Ocular manifestations and concepts of systemic vasculitides

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 399-418

  Perez, Victor L ^a,b   Chavala, Sai H ^b   Ahmed, Muna ^a   Chu, David ^a,c   Zafirakis, Panos ^a   Baltatzis, Stefanos ^a   Ocampo, Vicente ^a   Foster, C Stephen ^a,d  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY   (United States)

Author keywords

Churg Strauss syndrome; cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis; giant cell arteritis; Henoch Sch nlein purpura; Kawasaki disease; microscopic polyangiitis; ocular manifestations; polyarteritis nodosa; primary vasculitis; Takayasu's arteritis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFIBROTIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTIMETABOLITE; ANTITHYROID AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; AZITHROMYCIN; CARBIMAZOLE; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CRYOGLOBULIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; HYDRALAZINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; METHOTREXATE; MINOCYCLINE; MONTELUKAST; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; OPIATE; PENICILLAMINE; PRANLUKAST; PREDNISONE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; THIAMAZOLE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZAFIRLUKAST;

ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; BIOPSY; BLADDER CANCER; BLOOD CELL COUNT; CENTRAL RETINA ARTERY OCCLUSION; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CORNEA DISEASE; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; DACRYOCYSTITIS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIPLOPIA; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EPISCLERITIS; ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE; EXCIMER LASER; EXOPHTHALMOS; EYE; EYE DISEASE; EYELID DISEASE; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IRIDOCYCLITIS; IRITIS; ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY; KERATECTOMY; KERATITIS; KERATOPATHY; LASER SURGERY; LETHALITY; LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME; MYOPATHY; NOMENCLATURE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; ORBIT DISEASE; ORBIT GRANULOMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLASMAPHERESIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REMISSION; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA VASCULITIS; RETINOPATHY; REVIEW; SCLERITIS; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPTOM; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRANSITIONAL BLINDNESS; UVEITIS; VASCULITIS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; VASCULITIS;

EID: 3042660255     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Abbas A.K., Perez V.L., Van Parijs L., Wong R.C. Differentiation and tolerance of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Ciba Found Symp. 195:1995;7-13. discussion 13-9
2. Abel G., Zhang Q.X., Agnello V. Hepatitis C virus infection in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum. 36:1993;1341-1349
3. Acheson J.F., Cockerell O.C., Bentley C.R., Sanders M.D. Churg-Strauss vasculitis presenting with severe visual loss due to bilateral sequential optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 77:1993;118-119
4. Adu D., Pall A., Luqmani R.A., et al. Controlled trial of pulse versus continuous prednisolone and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of systemic vasculitis. QJM. 90:1997;401-409
5. Agnello V., Romain P.L. Mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C virus infection. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 22:1996;1-21
6. Akova Y.A., Jabbur N.S., Foster C.S. Ocular presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clinical course and management with steroid and cytotoxic therapy. Ophthalmology. 100:1993;1775-1781
7. Allen D.M., Diamond L.K., Howell D.A. Anaphylactoid purpura in children (Schönlein-Henoch syndrome). Am J Dis Child. 99:1960;833-854
8. Andersson R., Malmvall B.E., Bengtsson B.A. Acute phase reactants in the initial phase of giant cell arteritis. Acta Med Scand. 220:1986;365-367
9. Ashton N., Cook C. Allergic granulomatous nodules of the eyelid and conjunctiva. The XXXV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol. 87:1979;1-28
10. Austin P., Green W.R., Sallyer D.C., et al. Peripheral corneal degeneration and occlusive vasculitis in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 85:1978;311-317
11. Azar N., Guillevin L., Huong Du L.T., et al. Symptomatic urogenital manifestations of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: analysis of 8 of 165 patients. J Urol. 142:1989;136-138
12. Baldassano V.F. Ocular manifestations of rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 9:1998;85-88
13. Barchuk W.T., Centeno L., Frohman L., Bielory L. Immunology and ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 5:1997;141-146
14. Barron K.S. Kawasaki disease in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 10:1998;29-37
15. Bawazeer A.M., Jackson W.B. Marginal infiltrative ulcerative keratitis secondary to Churg-Strauss syndrome: a case report. Cornea. 19:2000;402-404
16. Bengtsson B.A., Malmvall B.E. Giant cell arteritis. Acta Med Scand. 208:(Suppl):1982;658
17. Ben-Smith A., Dove S.K., Martin A., et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies from patients with systemic vasculitis activate neutrophils through distinct signaling cascades: comparison with conventional Fcgamma receptor ligation. Blood. 98:2001;1448-1455
18. Bligard C.A. Kawasaki disease and its diagnosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 4:1987;75-84
19. Boeck J. Ocular changes in periarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 42:1956;567-576
20. Bosch-Gil J.A., Falgà-Tirado C., Simeón-Aznar C.P., Orriols-Martínez R. Churg-Strauss syndrome with inflammatory orbital pseudotumour. Br J Rheumatol. 34:1995;485-486
21. Bredvik B.K., Trocme S.D. Ocular manifestations of immunological and rheumatological inflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 6:1995;92-96
22. Brittain G.P., McIlwaine G.G., Bell J.A., Gibson J.M. Plasma viscosity or erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis? Br J Ophthalmol. 75:1991;656-659
23. Bullen C.L., Liesegang T.J., McDonald T.J., DeRemee R.A. Ocular complications of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 90:1983;279-290
24. Burns J.C., Mason W.H., Glode M.P., et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients referred for evaluation of possible Kawasaki disease. United States Multicenter Kawasaki Disease Study Group. J Pediatr. 118:1991;680-686
25. Caster J.C., Shetlar D.J., Pappolla M.A., Yee R.W. Microscopic polyangiitis with ocular involvement. Arch Ophthalmol. 114:1996;346-348
26. Chakravarty K., Pountain G., Merry P., et al. A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 22:1995;1694-1697
27. Chuang T.Y., Hunder G.G., Ilstrup D.M., Kurland L.T. Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Ann Intern Med. 97:1982;672-680
28. Chumbley L.C., Harrison E.G., DeRemee R.A. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 52:1977;477-484
29. Churg J., Strauss L. Allergic granulomatosis, allergic angiitis and periarteritis nodosa. Am J Pathol. 27:1951;277-301
30. Cohen S.M., Kokame G.T., Gass J.D. Paraproteinemias associated with serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina. Retina. 16:1996;467-473
31. Conn D.L. Polyarteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 16:1990;341-362
32. Coombs R.R.A., Gell P.G.H. The classification of allergic reactions underlying disease. Gell P.G.H., Coombs R.R.A. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. 1963;317 Davis, Philadelphia
33. Corwin J.M., Baum J. Iridocyclitis in two patients with hypocomplementemic cutaneous vasculitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 94:1982;111-113
34. Cury B., Breakey A.S., Payne B.F. Allergic granulomatous angiitis associated with uveoscleritis and papilledema. Arch Ophthalmol. 55:1966;261-266
35. Dagi L.R., Currie J. Branch retinal artery occlusion in the Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 5:1985;229-237
36. D'Amico G., Fornasieri A. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis: a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis induced by hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis. 25:1995;361-369
37. Davson J., Ball J., Platt R. The kidney in periarteritis nodosa. Q J Med. 17:1948;175
38. de Groot K., Gross W.L. Wegener's granulomatosis: disease course, assessment of activity and extent and treatment. Lupus. 7:1998;285-291
39. de Groot K., Mühler M., Reinhold-Keller E., et al. Induction of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis with low dose methotrexate. J Rheumatol. 25:1998;492-495
40. Del Buono E.A., Flint A. Diagnostic usefulness of nasal biopsy in Wegener's granulomatosis. Hum Pathol. 22:1991;107-110
41. Devaney K.O., Travis W.D., Hoffman G., et al. Interpretation of head and neck biopsies in Wegener's granulomatosis. A pathologic study of 126 biopsies in 70 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 14:1990;555-564
42. Duhaut P., Berruyer M., Pinede L., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and giant cell arteritis: a prospective, multicenter case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Artérite à Cellules Géantes. Arthritis Rheum. 41:1998;701-709
43. Ellis M.E., Ralston S. The ESR in the diagnosis and management of the polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 42:1983;168-170
44. Eshaghian J., Goeken J.A. C-reactive protein in giant cell (cranial, temporal) arteritis. Ophthalmology. 87:1980;1160-1166
45. Espinoza L.R., Jara L.J., Silveira L.H., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis: association with severe vascular complications. Am J Med. 90:1991;474-478
46. Ewert B.H., Jennette J.C., Falk R.J. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cells. Kidney Int. 41:1992;373-383
47. Fauci A.S., Haynes B.F., Katz P., Wolff S.M. Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med. 98:1983;76-85
48. Ferri C., Greco F., Longombardo G., et al. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum. 34:1991;1606-1610
49. Ferri C., La Civita L., Longombardo G., et al. Hepatitis C virus and mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Eur J Clin Invest. 23:1993;399-405
50. Font R.L., Mehta R.S., Streusand S.B., et al. Bilateral retinal ischemia in Kawasaki disease. Postmortem findings and electron microscopic observations. Ophthalmology. 90:1983;569-577
51. Ford R.G., Siekert R.G. Central nervous system manifestations of periarteritis nodosa. Neurology. 15:1965;114-122
52. Foster C.S. Ocular manifestations of the nonrheumatic acquired collagen vascular diseases. Smolin G., Thoft R.A. The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice. ed 2 :1987;352-357 Brown, Boston, Little
53. Foster C.S. Immunosuppressive therapy for external ocular inflammatory disease. Ophthalmology. 87:1980;140-150
54. Francès C., Boisnic S., Blétry O., et al. Cutaneous manifestations of Takayasu arteritis. A retrospective study of 80 cases. Dermatologica. 181:1990;266-272
55. Frohnert P.P., Sheps S.G. Long-term follow-up study of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 43:1967;8-14
56. Ghanchi F.D., Dutton G.N. Current concepts in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Surv Ophthalmol. 42:1997;99-123
57. Goldsmith J. Periarteritis nodosa with involvement of the choroidal and retinal arteries. Am J Ophthalmol. 29:1946;435-446
58. Goodman B.W. Temporal arteritis. Am J Med. 67:1979;839-852
59. Gorevic P.D., Frangione B. Mixed cryoglobulinemia cross-reactive idiotypes: implications for the relationship of MC to rheumatic and lymphoproliferative diseases. Semin Hematol. 28:1991;79-94
60. Greenberger M.H. Central retinal artery closure in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 63:1967;515-516
61. Gross W.L. Immunopathogenesis of vasculitis. Klippel J.H., Dieppe P.A. Rheumatology. 1998;19.1-19.8 Mosby, London and Philadelphie
62. Gross W.L., Csernok E. Immunodiagnostic and pathophysiologic aspects of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 7:1995;11-19
63. Gross W.L., Trabandt A., Reinhold-Keller E. Diagnosis and evaluation of vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 39:2000;245-252
64. Gudmundsson M., Nordborg E., Bengtsson B.A., Bjelle A. Plasma viscosity in giant cell arteritis as a predictor of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 52:1993;104-109
65. Guillevin L., Lhote F., Jarrousse B. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A meta-analysis of three prospective controlled trials including 182 patients over 12 years. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 143:1992;405-416
66. Guillevin L., Visser H., Noel L.H., et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in systemic polyarteritis nodosa with and without hepatitis B virus infection and Churg-Strauss syndrome - 62 patients. J Rheumatol. 20:1993;1345-1349
67. Hagen E.C., Daha M.R., Hermans J., et al. Diagnostic value of standardized assays for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in idiopathic systemic vasculitis. EC/BCR Project for ANCA Assay Standardization. Kidney Int. 53:1998;743-753
68. Harper L., Cockwell P., Adu D., Savage C.O. Neutrophil priming and apoptosis in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int. 59:2001;1729-1738
69. Haynes B.F., Fishman M.L., Fauci A.S., Wolff S.M. The ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Fifteen years experience and review of the literature. Am J Med. 63:1977;131-141
70. Hayreh S.S., Podhajsky P.A., Zimmerman B. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 125:1998;509-520
71. Hayreh S.S., Podhajsky P.A., Zimmerman B. Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 125:1998;521-526
72. Heberden W: Commentarii di morborium historia et curatione. London: Payne, 1801. Reprinted as "Commentaries on the history and cure of diseases" Birmingham, Alabama: The Classics of Medicine Library, Division of Gryphon Editions, Ltd, 1982, pp 395-7.
73. Hoffman G.S., Kerr G.S., Leavitt R.Y., et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 116:1992;488-498
74. Hoffman G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Fleisher T.A., et al. Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis with intermittent high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Am J Med. 89:1990;403-410
75. Hoffman G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Kerr G.S., Fauci A.S. The treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis with glucocorticoids and methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 35:1992;1322-1329
76. Hoffman G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Kerr G.S., et al. Treatment of glucocorticoid-resistant or relapsing Takayasu arteritis with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 37:1994;578-582
77. Holds J.B., Anderson R.L., Wolin M.J. Dacryocystectomy for the treatment of dacryocystitis patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmic Surg. 20:1989;443-444
78. Horwitz J.A., Worthen D.M. Episcleral nodule in systemic vasculitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 4:1972;482-483
79. Hunder G.G., Arend W.P., Bloch D.A., et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Introduction. Arthritis Rheum. 33:1990;1065-1067
80. Huston K.A., Hunder G.G., Lie J.T., et al. Temporal arteritis: a 25-year epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study. Ann Intern Med. 88:1978;162-167
81. Jaben S.L., Norton E.W. Exudative retinal detachment in Wegener's granulomatosis: case report. Ann Ophthalmol. 14:1982;717-720
82. Jacob J.L., Polomeno R.C., Chad Z., Lapointe N. Ocular manifestations of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). Can J Ophthalmol. 17:1982;199-202
83. Jacobson D.M., Slamovits T.L. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and its relationship to hematocrit in giant cell arteritis. Arch Ophthalmol. 105:1987;965-967
84. Jayne D.R., Lockwood C.M. Pooled intravenous immunoglobulin in the management of systemic vasculitis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 336:1993;469-472
85. Jennette J.C., Falk R.J. Small-vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 337:1997;1512-1523
86. Jennette J.C., Falk R.J., Andrassy K., et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum. 37:1994;187-192
87. Jonasson F., Cullen J.F., Elton R.A. Temporal arteritis. A 14-year epidemiological, clinical and prognostic study. Scott Med J. 24:1979;111-117
88. Jordan D.R., Addison D.J. Wegener's granulomatosis. Eyelid and conjunctival manifestations as the presenting feature in two individuals. Ophthalmology. 101:1994;602-607
89. Karam E.Z., Muci-Mendoza R., Hedges T.R. Retinal findings in Takayasu's arteritis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 77:1999;209-213
90. Kato H., Ichinose E., Kawasaki T. Myocardial infarction in Kawasaki disease: clinical analyses in 195 cases. J Pediatr. 108:1986;923-927
91. Kattah J.C., Chrousos G.A., Katz P.A., et al. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Neurology. 44:1994;2200-2202
92. Kaufman A.H., Niles J.L., Foster C.S. ANCA test in ophthalmic inflammatory disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 34:1994;215-227
93. Kerr G.S., Hallahan C.W., Giordano J., et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 120:1994;919-929
94. Kimbrell O.C., Wheliss J.A. Polyarteritis nodosa complicated by bilateral optic neuropathy. JAMA. 201:1967;139-140
95. Kitay-Cohen Y., Amiel A., Hilzenrat N., et al. Bcl-2 rearrangement in patients with chronic hepatitis C associated with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia type II. Blood. 96:2000;2910-2912
96. Kiyosawa M., Baba T. Ophthalmological findings in patients with Takayasu disease. Int J Cardiol. 66:(Suppl 1):1998;S141-S147. discussion S149
97. Klein R.G., Hunder G.G., Stanson A.W., Sheps S.G. Large artery involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 83:1975;806-812
98. Klien B.A. Ischemic infarcts of the choroid (Elschinig spots). A cause of retinal separation in hypertensive disease with renal insufficiency. A clinical and histopathologic study. Am J Ophthalmol. 66:1968;1069-1074
99. Kopstein A.B., Kristopaitis T., Gujrati T.M., et al. Orbital Wegener granulomatosis without systemic findings. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 15:1999;467-469
100. Koyama T., Matsuo N., Watanabe Y., et al. Wegener's granulomatosis with destructive ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 98:1984;736-740
101. Kremer I., Blumenthal M. Excimer phototherapeutic keratectomy for corneal subepithelial cryoglobulin deposits. J Cataract Refract Surg. 23:1997;1119-1121
102. Kremer I., Wright P., Merin S., et al. Corneal subepithelial monoclonal kappa IgG deposits in essential cryoglobulinaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 73:1989;669-673
103. Kyle V., Cawston T.E., Hazleman B.L. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein in the assessment of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis on presentation and during follow up. Ann Rheum Dis. 48:1989;667-671
104. Lai R., Weiss L.M. Hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 109:1998;508-510
105. Lanham J.G., Elkon K.B., Pusey C.D., Hughes G.R. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 63:1984;65-81
106. Leavitt R.Y., Fauci A.S., Bloch D.A., et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 33:1990;1101-1107
107. Lhote F., Cohen P., Généreau T., et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical aspects and treatment. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 147:1996;165-177
108. Lhote F., Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical aspects and treatment. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 21:1995;911-947
109. Lightfoot R.W., Michel B.A., Bloch D.A., et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum. 33:1990;1088-1093
110. Lin H., Burton E.M., Felz M.W. Orbital myositis due to Kawasaki's disease. Pediatr Radiol. 29:1999;634-636
111. Liu G.T., Glaser J.S., Schatz N.J., Smith J.L. Visual morbidity in giant cell arteritis. Clinical characteristics and prognosis for vision. Ophthalmology. 101:1994;1779-1785
112. Lorentz W.B., Weaver R.G. Eye involvement in anaphylactoid purpura. Am J Dis Child. 134:1980;524-525
113. Love D.C., Rapkin J., Lesser G.R., et al. Temporal arteritis in blacks. Ann Intern Med. 105:1986;387-389
114. Lüdemann G., Gross W.L. Autoantibodies against cytoplasmic structures of neutrophil granulocytes in Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 69:1987;350-357
115. Malmvall B.E., Bengtsson B.A. Giant cell arteritis. Clinical features and involvement of different organs. Scand J Rheumatol. 7:1978;154-158
116. Mandl L.A., Solomon D.H., Smith E.L., et al. Using antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing to diagnose vasculitis: can test-ordering guidelines improve diagnostic accuracy? Arch Intern Med. 162:2002;1509-1514
117. Mauriello J.A., Stabile C., Wagner R.S. Dacryocystitis following Kawasaki's disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2:1986;209-211
118. McLean R.M., Greco T.P. Anticardiolipin antibodies in the polymyalgia rheumatica-temporal arteritis syndromes. Clin Rheumatol. 14:1995;191-196
119. Meisler D.M., Stock E.L., Wertz R.D., et al. Conjunctival inflammation and amyloidosis in allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 91:1981;216-219
120. Messmer E.M., Foster C.S. Vasculitic peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 43:1999;379-396
121. Miller N.R., Newman N.J. Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology. ed 5 :1997;375-376 William and Wilkins, Baltimore
122. Monteverde A., Rivano M.T., Allegra G.C., et al. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, type II: a manifestation of a low-grade malignant lymphoma? Clinical-morphological study of 12 cases with special reference to immunohistochemical findings in liver frozen sections. Acta Haematol. 79:1988;20-25
123. Monteverde A., Sabattini E., Poggi S., et al. Bone marrow findings further support the hypothesis that essential mixed cryoglobulinemia type II is characterized by a monoclonal B-cell proliferation. Leuk Lymphoma. 20:1995;119-124
124. Morgan C.M., Foster C.S., D'Amico D.J., Gragoudas E.S. Retinal vasculitis in polyarteritis nodosa. Retina. 6:1986;205-209
125. Moyana T.N. Necrotizing arteritis of the vermiform appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 112:1988;738-741
126. Myers J.P., Di Bisceglie A.M., Mann E.S. Cryoglobulinemia associated with Purtscher-like retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 131:2001;802-804
127. Newburger J.W., Takahashi M., Burns J.C., et al. The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med. 315:1986;341-347
128. Newman N.J., Slamovits T.L., Friedland S., Wilson W.B. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of meningocerebral inflammation from the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 120:1995;613-621
129. Newman N.M., Hoyt W.F., Spencer W.H. Macula-sparing monocular blackouts. Clinical and pathologic investigations of intermittent choroidal vascular insufficiency in a case of periarteritis nodosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 91:1974;367-370
130. Nishino H., Rubino F.A. Horner's syndrome in Wegener's granulomatosis: report of four cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 56:1993;897-899
131. Nishino H., Rubino F.A., DeRemee R.A., et al. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 324 consecutive patients at the Mayo Clinic. Ann Neurol. 33:1993;4-9
132. Nissim F., Von der Valde J., Czernobilsky B. A limited form of Churg-Strauss syndrome: ocular and cutaneous manifestations. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 106:1982;305-307
133. Nordborg E., Bengtsson B.A. Epidemiology of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA). J Intern Med. 227:1990;233-236
134. Nordborg E., Nordborg C., Malmvall B.E., et al. Giant cell arteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 21:1995;1013-1026
135. Ohno S., Miyajima T., Higuchi M., et al. Ocular manifestations of Kawasaki's disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 93:1982;713-717
136. Park J.R., Jones J.G., Hazleman B.L. Relationship of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to acute phase proteins in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 40:1981;493-495
137. Piette J.C., Bourgault I., Legrain S., et al. Systemic polyarteritis nodosa diagnosed at hysterectomy. Am J Med. 82:1987;836-838
138. Pinchoff B.S., Spahlinger D.A., Bergstrom T.J., Sandall G.S. Extraocular muscle involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 3:1983;163-168
139. Poole T.R., Graham E.M. Ocular manifestations of rheumatologic disorders. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 10:1999;458-463
140. Pountain G.D., Calvin J., Hazleman B.L. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheumatol. 33:1994;550-554
141. Power W.J., Rodriguez A., Neves R.A., et al. Disease relapse in patients with ocular manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 102:1995;154-160
142. Praprotnik S., Rozman B., Blank M., Shoenfeld Y. Pathogenic role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic vasculitis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 112:2000;660-664
143. Purcell J.J., Birkenkamp R., Tsai C.C. Conjunctival lesions in periarteritis nodosa. A clinical and immunopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol. 102:1984;736-738
144. Rao J.K., Weinberger M., Oddone E.Z., et al. The role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) testing in the diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis. A literature review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 123:1995;925-932
145. Regan C.D., Foster C.S. Retinal vascular diseases: clinical presentation and diagnosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 26:1986;25-53
146. Remigio P., Zaino E. Polyarteritis nodosa of the gallbladder. Surgery. 67:1970;427-431
147. Renaldini E., Spandrio S., Cerudelli B., et al. Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome: a follow-up of three cases. Eur Heart J. 14:1993;1712-1716
148. Rose G.A. The natural history of polyarteritis nodosa. Br Med J. 2:1957;1148-1152
149. Rosen E.S. The retinopathy in polyarteritis nodosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 52:1968;903-906
150. Sale S., Patterson R. Recurrent Churg-Strauss vasculitis. With exophthalmos, hearing loss, nasal obstruction, amyloid deposits, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and circulating immune complexes. Arch Intern Med. 141:1981;1363-1365
151. Saulsbury F.T. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 13:2001;35-40
152. Saulsbury F.T. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Report of 100 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 78:1999;395-409
153. Savage C.O., Winearls C.G., Evans D.J., et al. Microscopic polyarteritis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. Q J Med. 56:1985;467-483
154. Schmidt M.H., Fox A.J., Nicolle D.A. Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy as a presentation of Takayasu's disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 17:1997;156-161
155. Sharma S., Kamalakar T., Rajani M., et al. The incidence and patterns of pulmonary artery involvement in Takayasu's arteritis. Clin Radiol. 42:1990;177-181
156. Sheard R.M., Pandey K.R., Barnes N.D., Vivian A.J. Kawasaki disease presenting as orbital cellulitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 37:2000;123-125
157. Sinico R.A., Winearls C.G., Sabadini E., et al. Identification of glomerular immune deposits in cryoglobulinemia glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 34:1988;109-116
158. Sneller M.C., Hoffman G.S., Talar-Williams C., et al. An analysis of forty-two Wegener's granulomatosis patients treated with methotrexate and prednisone. Arthritis Rheum. 38:1995;608-613
159. Stavrou P., Deutsch J., Rene C., et al. Ocular manifestations of classical and limited Wegener's granulomatosis. Q J Med. 86:1993;719-725
160. Stegeman C.A., Tervaert J.W., de Jong P.E., Kallenberg C.G. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;16-20
161. Stillerman M.L. Ocular manifestations of diffuse collagen disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 45:1951;239-250
162. The vasculitides: immune to subspecialty borders. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 13:2001;1-2
163. Stone J.H., Nousari H.C. "Essential" cutaneous vasculitis: what every rheumatologist should know about vasculitis of the skin. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 13:2001;23-34
164. Straatsma B.R. Ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 44:1957;789-799
165. Tanaka T., Shimizu K. Retinal arteriovenous shunts in Takayasu disease. Ophthalmology. 94:1987;1380-1388
166. Tovilla-Canales J.L. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 9:1998;73-79
167. Treister G., Machemer R. Results of vitrectomy for rare proliferative and hemorrhagic diseases. Am J Ophthalmol. 84:1977;394-412
168. Trepo C.G., Zucherman A.J., Bird R.C., Prince A.M. The role of circulating hepatitis B antigen/antibody immune complexes in the pathogenesis of vascular and hepatic manifestations in polyarteritis nodosa. J Clin Pathol. 27:1974;863-868
169. Tripathy N.K., Upadhyaya S., Sinha N., Nityanand S. Complement and cell mediated cytotoxicity by antiendothelial cell antibodies in Takayasu's arteritis. J Rheumatol. 28:2001;805-808
170. Tsai J.C., Forster D.J., Ober R.R., Rao N.A. Panuveitis and multifocal retinitis in a patient with leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 77:1993;318-320
171. Van Wien S., Merz E.H. Exophthalmos secondary to periarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 56:1963;204-208
172. Watson P.G., Hayreh S.S. Scleritis and episcleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 60:1976;163-191
173. Watts R.A., Scott D.G., Pusey C.D., Lockwood C.M. Vasculitis-aims of therapy. An overview. Rheumatology (Oxford). 39:2000;229-232
174. Weinstein J.M., Chui H., Lane S., et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatous angiitis). Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. Arch Ophthalmol. 101:1983;1217-1220
175. Whitfield A.G., Bateman M., Cooke W.T. Temporal arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 47:1963;555-556
176. Wilkinson I.M., Russell R.W. Arteries of the head and neck in giant cell arteritis. A pathological study to show the pattern of arterial involvement. Arch Neurol. 27:1972;378-391
177. Wise G.N. Ocular periarteritis nodosa. Report of two cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 45:1951;1-11
178. Wong R.L., Korn J.H. Temporal arteritis without an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med. 80:1986;959-964
179. Yamabe H., Ozawa K., Fukushi K., et al. IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis with anterior uveitis. Nephron. 50:1988;368-370
180. Yanagawa H., Nakamura Y., Yashiro M., et al. Results of the nationwide epidemiologic survey of Kawasaki disease in 1995 and 1996 in Japan. Pediatrics. 102:1998;E65
181. Zaman F., Granville L., Trocme S.D. Ocular manifestations of immunologic and rheumatologic inflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 8:1997;81-84
182. Zeek P.M. Periarteritis nodosa: a critical review. Am J Clin Pathol. 22:1952;777-790