Carl Schmitt's political theory of representation

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 113-134

  Kelly, Duncan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 3042640414     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jhi.2004.0015     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Hanna Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, 1967), 144.
2. Cf. Bernard Manin, Adam Przeworski and Susan Stokes (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation (Cambridge, 1999); Albert Weale, "Representation, Individualism and Collectivism," Ethics, 91 (1981), 457-65; David Plotke, "Representation is Democracy," Constellations, 4 (1999), 19-34.
3. Cf. Bernard Manin, Adam Przeworski and Susan Stokes (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation (Cambridge, 1999); Albert Weale, "Representation, Individualism and Collectivism," Ethics, 91 (1981), 457-65; David Plotke, "Representation is Democracy," Constellations, 4 (1999), 19-34.
4. Cf. Bernard Manin, Adam Przeworski and Susan Stokes (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation (Cambridge, 1999); Albert Weale, "Representation, Individualism and Collectivism," Ethics, 91 (1981), 457-65; David Plotke, "Representation is Democracy," Constellations, 4 (1999), 19-34.
5. George Kateb, The Inner Ocean (Ithaca, 1992), 36-56; cf. Nadia Urbinati, "Representation as Advocacy," Political Theory, 28 (2000), 758-86.
6. George Kateb, The Inner Ocean (Ithaca, 1992), 36-56; cf. Nadia Urbinati, "Representation as Advocacy," Political Theory, 28 (2000), 758-86.
7. Pitkin, Concept of Representation, 221f; cf. Edmund Burke, "Speech to the Electors of Bristol" (1774), On Empire, Liberty and Reform, ed. David Bromwich (New Haven, 2000), 54f.
8. Pitkin, Concept of Representation, 221f; cf. Edmund Burke, "Speech to the Electors of Bristol" (1774), On Empire, Liberty and Reform, ed. David Bromwich (New Haven, 2000), 54f.
9. 8), 90; Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political [1932 ed.], trans. George Schwab (Chicago, [1927] 1996), 19.
10. 8), 90; Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political [1932 ed.], trans. George Schwab (Chicago, [1927] 1996), 19.
11. But see Renato Cristi, Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism (Cardiff, 1998), 81, 101ff, 116-25, 133, 135f; John P. McCormick, Carl Schmilt's Critique of Liberalism (Cambridge, 1997), esp. ch. 4; Pasquale Pasquino, "Pouvoir Constituant bei Sieyes und Schmitt," in H. Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum (Berlin, 1985), 371-85; Stefan Breuer, "National-staat und Pouvoir Constituant bei Schmitt und Sieyes," Archiv für Rechts- und Sozial-philosophie, 70 (1984), 495-517. In the text, Sieyes is spelled without an accent, following the notes on orthography outlined by A. Mathiez, "L'orthographe du nom Sieyes," Annales historiques de la Revolution Française, 2 (1925), 487.
12. But see Renato Cristi, Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism (Cardiff, 1998), 81, 101ff, 116-25, 133, 135f; John P. McCormick, Carl Schmilt's Critique of Liberalism (Cambridge, 1997), esp. ch. 4; Pasquale Pasquino, "Pouvoir Constituant bei Sieyes und Schmitt," in H. Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum (Berlin, 1985), 371-85; Stefan Breuer, "National-staat und Pouvoir Constituant bei Schmitt und Sieyes," Archiv für Rechts- und Sozial-philosophie, 70 (1984), 495-517. In the text, Sieyes is spelled without an accent, following the notes on orthography outlined by A. Mathiez, "L'orthographe du nom Sieyes," Annales historiques de la Revolution Française, 2 (1925), 487.
13. But see Renato Cristi, Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism (Cardiff, 1998), 81, 101ff, 116-25, 133, 135f; John P. McCormick, Carl Schmilt's Critique of Liberalism (Cambridge, 1997), esp. ch. 4; Pasquale Pasquino, "Pouvoir Constituant bei Sieyes und Schmitt," in H. Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum (Berlin, 1985), 371-85; Stefan Breuer, "National-staat und Pouvoir Constituant bei Schmitt und Sieyes," Archiv für Rechts- und Sozial-philosophie, 70 (1984), 495-517. In the text, Sieyes is spelled without an accent, following the notes on orthography outlined by A. Mathiez, "L'orthographe du nom Sieyes," Annales historiques de la Revolution Française, 2 (1925), 487.
14. But see Renato Cristi, Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism (Cardiff, 1998), 81, 101ff, 116-25, 133, 135f; John P. McCormick, Carl Schmilt's Critique of Liberalism (Cambridge, 1997), esp. ch. 4; Pasquale Pasquino, "Pouvoir Constituant bei Sieyes und Schmitt," in H. Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum (Berlin, 1985), 371-85; Stefan Breuer, "National-staat und Pouvoir Constituant bei Schmitt und Sieyes," Archiv für Rechts- und Sozial-philosophie, 70 (1984), 495-517. In the text, Sieyes is spelled without an accent, following the notes on orthography outlined by A. Mathiez, "L'orthographe du nom Sieyes," Annales historiques de la Revolution Française, 2 (1925), 487.
15. But see Renato Cristi, Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism (Cardiff, 1998), 81, 101ff, 116-25, 133, 135f; John P. McCormick, Carl Schmilt's Critique of Liberalism (Cambridge, 1997), esp. ch. 4; Pasquale Pasquino, "Pouvoir Constituant bei Sieyes und Schmitt," in H. Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum (Berlin, 1985), 371-85; Stefan Breuer, "National-staat und Pouvoir Constituant bei Schmitt und Sieyes," Archiv für Rechts- und Sozial-philosophie, 70 (1984), 495-517. In the text, Sieyes is spelled without an accent, following the notes on orthography outlined by A. Mathiez, "L'orthographe du nom Sieyes," Annales historiques de la Revolution Française, 2 (1925), 487.
16. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, "The Concept of the Political: A Key to Understanding Carl Schmitt's Constitutional Theory" (1986), in D. Dyzenhaus (ed.), Law as Politics (Durham, 1998), 37-55.
17. Ibid., 49ff; cf. Ellen Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus: Towards a Theory of the Public in the Work of Carl Schmitt," Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 10 (1997), 35-47, esp. 4447
18. Ibid., 49ff; cf. Ellen Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus: Towards a Theory of the Public in the Work of Carl Schmitt," Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 10 (1997), 35-47, esp. 4447
19. Quentin Skinner, "Hobbes and the Purely Artificial Person of the State," Journal of Political Philosophy, 7 (1999), 1-29; David Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State? A Reply to Skinner," Journal of Political Philosophy, 8 (2000), 268-78, are excellent recent discussions of this difficult aspect of Hobbes's thought.
20. Quentin Skinner, "Hobbes and the Purely Artificial Person of the State," Journal of Political Philosophy, 7 (1999), 1-29; David Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State? A Reply to Skinner," Journal of Political Philosophy, 8 (2000), 268-78, are excellent recent discussions of this difficult aspect of Hobbes's thought.
21. Gary L. Ulmen, "Introduction," Carl Schmitt, Roman Catholicism and Political Form [rev. 1925 ed.], trans. G. L. Ulmen (Westport, Conn., [1923] 1996), xix; cf. Gary Ulmen, "Politische theologie und Politische Ökonomie," in Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum, 350-60.
22. Gary L. Ulmen, "Introduction," Carl Schmitt, Roman Catholicism and Political Form [rev. 1925 ed.], trans. G. L. Ulmen (Westport, Conn., [1923] 1996), xix; cf. Gary Ulmen, "Politische theologie und Politische Ökonomie," in Quaritsch (ed.), Complexio Oppositorum, 350-60.
23. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 3.
24. Ibid., 4, 8.
25. Ibid., 21, 17.
26. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 12.
27. Ibid., 24; cf. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 41-42, n. 17.
28. Ibid., 24; cf. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 41-42, n. 17.
29. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 16.
30. 3), 263-350.
31. 3), 263-350.
32. 3), 263-350.
33. Ibid. See also Carl Schmitt, "The Age of Neutralizations and Depoloticizations" [1929], trans. J. P. McCormick and M. Konzert, Telos, 96 (1993), 131: "The anti-religion of technicity has been put into practice on Russian soil." See also 131-35, for a précis of his general theory of history.
34. Ibid. See also Carl Schmitt, "The Age of Neutralizations and Depoloticizations" [1929], trans. J. P. McCormick and M. Konzert, Telos, 96 (1993), 131: "The anti-religion of technicity has been put into practice on Russian soil." See also 131-35, for a précis of his general theory of history.
35. Ibid. See also Carl Schmitt, "The Age of Neutralizations and Depoloticizations" [1929], trans. J. P. McCormick and M. Konzert, Telos, 96 (1993), 131: "The anti-religion of technicity has been put into practice on Russian soil." See also 131-35, for a précis of his general theory of history.
36. See Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 18-19; Verfassungslehre, 208-12. See also Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," passim.
37. See Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 18-19; Verfassungslehre, 208-12. See also Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," passim.
38. See Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 18-19; Verfassungslehre, 208-12. See also Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," passim.
39. Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton [1957], 1997), 192f, 207-32; cf. Francis Oakley, "Natural Law, the Corpus Mysticum, and Consent in Conciliar Thought from John of Paris to Matthias Ugonis," Speculum (1981), 786-810.
40. Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton [1957], 1997), 192f, 207-32; cf. Francis Oakley, "Natural Law, the Corpus Mysticum, and Consent in Conciliar Thought from John of Paris to Matthias Ugonis," Speculum (1981), 786-810.
41. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology (1932 ed.), trans. George Schwab (Cambridge, Mass., [1922] 1985), 37. Emphasis added.
42. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 208.
43. See James Tully, "After the MacPherson thesis," in his Approaches to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), 71-95.
44. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 29.
45. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 14.
46. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 31, 32.
47. See Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 10; McCormick, Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, 93, note 31; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism [1904-5] trans. T. Parsons (London, 1994), 87.
48. See Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 10; McCormick, Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, 93, note 31; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism [1904-5] trans. T. Parsons (London, 1994), 87.
49. See Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 10; McCormick, Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, 93, note 31; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism [1904-5] trans. T. Parsons (London, 1994), 87.
50. Schmitt, "Age of Neutralizations," 135; Ellen Kennedy, "Introduction: Carl Schmitt's Parlamentarismus in Its Historical Context," in Schmitt, Parliamentary Democracy, xxxix.
51. Schmitt, "Age of Neutralizations," 135; Ellen Kennedy, "Introduction: Carl Schmitt's Parlamentarismus in Its Historical Context," in Schmitt, Parliamentary Democracy, xxxix.
52. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 26.
53. Cf. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (Cambridge, 1997).
54. Christopher Pye, "The Sovereign, the Theater, and the Kingdome of Darknesse: Hobbes and the Spectacle of Power," Representations, 8 (1984), 91, explicitly discusses Hobbes's "theatrical" notion of representation. This relates to Schmitt's critique of political pluralism as well. See Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 209; Carl Schmitt, "Staatsethik und pluralistischer Staat," Kant-Studien, 35 (1930), 28-42.
55. Christopher Pye, "The Sovereign, the Theater, and the Kingdome of Darknesse: Hobbes and the Spectacle of Power," Representations, 8 (1984), 91, explicitly discusses Hobbes's "theatrical" notion of representation. This relates to Schmitt's critique of political pluralism as well. See Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 209; Carl Schmitt, "Staatsethik und pluralistischer Staat," Kant-Studien, 35 (1930), 28-42.
56. Christopher Pye, "The Sovereign, the Theater, and the Kingdome of Darknesse: Hobbes and the Spectacle of Power," Representations, 8 (1984), 91, explicitly discusses Hobbes's "theatrical" notion of representation. This relates to Schmitt's critique of political pluralism as well. See Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 209; Carl Schmitt, "Staatsethik und pluralistischer Staat," Kant-Studien, 35 (1930), 28-42.
57. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 209.
58. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 26-27, emphasis added.
59. Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy [1926 Ed.], trans. Ellen Kennedy (Cambridge, Mass., [1923] 1985).
60. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 314f.
61. See John P. McCormick, "Fear, Technology and the State: Carl Schmitt, Leo Strauss and the Revival of Hobbes in Weimar and National Socialist Germany," Political Theory, 22 (1994), 626, 644-45.
62. Egon Zweig, Die Lehre vom Pouvoir Constituant (Tübingen, 1904), 9.
63. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 386.
64. Emmanuel Sieyes, Qu'est-ce que le Tiers État? ed. R. Zapped (Geneva, [1789] 1971), 180f.
65. Cf. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (London, 1918), 51ff; J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (Cambridge, 1987); Janelle Greenberg, The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution (Cambridge, 2000); Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in M. Foot and I. Kramnick (eds.), The Thomas Paine Reader (London, 1987), 285-307.
66. Cf. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (London, 1918), 51ff; J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (Cambridge, 1987); Janelle Greenberg, The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution (Cambridge, 2000); Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in M. Foot and I. Kramnick (eds.), The Thomas Paine Reader (London, 1987), 285-307.
67. Cf. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (London, 1918), 51ff; J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (Cambridge, 1987); Janelle Greenberg, The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution (Cambridge, 2000); Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in M. Foot and I. Kramnick (eds.), The Thomas Paine Reader (London, 1987), 285-307.
68. Cf. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (London, 1918), 51ff; J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (Cambridge, 1987); Janelle Greenberg, The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution (Cambridge, 2000); Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in M. Foot and I. Kramnick (eds.), The Thomas Paine Reader (London, 1987), 285-307.
69. Ernst-Rudolf Huber, "Verfassung und Verfassungswirklichkeit bei Carl Schmitt," in his Bewahrung und Wandlung (Berlin, 1972), 19.
70. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 75f.
71. Ibid., 231.44 Ibid., emphasis added.
72. Ibid., 231.44 Ibid., emphasis added.
73. 45 Ibid., 217, 251.
74. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 243; cf. Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," 46.
75. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 243; cf. Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," 46.
76. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 49ff.
77. See Bernard Yack, "Popular Sovereignty and Nationalism," Political Theory, 29 (2001), 524.
78. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 238-52. Cf. Andreas Kalyvas, "Carl Schmitt and The Three Moments of Democracy," Cardozo Law Review, 21 (2000), 1530f, Wilfried, Nippel, "Ancient and modem republicanism: 'mixed constitution' and 'ephors'," in B. Fontana (ed.), The Invention of the Modern Republic (Cambridge, 1994), 24-25.
79. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 238-52. Cf. Andreas Kalyvas, "Carl Schmitt and The Three Moments of Democracy," Cardozo Law Review, 21 (2000), 1530f, Wilfried, Nippel, "Ancient and modem republicanism: 'mixed constitution' and 'ephors'," in B. Fontana (ed.), The Invention of the Modern Republic (Cambridge, 1994), 24-25.
80. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 238-52. Cf. Andreas Kalyvas, "Carl Schmitt and The Three Moments of Democracy," Cardozo Law Review, 21 (2000), 1530f, Wilfried, Nippel, "Ancient and modem republicanism: 'mixed constitution' and 'ephors'," in B. Fontana (ed.), The Invention of the Modern Republic (Cambridge, 1994), 24-25.
81. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 204-8.
82. Ibid., 214.
83. Ibid., parentheses mine.
84. Ibid., 205; cf. 212.
85. Ibid., 211.
86. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 77ff, 87-90, cf. 81 ff.
87. Schmitt, Parliamentary Democracy, 25.
88. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 228; cf. McCormick, Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, 187, n. 35; Peter Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty and the Crisis of German Constitutional Law (Durham, N.C., 1997), 102.
89. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 228; cf. McCormick, Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, 187, n. 35; Peter Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty and the Crisis of German Constitutional Law (Durham, N.C., 1997), 102.
90. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 228; cf. McCormick, Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, 187, n. 35; Peter Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty and the Crisis of German Constitutional Law (Durham, N.C., 1997), 102.
91. Emmanuel Sieyès, "Compte rendu de Qu'est-ce que le Tiers État? (1789)," in Pasquale Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention de la constitution en France (Paris, 1998), 167-70.
92. See Marcel Dorigny, "La Formation de la Pensée Économique de Sieyès d'après ses Manuscrits (1770-1789)," Annales historiques de la Révolution Française, 60 (1988), 29-31.
93. Pasquale Pasquino, "Emmanuel Sieyes, Benjamin Constant et le «gouvernement des modernes». Contribution à l'histoire du concept de représentation politique," Revue française de science politique, 37 (1987), 219-20, 222-23; Murray Forsyth, Reason and Revolution: The Political Thought of the Abbé Sieyes (New York, 1987), 138.
94. Pasquale Pasquino, "Emmanuel Sieyes, Benjamin Constant et le «gouvernement des modernes». Contribution à l'histoire du concept de représentation politique," Revue française de science politique, 37 (1987), 219-20, 222-23; Murray Forsyth, Reason and Revolution: The Political Thought of the Abbé Sieyes (New York, 1987), 138.
95. Emmanuel Sieyes, quoted by William H. Sewell, A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution: The Abbé Sieyes and What is the Third Estate? (Durham, N.C., 1994), 90f.
96. I b i d.
97. Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 66f; also Antony Black, "The Juristic Origins of Social Contract Theory," History of Political Thought, 14 (1993), 57-76.
98. Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 66f; also Antony Black, "The Juristic Origins of Social Contract Theory," History of Political Thought, 14 (1993), 57-76.
99. Emmanuel Sieyes, "Bases de l'Ordre Social" (1794/95), repr. in Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, esp. 185; Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 60-63, 142f.
100. Emmanuel Sieyes, "Bases de l'Ordre Social" (1794/95), repr. in Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, esp. 185; Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 60-63, 142f.
101. Colette Clavreul, "Sieyès et la genèse de la répresentation moderne," Droits, 6 (1986), 47.
102. Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention de la constitution, 45; Jay M. Smith, "Social Categories, the Language of Patriotism and the Origins of the French Revolution: The Debate over noblesse commerçante," Journal of Modern History, 72 (2000), 339-74, esp. 357ff; Richard Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution (Oxford, 2000).
103. Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention de la constitution, 45; Jay M. Smith, "Social Categories, the Language of Patriotism and the Origins of the French Revolution: The Debate over noblesse commerçante," Journal of Modern History, 72 (2000), 339-74, esp. 357ff; Richard Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution (Oxford, 2000).
104. Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention de la constitution, 45; Jay M. Smith, "Social Categories, the Language of Patriotism and the Origins of the French Revolution: The Debate over noblesse commerçante," Journal of Modern History, 72 (2000), 339-74, esp. 357ff; Richard Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution (Oxford, 2000).
105. On the imagery, Antoine de Baecque, The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, 1770-1800, trans. Charlotte Mandell (Stanford [1993], 1997) is superb. See also Christopher Hodson, " 'In Praise of the Third Estate': Religious and Social Imagery in the Early French Revolution," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34 (2001), 337-62; Antoine de Baecque, "The Citizen in Caricature: Past and Present," in R. Waldinger, P. Dawson, and I. Woloch (eds.), The French Revolution and the Meaning of Citizenship (Westport, Conn., 1993), esp. 66.
106. On the imagery, Antoine de Baecque, The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, 1770-1800, trans. Charlotte Mandell (Stanford [1993], 1997) is superb. See also Christopher Hodson, " 'In Praise of the Third Estate': Religious and Social Imagery in the Early French Revolution," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34 (2001), 337-62; Antoine de Baecque, "The Citizen in Caricature: Past and Present," in R. Waldinger, P. Dawson, and I. Woloch (eds.), The French Revolution and the Meaning of Citizenship (Westport, Conn., 1993), esp. 66.
107. On the imagery, Antoine de Baecque, The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, 1770-1800, trans. Charlotte Mandell (Stanford [1993], 1997) is superb. See also Christopher Hodson, " 'In Praise of the Third Estate': Religious and Social Imagery in the Early French Revolution," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34 (2001), 337-62; Antoine de Baecque, "The Citizen in Caricature: Past and Present," in R. Waldinger, P. Dawson, and I. Woloch (eds.), The French Revolution and the Meaning of Citizenship (Westport, Conn., 1993), esp. 66.
108. de Baecque, The Body Politic, 101.
109. Pasquino, "Sieyes, Constant," 225.
110. See Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, esp. 74-77.
111. I b i d.
112. Emmanuel Sieyes, "Fragments Politiques," Des Manuscrits de Sieyès, ed. Christian Fauré (Paris, 1999), 471.
113. See Jeremy Jennings, "The Declaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen and its Critics in France: Reaction and Idéologie" Historical Journal, 35 (1992), 842.
114. Istvan Hont, "The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State' in Historical Perspective," in J. Dunn (ed.), Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State? (Oxford, 1994), 166-231, esp. 203-6; Emmanuel Sieyes, "Contre la Ré-totale," in Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, 175-76; Robert Wokler, "Contextualizing Hegel's Phenomenology of the French Revolution," Political Theory, 26 (1998), 42f.
115. Istvan Hont, "The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State' in Historical Perspective," in J. Dunn (ed.), Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State? (Oxford, 1994), 166-231, esp. 203-6; Emmanuel Sieyes, "Contre la Ré-totale," in Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, 175-76; Robert Wokler, "Contextualizing Hegel's Phenomenology of the French Revolution," Political Theory, 26 (1998), 42f.
116. Istvan Hont, "The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State' in Historical Perspective," in J. Dunn (ed.), Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State? (Oxford, 1994), 166-231, esp. 203-6; Emmanuel Sieyes, "Contre la Ré-totale," in Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, 175-76; Robert Wokler, "Contextualizing Hegel's Phenomenology of the French Revolution," Political Theory, 26 (1998), 42f.
117. Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution, esp. 23-31; Hont, " 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State'," 204ff; Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 177ff; Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," Journal of Modern History, 73 (2001), 32-53.
118. Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution, esp. 23-31; Hont, " 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State'," 204ff; Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 177ff; Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," Journal of Modern History, 73 (2001), 32-53.
119. Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution, esp. 23-31; Hont, " 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State'," 204ff; Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 177ff; Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," Journal of Modern History, 73 (2001), 32-53.
120. Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution, esp. 23-31; Hont, " 'Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State'," 204ff; Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 177ff; Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," Journal of Modern History, 73 (2001), 32-53.
121. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, "The German Type of Constitutional Monarchy in the Nineteenth- Century," State, Society and Liberty, trans. J. A. Underwood (Leamington Spa, 1991), 87-114; Phillipe Lauvaux, "Le principe monarchique en Allemagne," in O. Beaud and P. Wachsmann (eds.), La science juridique française et la science juridique allemande 1870-1914 (Strasbourg, 1997), 65-78; Christoph Schönberger, Das Parlament im Anstaltstaat (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), 70-82.
122. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, "The German Type of Constitutional Monarchy in the Nineteenth- Century," State, Society and Liberty, trans. J. A. Underwood (Leamington Spa, 1991), 87-114; Phillipe Lauvaux, "Le principe monarchique en Allemagne," in O. Beaud and P. Wachsmann (eds.), La science juridique française et la science juridique allemande 1870-1914 (Strasbourg, 1997), 65-78; Christoph Schönberger, Das Parlament im Anstaltstaat (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), 70-82.
123. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, "The German Type of Constitutional Monarchy in the Nineteenth- Century," State, Society and Liberty, trans. J. A. Underwood (Leamington Spa, 1991), 87-114; Phillipe Lauvaux, "Le principe monarchique en Allemagne," in O. Beaud and P. Wachsmann (eds.), La science juridique française et la science juridique allemande 1870-1914 (Strasbourg, 1997), 65-78; Christoph Schönberger, Das Parlament im Anstaltstaat (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), 70-82.
124. Böckenförde, "German Type of Constitutional Monarchy," 89, 93, 95, 103, 111.
125. Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 89; Jeremy Jennings, "Conceptions of England and its Constitution in Nineteenth-Century French Political Thought," Historical Journal, 29 (1986), 65-85, esp. 79f; Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, 88.
126. Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 89; Jeremy Jennings, "Conceptions of England and its Constitution in Nineteenth-Century French Political Thought," Historical Journal, 29 (1986), 65-85, esp. 79f; Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, 88.
127. Forsyth, Reason and Revolution, 89; Jeremy Jennings, "Conceptions of England and its Constitution in Nineteenth-Century French Political Thought," Historical Journal, 29 (1986), 65-85, esp. 79f; Pasquino, Sieyes et l'invention, 88.
128. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 57; cf. Roberto Zapperi, "Sieyes et l'abolition de feodalité," Annales historiques de la Révolution Française, 44 (1972), 321-51.
129. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 57; cf. Roberto Zapperi, "Sieyes et l'abolition de feodalité," Annales historiques de la Révolution Française, 44 (1972), 321-51.
130. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 21, though cf. 93, emphasis added.
131. 4), 205.
132. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 58; see Elmar M. Hucko (ed.), The Democratic Tradition: Four German Constitutions (Leamington Spa, 1987), 149-90.
133. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 58; see Elmar M. Hucko (ed.), The Democratic Tradition: Four German Constitutions (Leamington Spa, 1987), 149-90.
134. Murray Forsyth, "Thomas Hobbes and the Constituent Power of the People," Political Studies, 29 (1981), 191-203, esp. 193; Skinner, "Artificial Person," 4, n. 12. David Runciman, Pluralism and the Personality of the State (Cambridge, 1997), 12-13, n. 13, and Skinner, "Artificial Person," 21, criticize his ascription of a "latent" group personality to the state.
135. Murray Forsyth, "Thomas Hobbes and the Constituent Power of the People," Political Studies, 29 (1981), 191-203, esp. 193; Skinner, "Artificial Person," 4, n. 12. David Runciman, Pluralism and the Personality of the State (Cambridge, 1997), 12-13, n. 13, and Skinner, "Artificial Person," 21, criticize his ascription of a "latent" group personality to the state.
136. Murray Forsyth, "Thomas Hobbes and the Constituent Power of the People," Political Studies, 29 (1981), 191-203, esp. 193; Skinner, "Artificial Person," 4, n. 12. David Runciman, Pluralism and the Personality of the State (Cambridge, 1997), 12-13, n. 13, and Skinner, "Artificial Person," 21, criticize his ascription of a "latent" group personality to the state.
137. Murray Forsyth, "Thomas Hobbes and the Constituent Power of the People," Political Studies, 29 (1981), 191-203, esp. 193; Skinner, "Artificial Person," 4, n. 12. David Runciman, Pluralism and the Personality of the State (Cambridge, 1997), 12-13, n. 13, and Skinner, "Artificial Person," 21, criticize his ascription of a "latent" group personality to the state.
138. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 44.
139. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 33; Meier, Schmitt and Strauss, 23f.
140. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 33; Meier, Schmitt and Strauss, 23f.
141. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 28f. and n. 9; cf. Simon Critchley, "The Other's Decision in Me (What Are the Politics of Friendship?)," Ethics, Politics, Subjectivity (London, 1999), 254-86; Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," esp. 44-47.
142. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 28f. and n. 9; cf. Simon Critchley, "The Other's Decision in Me (What Are the Politics of Friendship?)," Ethics, Politics, Subjectivity (London, 1999), 254-86; Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," esp. 44-47.
143. Schmitt, Concept of the Political, 28f. and n. 9; cf. Simon Critchley, "The Other's Decision in Me (What Are the Politics of Friendship?)," Ethics, Politics, Subjectivity (London, 1999), 254-86; Kennedy, "Hostis not Inimicus," esp. 44-47.
144. Carl Schmitt, Political Romanticism, trans. G. Oakes (Cambridge, Mass., [1919] 1991).
145. Cristi, Authoritarian Liberalism, 121; Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty, 227 n. 109: "[Schmitt] could only imagine the alternatives of bourgeois Rechtsstaat and communist revolution."
146. Cristi, Authoritarian Liberalism, 121; Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty, 227 n. 109: "[Schmitt] could only imagine the alternatives of bourgeois Rechtsstaat and communist revolution."
147. Schmitt, Political Theology, 37.
148. Noel Malcolm, "The Titlepage of Leviathan, Seen in a Curious Perspective," The Seventeenth Century, 13 (1998), 124-59, esp. 148.
149. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge [1651], 1996), 111.
150. I b i d.
151. Ibid., 112.
152. Hobbes, Leviathan, 112.
153. Ibid., 100f.
154. Ibid., 185.
155. Ibid., 150. Cf. A. J. Simmons, Moral Principles and Political Obligations (Princeton, 1979). On Hobbes's theory of volition, see Patrick Riley, Will and Political Legitimacy (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 23-60, esp. 58.
156. Ibid., 150. Cf. A. J. Simmons, Moral Principles and Political Obligations (Princeton, 1979). On Hobbes's theory of volition, see Patrick Riley, Will and Political Legitimacy (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 23-60, esp. 58.
157. Ibid., 150. Cf. A. J. Simmons, Moral Principles and Political Obligations (Princeton, 1979). On Hobbes's theory of volition, see Patrick Riley, Will and Political Legitimacy (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 23-60, esp. 58.
158. Hobbes, Leviathan, 10.
159. Ibid., 14.
160. David Copp, "Hobbes on Artificial Persons and Collective Actions," The Philosophical Review, 89 (1980), 579-906, esp. 583.
161. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 15f; cf. Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State?" 268-78, esp. 275f; Pye, "Sovereign, Theater," passim.
162. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 15f; cf. Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State?" 268-78, esp. 275f; Pye, "Sovereign, Theater," passim.
163. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 15f; cf. Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State?" 268-78, esp. 275f; Pye, "Sovereign, Theater," passim.
164. Copp, "Artificial Persons and Collective Actions," esp. 589-93.
165. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 9.
166. Copp, "Artificial Persons and Collective Actions," 583, 595.
167. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 17f, emphasis added.
168. In general, see Horst Bredekamp, Thomas Hobbes Visuelle Strategien (Berlin, 1999), esp. 18-26.
169. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre, 210.
170. Hobbes, Leviathan, 121, 120.
171. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 20, 19; Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State?" 272; Hobbes, Leviathan, 120-21.
172. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 20, 19; Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State?" 272; Hobbes, Leviathan, 120-21.
173. Skinner, "Artificial Person," 20, 19; Runciman, "What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State?" 272; Hobbes, Leviathan, 120-21.
174. Ibid., 273.
175. Copp, "Artificial Persons and Collective Actions," 593.
176. Hobbes, Leviathan, 184.
177. Schmitt, Roman Catholicism, 25.
178. See Duncan Kelly, The State of the Political: Conceptions of Politics and the State in the Thought of Max Weber, Carl Schmitt and Franz Neumann (Oxford, 2003), ch. 4; David Dyzenhaus, "Legal Theory in the Collapse of Weimar: Contemporary Lessons?" American Political Science Review, 91 (1997), 121-34.
179. See Duncan Kelly, The State of the Political: Conceptions of Politics and the State in the Thought of Max Weber, Carl Schmitt and Franz Neumann (Oxford, 2003), ch. 4; David Dyzenhaus, "Legal Theory in the Collapse of Weimar: Contemporary Lessons?" American Political Science Review, 91 (1997), 121-34.
180. Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence (Oxford, 1995).
181. See Michael Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt and the Birth of the Modern Republic: The French Fiscal Deficit and the Politics of the Revolution of 1789. Part II," History of Political Thought, 18 (1997), 289.
182. Michael Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt and the Birth of the Modern Republic: The French Fiscal Deficit and the Politics of the Revolution of 1789. Part I," History of Political Thought, 18 (1997), 70. Emphasis added. See also Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt, Part II," 305-8.
183. Michael Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt and the Birth of the Modern Republic: The French Fiscal Deficit and the Politics of the Revolution of 1789. Part I," History of Political Thought, 18 (1997), 70. Emphasis added. See also Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt, Part II," 305-8.
184. Robert Wokler, "The Enlightenment Project, the Nation State and the Primal Patricide of Modernity," in R. Wokler and N. Geras (eds.), The Enlightenment and Modernity (London, 2000), 178.
185. Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt, Part II," 313, 314; cf. Tracy Strong, "How to Write Scripture: Words, Authority, and Politics in Thomas Hobbes," Critical Inquiry, 20 (1993), esp. 156ff.
186. Sonenscher, "The Nation's Debt, Part II," 313, 314; cf. Tracy Strong, "How to Write Scripture: Words, Authority, and Politics in Thomas Hobbes," Critical Inquiry, 20 (1993), esp. 156ff.
187. Wokler, "Enlightenment, Nation-State," 178; cf. Gregory Dart, Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism (Cambridge, 1999), 25-29.
188. Wokler, "Enlightenment, Nation-State," 178; cf. Gregory Dart, Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism (Cambridge, 1999), 25-29.
189. McCormick, Schmitt's Critique, 187; cf. Volker Neumann, Der Staat im Bürgerkrieg (Frankfurt am Main, 1980), 25.
190. McCormick, Schmitt's Critique, 187; cf. Volker Neumann, Der Staat im Bürgerkrieg (Frankfurt am Main, 1980), 25.