Vasculitic peripheral ulcerative keratitis

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 43, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 379-396

  Messmer, Elisabeth M ^a   Foster, C Stephen ^b  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Churg Strauss syndrome; Keratitis; Peripheral ulcerative keratitis; Polyarteritis nodosa; Relapsing polychondritis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Vasculitis; Wegener's granulomatosis

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY;

CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KERATITIS; NECROTIZING ARTERITIS; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ULCER; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

CORNEA; CORNEAL ULCER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULITIS;

EID: 0032914322     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6257(98)00051-4     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. Abdou N.I., Sagawa A., Pascual E.et al. Suppressor T-cell abnormality in idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 6:1976;192-199.
2. Abel T., Andrews B.S., Cunningham P.H.et al. Rheumatoid vasculitis. Effect of cyclophosphamide on the clinical course and levels of circulating immune complexes Ann Intern Med. 93:1980;407-413.
3. Acheson J.F., Cockerell O.C., Bentley C.R., Sanders M.D. Churg-Strauss vasculitis presenting with severe visual loss due to bilateral sequential optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 77:1993;118-119.
4. Akova Y.A., Jabbur N.S., Foster C.S. Ocular presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. Ophthalmology. 100:1993;1775-1781.
5. Alarcon-Segovia D., Ruiz-Arguelles A. Decreased circulating thymus-derived cells with receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 62:1978;1390-1394.
6. Allansmith M.R., McClellan B. Immunoglobulins in the human cornea. Am J Ophthalmol. 80:1975;123-132.
7. Anderson B. Ocular lesions in relapsing polychondritis and other rheumatoid syndromes. Am J Ophthalmol. 64:1967;35-50.
8. Arend W.P. The pathophysiology and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 40:1997;595-597.
9. Arnett F.C., Edworthy S.M., Bloch D.A.et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 3:1988;315-324.
10. Ashton N., Cook C. Allergic granulomatous nodules of the eyelid and conjunctiva. The XXXV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture Am J Ophthalmol. 87:1979;1-28.
11. Austin P., Green W.R., Sallyer D.C., Walsh F.B., Kleinfelter H.T. Peripheral corneal degeneration and occlusive vasculitis in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 85:1978;311-317.
12. Baehr G., Klemperer P., Schifrin A. Diffuse disease of peripheral circulation usually associated with lupus erythematosus and endocarditis. Trans Ass Am Phys. 50:1935;139-155.
13. Bansal V.K., Beto J.A. Treatment of lupus nephritis. a meta-analysis of clinical trials Am J Kidney Dis. 29:1997;193-199.
14. Barth W.F., Berson E.L. Relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis and blindness. Am J Ophthalmol. 66:1968;890-896.
15. Bergfeld W.F. Relapsing polychondritis with positive direct immunofluorescence. Arch Dermatol. 114:1978;127.
16. Bernauer W., Ficker L.A., Watson P.G., Dart J.K.G. The management of corneal perforations associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology. 102:1995;1325-1337.
17. Bessant D.A.R., Dart J.K.G. Lamellar keratoplasty in the management of inflammatory corneal ulceration and perforation. Eye. 8:1994;22-28.
18. Blomberg J., Nived O., Pipkorn R.et al. Increased antiretroviral antibody reactivity in sera from a defined population of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Correlation with autoantibodies and clinical manifestations Arthritis Rheum. 37:1994;57-66.
19. Blum M., Andrassy K., Adler D.et al. Early experience with intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis with ocular involvement. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 235:1997;599-602.
20. Boman S., Ballen J.L., Seggev J.S. Dramatic responses to intravenous immunoglobulin in vasculitis. J Intern Med. 238:1995;373-377.
21. Brady H.R., Israel M.R., Lewin W.H. Wegener's granulomatosis and corneoscleral ulcer. JAMA. 193:1965;248-249.
22. Bullen C.L., Liesegang T.J., McDonald T.J., DeRemee R.A. Ocular complications of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 90:1983;279-290.
23. Caccavo D., Lagana B., Mitterhofer A.P.et al. Long term treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with cyclosporin A. Arthritis Rheum. 40:1997;27-35.
24. Carrington C.B., Liebow A.A. Limited forms of angiitis and granulomatosis of Wegener's type. Am J Med. 41:1966;497-527.
25. Carson C.W., Conn D.L., Czaja A.J.et al. Frequency and significance of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in polyarteritis nodosa. J Rheumatol. 20:1993;304-309.
26. Carson D.A., Ribeiro J.M. Apoptosis and disease. Lancet. 341:1993;1251-1254.
27. Caster J.C., Shetlar D.J., Pappolia M.A., Yee R.W. Microscopic polyangiitis with ocular involvement. Arch Ophthalmol. 114:1996;346-348.
28. Cassan S.M., Coles D.T., Harrison E.G. The concept of limited forms of Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Med. 49:1970;366-379.
29. Charles S.J., Meyer P.A.R., Watson P.G. Diagnosis and management of systemic Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with anterior ocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 75:1991;201-207.
30. Chumbley L.C., Harrison E.G. Jr., DeRemee R.A. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases Mayo Clin Proc. 52:1977;477-484.
31. Cipriano P.R., Alonso D.R., Baltaxe H.A.et al. Multiple aortic aneurysms in relapsing polychondritis. Am J Cardiol. 37:1976;1097-1102.
32. Citron B.P., Halpern M., McCarron M.et al. Necrotizing angiitis associated with drug abuse. N Engl J Med. 283:1970;1003-1011.
33. Clifford B.D., Donahue D., Smith L.et al. High prevalence of serological markers of autoimmunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 21:1995;613-619.
34. Cogan D.G. Corneoscleral lesions in periarteritis nodosa and Wegener's granulomatosis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 53:1955;321-344.
35. Cohen D.R., Conn D.L., Ilstrup D.M. Clinical features, prognosis, and response to treatment in polyarteritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 55:1980;146-155.
36. Cooperating Clinics Committee of the American Rheumatism Association: A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 283:883-889, 1970.
37. Cremer M.A., Pitcock J.A., Stuart J.M.et al. Auricular chondritis is rats. An experimental model of relapsing polychondritis induced with type II collagen J Exp Med. 154:1981;535-540.
38. Cruickshank B. The arteritis of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 13:1954;136-146.
39. Cury D., Breakey A.S., Payne B.F. Allergic granulomatous angiitis associated with uveoscleritis and papilledema. Arch Ophthalmol. 55:1966;261-266.
40. Czaja A.J., Carpenter H.A., Santrach P.J., Moore S.B. Significance of human leukocyte antigens DR3 and DR4 in chronic viral hepatitis. Dig Sis Sci. 40:1995;2098-2106.
41. Damiani J.M., Levine H.L. Relapsing polychondritis. report of ten cases Laryngoscope. 89:1979;926-946.
42. Davson J., Ball J., Platt R. The kidney in periarteritis nodosa. Q J Med. 17:1948;175-202.
43. Dolan D.L., Lemmon G.B. Jr., Teitelbaum S.L. Relapsing polychondritis. Am J Med. 41:1966;285-299.
44. Dreviow B.E., Lovis R., Haag N.A.et al. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor type 1 in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 39:1996;257-265.
45. Eiferman R.A., Carothers D.J., Yankeelov J.A. Peripheral rheumatoid ulceration and evidence for conjunctival collagenase production. Am J Ophthalmol. 87:1979;703-709.
46. Elliot M.J., Maini R.N., Feldman M.et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor a (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 344:1994;1105-1110.
47. Eng A.M., Reddy V.B. Relapsing polychondritis responding to colchicine. Int J Dermatol. 33:1994;448-449.
48. Ewert B.H., Jennette J.C., Falk R.J. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cell. Kidney Int. 41:1992;373-383.
49. Fahey J., Leonard E., Churg J., Godman G. Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Med. 17:1954;168-179.
50. Falk R.J., Terell R.S., Charles L.A., Jennette J.C. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;4115-4119.
51. Fauci A.S., Doppman J.L., Wolff S.M. Cyclophosphamide-induced remissions in advanced polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 64:1978;890-894.
52. Fauci A.S., Haynes B.F., Katz P., Wolff S.M. Wegener's granulomatosis. prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years Ann Intern Med. 98:1983;76-85.
53. Fauci A.S., Steinberg A.D., Haynes B.F., Whalen G. Immunoregulatory aberrations in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 121:1987;1473-1479.
54. Fauci A.S., Wolff S.M. Wegener's granulomatosis. studies in eighteen patients and a review of the literature Medicine. 52:1973;535-561.
55. Feder R.S., Krachmer J.H. Conjunctival resection for treatment of the rheumatoid corneal ulceration. Ophthalmology. 91:1984;111-115.
56. Ferry A.P., Leopold I.H. Marginal (ring) corneal ulcer as presenting manifestation of Wegener's granuloma. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 74:1970;1276-1282.
57. Firestein G.S., Gruber H.E., Weisman M.H.et al. Mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage. MAGIC syndrome JAMA. 79:1985;65-72.
58. Fogle J.A., Kenyon K.R., Foster C.S. Tissue adhesive arrests stromal melting in the human cornea. Am J Ophthalmol. 89:1980;795-802.
59. Foidart J.M., Abe S., Martin G.R.et al. Antibodies to type II collagen in relapsing polychondritis. N Engl J Med. 299:1978;1203-1207.
60. Fong L.P., Sainz de la Maza M., Rice B.A.et al. Immunopathology of scleritis. Ophthalmology. 98:1991;472-479.
61. Ford R.G., Siekert R.G. Central nervous system manifestation of periarteritis nodosa. Neurology. 15:1995;114-122.
62. Foster C.S. Immunosuppressive therapy for external ocular inflammatory disease. Ophthalmology. 87:1980;140-150.
63. Foster C.S. Ocular manifestations of the nonrheumatic acquired collagen vascular diseases. Smolin G., Thoft R.A. The Cornea. 1983;344-367 Little Brown and Co, Boston.
64. Foster C.S. Systemic lupus erythematosus, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 37:1997;93-110.
65. Foster C.S., Forstot S.L., Wilson L.A. Mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis patients developing necrotizing scleritis or peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Ophthalmology. 91:1984;1253-1263.
66. Foster C.S., Sainz de la Maza M. The Sclera. 1983;Springer Verlag, New York.
67. Frayer W.C. The histopathology of perilimbal ulceration in Wegener's granulomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 64:1960;58-64.
68. Fries J.F. Reevaluating the therapeutic approach to rheumatoid arthritis. the "sawtooth" strategy J Rheumatol. 17(Suppl):1990;12-15.
69. Fronert P.P., Scheps F.G. Long-term follow up study of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 43:1967;8-14.
70. Fye K.H., Becker M.J., Theofilopoulos A.N.et al. Immune complexes in hepatitis B antigen-associated periarteritis nodosa. Detection by antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the Raji cell assay Am J Med. 62:1977;783-791.
71. Giordano M., Valentini G., Sodano A. Relapsing polychondritis with aortic arch aneurysm and aortic arch syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 4:1984;191-193.
72. Gocke D.J., Hsu K., Morgan C.et al. Association between polyarteritis and Australian antigen. Lancet. 2:1970;1149-1153.
73. Gold D.H., Morris D.A., Henkind P. Ocular findings in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Ophthalmol. 56:1972;800-804.
74. Goldblum R. Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 11(Suppl 8):1993;117S-119S.
75. Grayson M. Autoimmune diseases. Diseases of the Cornea. 1983;387-391 CV Mosby, St Louis.
76. Gregory J.K., Foster C.S. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis in the collagen vascular diseases. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 36:1996;21-30.
77. Gross W.L. Systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Bailliere Clin Rheum. 11:1997;259-284.
78. Gross W.L., Csernok E., Flesch B.K. "Classic" antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (cANCA), "Wegener's autoantigen" and their immunopathogenic role in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Autoimmun. 6:1993;171-184.
79. Gueirard P., Delpech A., Gilbert D.et al. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. immunological characteristics and clinical associations J Autoimmun. 4:1991;517-527.
80. Guillevin L., Lhote F., Cohen P.et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. a prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients Medicine. 74:1995;238-253.
81. Guillevin L., Lhote F., Gayraudet al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg Strauss syndrome. a prospective study in 342 patients Medicine. 75:1996;17-27.
82. Hagen E.C., DeKeizer R.J.W., Andrassy K.et al. Compassionate treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin. Clin Nephrol. 43:1995;351-359.
83. Haithan J.B., Saadeh C., O'Connor J. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis. treatment with immunosuppressive therapy Semin Arthritis Rheum. 25:1995;67-73.
84. Handrock K., Gross W.L. Relapsing polychondritis as a secondary phenomenon of primary systemic vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 25:1993;389-391.
85. Harbert F., McPherson S.D. Scleral necrosis in periarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 30:1947;727-732.
86. Harisdangkul V., Johnson W.W. Association between relapsing polychondritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. South Med J. 87:1994;753-757.
87. Hebra F. Ueber die Wichtigkeit einer richtigen Diagnose der Hautkrankheiten. Z K K Gesellschaft Aerzte Wien. 1:1845;331-338.
88. Heiligenhaus A., Dutt J.E., Foster C.S. Histology and immunopathology of systemic lupus erythematosus affecting the conjunctiva. Eye. 10:1996;425-432.
89. Hemady R., Chu W., Foster C.S. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca and corneal ulcers. Cornea. 9:1990;170-173.
90. Hench P.S., Kendall E.C., Slocumb C.H., Polley H.F. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11 dehidrocorticosterone: compound E) and of pituitary hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. preliminary report Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 24:1949;181-197.
91. Henkind P, Gold DH: Ocular manifestations of rheumatic disorders, in Ehrlich GE (ed) Oculocutaneous Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases. Basel, Karger, 1973, vol 4, pp 13-59.
92. Hoang-Xuan T., Foster C.S., Rice B.A. Scleritis in relapsing polychondritis. Ophthalmology. 97:1990;892-898.
93. Hogan M.J., Alvarado J.A. The limbus. Histology of the Human Eye. An Atlas and Textbook:1971;112-182 WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ed 2pp.
94. Hollander D., Manning R.T. The use of alkylating agents in the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 67:1967;393-398.
95. Horneff G. Advances in immunotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. clinical and immunological findings following treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies Br J Rheumatol. 32(Suppl 14):1993;39-47.
96. Hughes R.A.C., Berry C.L., Seifert M., Leesof M.H. Relapsing polychondritis. three cases with a clinico-pathologic study and literature review Q J Med. 51:1972;363-380.
97. Hundeiker M., Brehm K., Go M. Infiltrat und Knorpelzerstorung bei Polychondritis (Histochemische und immunofluoreszenz-histologische Befunde). Z Haut Geschlechtskr. 45:1970;437-443.
98. Isaak B.L., Liesegang T.J., Michet C.J. Jr. Ocular and systemic findings in relapsing polychondritis. Ophthalmology. 93:1986;681-689.
99. Jaksch-Wartenhorst R. Polychondropathia. Wien Arch Inn Med. 6:1923;93-100.
100. Jayson M.I.V., Jones D.E.P. Scleritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 30:1971;343-347.
101. Jennette J.C., Ewert B.H., Falk R.J. Do antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies cause Wegener's granulomatosis and other forms of necrotizing vasculitis? Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 19:1993;1-14.
102. John S.L., Morgan K., Tullo A.B., Holt P.J.L. Corneal autoimmunity in patients with peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) in association with rheumatoid arthritis and Wegener's granulomatosis. Eye. 6:1992;630-636.
103. Jones P., Jayson M. Rheumatoid arthritis of the eye. Proc R Soc Med. 66:1973;161-1163.
104. Jordan S.C. Treatment of systemic and renal-limited vasculitic disorders with pooled human intravenous immune globulin. J Clin Immunol. 15(Suppl 6):1995;76-85.
105. Kattah J.C., Chrousos G.A., Katz P.A.et al. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Neurology. 44:1994;2200-2202.
106. Kenyon K.R. Decision-making in the therapy of external eye disease. noninfected corneal ulcers Ophthalmology. 89:1982;44-51.
107. Kimbrell O.C. Jr., Wheliss J.A. Polyarteritis nodosa complicated by bilateral optic neuropathy. JAMA. 210:1967;139-140.
108. Klinger H. Grenzformen der Periarteritis nodosa. Centralblatt fur allgemeine. Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie. 56:1932;332-333.
109. Klinhoff A.V., Beatti C.W., Chalmers A. Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. relationship to disease activity Arthritis Rheum. 29:1986;1152-1156.
110. Koffler D. The immunology of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Symp. 31:1979;2125.
111. Koyama T., Matsuo N., Watanabe Y.et al. Wegener's granulomatosis with destructive ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 98:1984;736-740.
112. Kussmaul A., Maier R. Uber eine bisher nicht beschriebene eigenthumliche Arterienerkrankung (Periarteriitis nodosa), die mit Morbus Brightii und schnell fortschreitender allgemeiner Muskellahmung einhergeht. Dtsch Arch Klin Med. 1:1866;484-518.
113. Lai K.N., Leung J.L., Rickin I., Lookwood C.M. Effect of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies on the intracellular calcium concentration of human neutrophils. Lab Invest. 70:1994;152-162.
114. Lande K. Die gunstige Beeinflussung schleichender Dauerinfekte durch Solganal. Munch Med Wochenschr. 74:1927;1132-1134.
115. Lang B., Rothenfusser A., Lanchbury J.S.et al. Susceptibility to relapsing polylchondritis is associated with HLA-DR4. Arthritis Rheum. 36:1993;660-664.
116. Langford C.A., Sneller M.C. New developments in the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 9:1997;26-30.
117. Leib E.S., Restivo C., Paulus H.E. Immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy of polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 67:1979;941-947.
118. Libman E., Sacks B. A hitherto undescribed form of valvular and mural endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 33:1924;701-737.
119. Liegner J.T., Yee R.W., Wild J.H. Topical cyclosporine therapy for ulcerative keratitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 109:1990;610-612.
120. Lightfoot R.W. Jr., Michel B.A., Bloch D.A.et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum. 33:1990;1088-1093.
121. Locke I.C., Cambridge G. Autoantibodies to neutrophil granule proteins. pathogenic potential in vasculitis? Br J Biomed Sci. 53:1996;302-316.
122. Lockwood C.M. New treatment strategies for systemic vasculitis. the role of intravenous immune globulin therapy Clin Exp Immunol. 104(Suppl 1):1996;77-82.
123. Maffett M.J., Johns K.J., Parrish C.M.et al. Sterile corneal ulceration after cataract extraction in patients with collagen vascular disease. Cornea. 9:1990;279-285.
124. Mandell B.F., Hoffman G.S. Differentiating the vasculitides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 20:1994;409-442.
125. Matoba A., Plager S., Barber J., McCulley J.P. Keratitis in relapsing polychondritis. Ann Ophthalmol. 16:1984;367-370.
126. Mayet W.J., Schwarting A., Meyer zum Buschenfelde K.-H. Cytotoxic effects of antibodies to proteinase 3 (C-ANCA) on human endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 97:1994;458-465.
127. McAdam L.P., O'Hanlan M.A., Bluestone R., Pearson C.M. Relapsing polychondritis. prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature Medicine. 55:1976;193-215.
128. McCarthy J.M., Dubord P.J., Chalmers A.et al. Cyclosporine A for the treatment of necrotizing scleritis and corneal melting in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 19:1992;1358-1361.
129. McGavin D.D.M., Williamson J., Forrester J.V.et al. Episcleritis and scleritis. a study of their clinical manifestations and association with rheumatoid arthritis Br J Ophthalmol. 60:1976;192-226.
130. McKay D.A.R., Watson P.G., Lyne A.J. Relapsing polychondritis and eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 58:1974;600-605.
131. McMurry R.W., Elbourne K. Hepatitis C virus infection and autoimmunity. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 26:1997;689-701.
132. Meisler D.M., Stock E.L., Wertz R.D.et al. Conjunctival inflammation and amyloidosis in allergic granulomatous and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 91:1981;216-219.
133. Messmer E.M., Foster C.S. Destructive corneal and scleral disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Cornea. 14:1995;408-417.
134. Meyer P.A.R., Watson P.G., Franks W., Dubord P. Pulsed immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of immunologically induced corneal and scleral disease. Eye. 1:1987;487-495.
135. Michelson J.B. Melting corneas with collapsing nose. Surv Ophthalmol. 29:1984;148-154.
136. Mondino B.J. Inflammatory diseases of the peripheral cornea. Ophthalmology. 95:1988;463-472.
137. Mondino B.J., Brady K.J. Distribution of hemolytic complement in the normal cornea. Arch Ophthalmol. 99:1981;2041-2044.
138. Monecucco C. Role of ANCA in the pathogenesis of Wegener's granulomatosis. a short review Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 49:1994;323-326.
139. Mongan E.S., Cass R.M., Jacox R.F., Vaughan J.H. A study of the relation of seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis to each other and to necrotizing vasculitis. Am J Med. 47:1969;23-33.
140. Moore G.J., Sevel D. Corneo-scleral ulceration in periarteritis nodosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 50:1966;651-655.
141. Morgan B.P., Walport M.J. Complement deficiency and disease. Immunol Today. 12:1991;301-306.
142. Mountz J.D., Talal N. Retroviruses, apoptosis and autogenes. Immunol Today. 14:1993;532-536.
143. Nakajima T., Aono H., Hasunuma T.et al. Overgrowth of human synovial cells driven by the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 tax gene. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;186-193.
144. Neumann R., Foster C.S. Corticosteroid-sparing strategies in the treatment of retinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Retina. 15:1995;201-212.
145. Niles J.L. Antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies in the classification of vasculitis. Annu Rev Med. 47:1996;303-313.
146. Nissim F., Von der Valde J., Czernobilsky B. A limited form of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ocular and cutaneous manifestations Arch Pathol Lab Med. 106:1982;305-307.
147. Nobe J.R., Moura B.T., Robin J.B., Smith R.E. Results of penetrating keratoplasty for the treatment of corneal perforation. Arch Ophthalmol. 108:1990;939-941.
148. Nolle B., Specks U., Ludemann J.et al. Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies. their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener's granulomatosis Ann Intern Med. 64:1989;28-36.
149. Odeh M. Short analytical review. New insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 83:1997;103-116.
150. Palay D.A., Stulting R.D., Waring G.O. III, Wilson L.A. Penetrating keratoplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology. 99:1992;622-627.
151. Pearson C.M., Kline H.M., Newcomer V.D. Relapsing polychondritis. N Engl J Med. 263:1960;51-58.
152. Pfister R.R., Murphy G.E. Corneal ulceration and perforation associated with Sjögren's syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 98:1980;89-94.
153. Pick E. Versuche einer Goldbehandlung des Rheumatismus. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 40:1927;1175.
154. Pickering G. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa with cortisone. Results after three years. Report to the Medical Research Counsel by the Collagen Diseases and Hypersensitivity Panel Br Med J. 1:1960;1399-1400.
155. Porcel J.M., Vergani D. Complement and lupus. old concepts and new directions Lupus. 1:1992;343-349.
156. Power W.J., Rodriguez A., Neves R.A.et al. Disease relapse in patients with ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 102:1995;154-160.
157. Purcell J.J., Birkenkamp R., Tsai C.C. Conjunctival lesions in periarteritis nodosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 102:1984;736-738.
158. Quint L., Deny P., Guillevin L.et al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Prevalence in 38 patients Clin Exp Rheumatol. 9:1991;253-257.
159. Raizman M.B., Sainz de la Maza M., Foster C.S. Tectonic keratoplasty for peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Cornea. 10:1991;312-316.
160. Reeves J.A. Keratopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol. 74:1965;159-160.
161. Richter C., Schnabel A., Csernok E.et al. Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis with intravenous immunoglobulin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 336:1993;487-488.
162. Robin J.B., Schanzlin D.J., Verity S.M.et al. Peripheral corneal disorders. Surv Ophthalmol. 31:1986;1-36.
163. Rose G.A., Spencer H. Polyarteritis nodosa. Q J Med. 26:1957;43-81.
164. Rose L.M., Latchman D.S., Isenberg D.A. Bc1-2 and Fas, molecules which influence apoptosis. A possible role in systemic lupus erythematosus? Autoimmunity. 17:1994;271-278.
165. Sainz de la Maza M., Foster C.S. Necrotizing scleritis after ocular surgery. Ophthalmology. 98:1991;1720-1726.
166. Satoh M., Kumar A., Kanwar Y.S., Reeves W.H. Anti-nuclear antibody production and immune-complex glomerulonephritis in BALB/c mice treated with pristane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;10934-10938.
167. Savage C.O., Pottinger B.E., Gaskin G., Pusey C. Anti-myeloperoxidase and proteinase 3 in systemic vasculitis stimulate neutrophil cytotoxicity toward cultures endothelial cells. Am J Pathol. 14:1992;335-342.
168. Schiff M. Emerging treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 102(Suppl 1A):1997;11S-15S.
169. Schmidt D., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. CD4+ CD7 CD28 T cells are expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and are characterized by autoreactivity. J Clin Invest. 97:1996;2027-2037.
170. Schumacher H.R., Bautista B.B., Krauser R.E.et al. Histological appearance of the synovium in early rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 23:1994;3-10.
171. Sequeira J.F., Keser G., Greenstein B.et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. sex hormones in male patients Lupus. 2:1993;315-317.
172. Sergent J.S., Lockshin M.D., Christian C.L., Gocke D.J. Vasculitis with hepatitis B antigenemia. Long-term observations in 9 patients Medicine. 55:1976;1-18.
173. Sevel D. Rheumatoid nodule of the sclera. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 85:1965;357-367.
174. Sevel D. Necrogranulomatoous keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 63:1967;250-255.
175. Shearn M.A., Pirofsky B. Disseminated lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med. 90:1952;790-807.
176. Shields C.L., Shields J.A., Rozanski Tl. Conjunctival involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 102:1986;601-605.
177. Short C.L. The antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 17:1974;193-205.
178. Skarsvag S. The importance of C4A null genes in Norwegian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol. 42:1995;572-576.
179. Slansky H.H. Cysteine and acetycysteine in the prevention of corneal ulcerations. Ann Ophthalmol. 2:1970;488.
180. Slansky H.H., Gnadinger M.C., Itoi M., Dohiman C.H. Collagenase in corneal ulcerations. Arch Ophthalmol. 82:1969;108-111.
181. Sneller M.C., Fauci A.S. Pathogenesis of vasculitis syndromes. Adv Rheum. 81:1997;221-242.
182. Sneller M.C., Hoffman G.S., Talar-Williams C.et al. An analysis of forty-two Wegener's granulomatosis patients treated with methotrexate and prednisone. Arthritis Rheum. 38:1995;608-613.
183. Snowden N., Kay R.A. Immunology of systemic rheumatoid disease. Br Med Bull. 51:1995;437-448.
184. Soukiasian S.H., Foster C.S., Niles J.L., Raizman M.B. Diagnostic value of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in scleritis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 99:1992;125-132.
185. Spaeth G.L. Corneal staining in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 276:1967;1168-1171.
186. Stafford-Brady F.J., Urowitz M.B., Gladman D.D., Easterbrook M. Lupus retinopathy. patterns, associations and prognosis Arthritis Rheum. 31:1988;1105-1110.
187. Stastny P. Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 298:1978;869-871.
188. Stavrou P., Deutsch J., Rene C.et al. Ocular manifestations of classical and limited Wegener's granulomatosis. Q J Med. 86:1993;719-725.
189. Stegeman C.A., Cohen Tervaert J.W., DeJong P.E., Kallenberg C.G.M. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;16-20.
190. Steinberg A.D. Systemic lupus erythematosus. theories of pathogenesis and approach to therapy Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 72:1994;171-176.
191. Stillerman M.L. Ocular manifestations of diffuse collagen disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 45:1951;239-250.
192. Straatsma B.R. Ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 44:1957;789-799.
193. Strand V. Approaches to the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 9:1997;410-420.
194. Stransky G., Vernon J., Aicher W.K.et al. Virus-like particles in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 32:1993;1044-1048.
195. Sturzenegger L., Hatt M., Bruun D., Siegenthaler D. Rezidivierende Polychondritis. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 204:1994;456-459.
196. Takeuchi T., Amano K., Sekine H.et al. Upregulated expression and function of integrin adhesive receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with vasculitis. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;3008-3016.
197. Tan E.M., Cohen A.S., Fries J.F.et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 25:1982;1271-1277.
198. Tauber J., Sainz de la Maza M., Hoang-Xuan T., Foster C.S. An analysis of therapeutic decision making regarding immunosuppressive chemotherapy for peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Cornea. 9:1990;66-73.
199. Theocharis S., Sfikakis P.P., Lipnick R.N.et al. Characterization of in vivo mutated T cell clones from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 74:1995;135-142.
200. Valentijn R.M., van Overhangen H., Hazevoet H.M.et al. The value of complement and immune complex determinations in monitoring disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 28:1985;904-913.
201. Vandenbroucke J.P., Havevoet H.M., Cats A. Survival and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. a 25-year prospective follow-up J Rheumatol. 11:1984;158-161.
202. van der Woude F.J., Rasmussen N., Lobatto S.et al. Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes. tools for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis Lancet. 1:1985;425-429.
203. Varga J.H., Wolf T.C. Bilateral transient keratoendotheliitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Ophthalmol. 25:1993;222-223.
204. Vitale C., Genovesi-Ebert F., Romani A.et al. Ophthalmological and neuro-ophthalmological involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. a case report Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 234:1996;404-408.
205. Vollertson R.S., Conn D.L. Vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 16:1990;445-446.
206. Wagoner M.D., Kenyon K.R., Foster C.S. Management strategies in peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 26:1986;147-157.
207. Walport M.J., Davies K.A., Morley B.J., Botto M. Complement deficiency and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 815:1997;267-281.
208. Walton E.W. Giant-cell granuloma of the respiratory tract (Wegener's granulomatosis). Br Med J. 2:1958;265-270.
209. Watson P.G. Vascular changes in peripheral corneal destructive disease. Eye. 4:1990;65-73.
210. Watson P.G., Hayreh S.S. Scleritis and episcleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 60:1976;163-191.
211. Watts R.A., Carruthers D.M., Scott D.G. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. changing incidence or definition? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 25:1995;28-34.
212. Wegener F. Uber generalisierte, septische Gefasserkrankungen. Verh Dtsch Pathol Ges. 29:1936;202-210.
213. Wegener F. Uber eine eigenartige rhinogene Granulomatose mit besonderer Beteiligung des Arteriensystems und der Nieren. Beitr Pathol Anat. 102:1939;36-68.
214. Weinblatt M.E., Trentham D.E., Fraser P.A.et al. Long-term prospective trial of low dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 31:1968;167-173.
215. Weisman M., Zvaifler N. Cryoimmunoglobulinemia in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 56:1975;725-739.
216. Weiss J.L., Williams P., Lindstrom R.L., Doughman D.J. The use of tissue adhesive in corneal perforations. Ophthalmology. 90:1983;610-615.
217. Weyand C.M., Goronzy J.J. Multisystem interactions in the pathogenesis of vasculitits. Curr Opin Rheum. 9:1997;3-11.
218. Weyand C.M., Goronzy J.J. The molecular basis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Mol Med. 75:1997;772-785.
219. Weyand C.M., Hicok K.C., Conn D.L., Goronzy J.J. The influence of HLA-DRB1 genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 177:1992;801-806.
220. Weyand C.M., McCarthy T.G., Goronzy J.J. Correlation between disease phenotype and genetic heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 95:1995;2120-2126.
221. Weynad C.M., Schonberger J., Oppitz Z.et al. Distinct vascular lesions in giant cell arteritis share identical T cell clonotypes. J Exp Med. 179:1994;951-960.
222. Wiebking J.H., Mehfield T. Lokale Behandlung von Hornhautulzera und Skleromalzien mit Cyclosporin A. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 3:1986;345-347.
223. Wilske K.R., Healey L.A. Challenging the therapeutic pyramid. a new look at treatment strategies for rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol. 17(Suppl):1990;4-7.
224. Wilson S.E., Lee W.M., Murakami C.et al. Mooren-type hepatitis C virus-associated corneal ulceration. Ophthalmology. 101:1994;736-745.
225. Wise C.M., Vuyyuru S., Roberts W.N. Methotrexate in nonrenal lupus and undifferentiated connective tissue disease. a review of 36 patients J Rheumatol. 23:1996;1005-1010.
226. Wise G.N. Ocular periarteritis nodosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 47:1952;1-11.
227. Yang C.L., Brinckmann J., Rue H.F.et al. Autoantibodies to cartilage collagens in relapsing polychondritis. Arch Dermatol Res. 285:1993;245-249.
228. Yoshio T. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies. Rinsho Byori. 41:1993;851-858.
229. Zeuner M., Straub R.H., Rauh G.et al. Relapsing polychondritis. clinical and immunogenetic analysis of 62 patients J Rheumatol. 24:1997;96-101.
230. Zierhut M., Thiel H.J., Wiedle E.G.et al. Topical treatment of severe corneal ulcers with cyclosporin A. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 227:1989;30-35.
231. Zion V.M., Brackup A.H., Weingeist S. Relapsing polychondritis, erythema nodosum and sclerouveitis. A case report with anterior segment angiography Surv Ophthalmol. 19:1974;107-114.