1977). Adoption study supporting genetic transmission in manic-depressive illness. Nature, 268, 327-329.
88. Merriam-Webster. (2004). Merriam-Webster Dictionary (Revised ed.). Springfield, MA: Author.
89. Miklowitz, D. J., & Goldstein, M. J. (1997). Bipolar disorder: A family-focused treatment approach. New York: Guilford Press.
90. Miklowitz, D. J., Richard, J. A., George, E. L., Frank, E., Suddath, R. L., & Powell, K. B. (2003). Integrated family and individual therapy for bipolar disorder: Results of a treatment development study. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, 64(2), 182-191.
91. Miklowitz, D. J., Simoneau, T. L., George, E. L., Richards, J. A., Kalbag, A., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2000). Family-focused treatment of bipolar disorder: 1-year effects of a psychoeducational program in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 582-592.
92. Nasrallah, H. (2003). A review of the effect of atypical antipsychotics on weight. Psychoneurondocrinology, 28, 83-96.
93. National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). National Institute of Mental Health research roundtable on prepubertal bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(8), 871-878.
94. Oldroyd, J. (1997). Paroxetine-induced mania. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(6), 721-722.
95. Otto, M. W., Reilly-Harrington, N. & Sachs, G. S. (2003). Psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral strategies in the management of bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73(112), 171-181.
96. Pavuluri, M. N., Naylor, M. W., & Janicak, P. G. (2002). Recognition and treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder. Contemporary Psychiatry, 1(1), 1-10.
97. Pollock, K. (2001). Exercise in treating depression: Broadening the psychotherapist's role. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(11), 1289-1300.
98. Post, R. M. (1992). Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(8), 999-1010.
99. Rao, U. (2003). Sleep and other biological rhythms. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 215-246). New York: Guilford Press.
100. Robins, E., and Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 107-111.
101. Rosse, R. B., Johri, S. K., & Deutsch, S. I. (1997). Pupillary changes associated with the development of stimulant-induced mania: A case report. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 20, 270-275.
102. Rush, A. (1999). Strategies and tactics in the management of maintenance treatment of depressed patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(14), 21-26.
103. Ryan, N. D. (2003). The pharmacological treatment of child and adolescent bipolar disorder. In B. Geller & M. P. DelBello (Eds.), Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence (pp. 255-271). New York: Guilford Press.
104. Simoneau, T. L., Miklowitz, D. J., & Saleem, R. (1998). Expressed emotion and interactional patterns in the families of bipolar patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 497-507.
105. Sisson, D. P., & Fristad, M. A. (2001). A survey of stress and support for parents of children with early-onset bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 3(2), 58.
106. Smith, K. D., & Fristad, M. A. (2003). Survey on siblings of children with early-onset bipolar disorder. Unpublished masters thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus.
107. Stark, K. D., Reynolds, W. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (1987). A comparison of the relative efficacy of self-control therapy and a behavioral problem-solving therapy for depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15(1), 91-113.
108. Stark, K. D., Rouse, L. W., & Kurowski, C. (1994). Psychological treatment approaches for depression in children. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 275-307). New York: Plenum Press.
109. Stark, K. D., Swearer, S., Kurowski, C., Sommer, D., & Bowen, B. (1996). Targeting the child and the family: A holistic approach to treating child and adolescent depressive disorders. In E. D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 207-238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
110. Todd, R. D., Geller, B., Neuman, R., Fox, L. W., & Hickok, J. (1996). Increased prevalence of alcoholism in relatives of depressed and bipolar children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(6), 716-724.
111. U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report of the Surgeon General's Conference of children's mental health: A national action agenda. Washington, DC: Author.
112. Venkataraman, S., Naylor, M. W., & King, C. A. (1992). Mania associated with fluoxetine treatment in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 276-281.
113. Vostanis, P., Feehan, C., Grattan, E., & Bickerton, W.-L. (1996). Treatment for children and adolescents with depression: Lessons from a controlled trial. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(2), 199-212.
114. Vuchinich, S., Vuchinich, R., & Woods, B. (1993). The interparental relationship and family problem solving with preadolescent males. Child Development, 64(5), 1389-1400.
115. Weckerly, J. (2002). Pediatric bipolar mood disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(1), 42-56.
116. Wehr, T. A., & Sack, D. A. (1987). Sleep disruption: A treatment for depression and a cause of mania. Psychiatric Annals, 17(10), 654-663.
117. Weissman, M. M., Blanc, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., & Hwu, H. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA, 276, 293-299.
118. Weisz, J. R., Thurber, C. A., Sweeney, L., Proffitt, V. D., & LeGagnoux, G. L. (1997). Brief treatment of mild-to-moderate child depression using primary and secondary control enhancement training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 703-707.
119. Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., & Fristad, M. A. (1995). Bipolar disorder in children: Misdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, and future directions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(6), 709-714.
120. Wender, P. H., Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Schulsinger, F., Ortmann, J., & Lunde, I. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals with affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(10), 923-929.
121. West, S. A., Strakowski, S. M., Sax, K. W., Minnery, K. L., McElroy, S. L., & Keck, P. E. (1995). The comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescent mania: Potential diagnostic and treatment implications. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31(2), 347-351.
122. Wood, A., Harrington, R., & Moore, A. (1996). Controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37(6), 737-746.
123. Wozniak, J., Biederman, J., Kiely, K., Ablon, J. S., Faraone, S. V., & Mundy, E. (1995). Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(7), 867-876.