Writing Atlantic history; or, reconfiguring the history of colonial British America

Journal of American History

Volumn 86, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 1093-1114

  Canny, Nicholas ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 29744454724     PISSN: 00218723     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2568607     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. The emphasis is placed on laypersons because a remarkably high proportion of Ireland's youth then opted for a life in religion, and many Catholics attended the nondenominational colleges of the National University of Ireland while seminarians or as brothers or nuns.
2. The exception to this was the library of Trinity College, Dublin, which continued to enjoy its status as a British copyright library, despite Ireland's independence from Britain; even Trinity had scant resources for purchasing books or journals published outside the United Kingdom, and its library holdings were off limits to most students in the country since Catholic bishops declared it to be an institution whose environs were inimical to the faith and morals of young Catholics.
3. The most compelling of his early works for me were D. B. Quinn, Raleigh and the British Empire (London, 1947);
4. D. B. Quinn, "Sir Thomas Smith (1513-77) and the Beginnings of English Colonial Theory," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 89 (1945), 543-60;
5. and D. B. Quinn, "Ireland and Sixteenth-Century European Expansion," in T. D. Williams, ed. Historical Studies: Papers Read before the Irish Conference of Historians, 1 (London, 1958), 20-32.
6. These were soon to be followed by D. B. Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish (Ithaca, 1966).
7. The principal of Quinn's later works, where Irish precedents and parallels were much less in evidence, are D. B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 1481-1620 (New York, 1974);
8. D. B. Quinn, North America from Earliest Discovery to First Settlements: The Norse Voyages to 1612 (New York, 1977);
9. and D. B. Quinn with Alison Quinn and Susan Millier, eds., New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612 (5 vols., New York, 1979).
10. J. H. Plumb, The Growth of Political Stability in England, 1675-1725 (London, 1967).
11. The principal books and collections to which I refer are Nicholas P. Canny, The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: A Pattern Established, 1565-76 (Hassocks, Sussex, 1976);
12. K. R. Andrews, N. P. Canny, and P. E. H. Hair, eds., The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America, 1480-1650 (Liverpool, 1978);
13. Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, 1987);
14. Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988);
15. Nicholas Canny, ed., Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500-1800 (Oxford, 1994);
16. Nicholas Canny, ed., The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1998);
17. the book about to go to press is Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650 (Oxford, forthcoming).
18. Richard S. Dunn's research of that time was to result in Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (London, 1972);
19. but he had already published Richard S. Dunn, Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England, 1630-1717 (Princeton, 1962);
20. he had also been experimenting with the politico/constitutional history of the colonies as, for example, in Richard S. Dunn, "The Downfall of the Bermuda Company: A Restoration Farce," William and Mary Quarterly, 20 (1963), 487-512;
21. he was then also writing a textbook on European history, Richard S. Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars, 1559-1689 (New York, 1970).
22. The term colonial British America seems to have been popularized by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore, 1984).
23. The insistence of Greene on the centrality of the southern colonies to the colonial experience was already evident in Jack P. Greene, The Quest for Power: The Lower Houses of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776 (Chapel Hill, 1963);
24. and it has characterized his work since then, for example, in Jack P. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture (Chapel Hill, 1988).
25. During the 1960s Greene had also sought to link developments in colonial British America with those in western European society, as in Robert Forster and Jack P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1970).
26. The term early American history, favored by the William and Mary Quarterly, lacked the outward reach of the other locutions and might even be taken to imply pre-European America.
27. Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History (4 vols., New Haven, 1934-1938).
28. first encountered Andrews's work while I was still an undergraduate in Ireland, in Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Background of the American Revolution (New Haven, 1924);
29. see Richard R. Johnson, "Charles McLean Andrews and the Invention of American Colonial History," William and Mary Quarterly, 43 (Oct. 1986), 519-41.
30. Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1955);
31. Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society: Needs and Opportunities for Study (Chapel Hill, 1960).
32. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975).
33. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, Eng., 1960).
34. Laslett's work on Locke ran parallel to that of Bernard Bailyn, who was compiling and contextualizing the radical political ideas that held currency in the British polity of the eighteenth century and more particularly in the British colonies of mainland America; see Bernard Bailyn with Jane N. Garrett, eds., Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750-1776, vol. I: 1750-1765 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965);
35. and Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1967).
36. Bailyn in this work was proceeding from foundations laid in Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (Cambridge, Mass., 1959);
37. as was Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic: 1776-1787 (New York, 1969);
38. and J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, 1975).
39. Bailyn was to tackle this same subject from a different angle in Bernard Bailyn, The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
40. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (London, 1965), 258, 253.
41. John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (Oxford, 1970);
42. Philip J. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, 1970);
43. Kennedi Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636-1736 (New York, 1970);
44. a fourth book frequently linked with those three but more independent of Laslett is Michael Zuckerman, Peaceable Kingdoms: New England Towns in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1970).
45. The influence of the Cambridge Group is seen in Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom;
46. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves;
47. and Richard S. Dunn, "The Barbados Census of 1680: Profile of the Richest Colony in English America," William and Mary Quarterly, 26 (Jan. 1969), 3-30.
48. Its continued influence was made manifest in various essays in A. C. Land, L. G. Carr, and E. C. Papenfuse, eds., Law, Society, and Politics in Early Maryland (Baltimore, 1977);
49. T. W. Tate and D. L. Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society (Chapel Hill, 1979);
50. L. G. Carr, P. D. Morgan, and J. B. Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society (Chapel Hill, 1988);
51. and John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1985);
52. in individual studies such as D. B. Rutman and A. H. Rutman, A Place in Time: Middlesex County, Virginia, 1650-1750 (New York, 1984);
53. and in journal articles such as L. S. Walsh and R. R. Menard, "Death in the Chesapeake: Two Life Tables for Men in Early Colonial Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine, 69 (1964), 214-17;
54. and H. A. Gemery, "Emigration from the British Isles to the New World, 1630-1700: Inferences from Colonial Populations," Research in Economic History, 5 (1980), 179-231.
55. Historians of New England frequently acknowledged N. C. P. Tyack, "Migration from East Anglia to New England before 1660" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1951);
56. and Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. IV: 1500-1640 (Oxford, 1967).
57. The work of Tyack in particular and English local historians in general impacted upon the important essays of the 1970s brought together in T. H. Breen, Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America (Oxford, 1980).
58. The historical methods advocated by Dr. Joan Thirsk were especially evident in D. G. Allen, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill, 1981).
59. See E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (London, 1981);
60. and more generally the essays written over several years and brought together in Peter Clark and David Souden, eds., Migration and Society in Early Modern England (London, 1987).
61. The climax of this endeavor was achieved in Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637-1642 (Oxford, 1991);
62. but the agenda was delineated in Conrad Russell, ed., The Origins of the English Civil War (London, 1973).
63. For the older view see, for example, Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution: Studies in Interpretation of the English Revolution of the 17th Century (London, 1958);
64. and for the revision see Nicholas Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism, c. 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1987).
65. See, for example, John Morrill, ed., The Scottish National Covenant in its British Context (Edinburgh, 1990);
66. Allan I. Macinnes, Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement (Edinburgh, 1991);
67. and, more particularly, Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War (Oxford, 1990).
68. For a discussion of and up-to-date bibliography on the new British history, see Jane Ohlmeyer, "Seventeenth-Century Ireland and the New British and I Atlantic Histories," American Historical Review, 104 (April 1999), 446-62, esp. 448n7.
69. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (London, 1884);
70. J. A. Froude, Oceana; or, England and Her Colonies (London, 1886);
71. J. A. Froude, The English in the West Indies; or, The Bow of Ulysses (London, 1888).
72. Seeley had been Regius Professor of History at Cambridge, and Froude Regius Professor at Oxford; for the most recent discussion of Seeley and his contemporaries, but not of Froude, see David Armitage, "Greater Britain: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis?," American Historical Review, 104 (April 1999), 427-45, esp. 430-31.
73. Alan Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism: The Family, Property, and Social Transition (Oxford, 1978).
74. Some English social history continued to exert an impact on scholarly work on the colonies; see, for example, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1971);
75. and its influence on John Demos, Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (New York, 1982).
76. James Horn, Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake (Chapel Hill, 1994).
77. This impression was challenged in books such as Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill, 1975);
78. Gary Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America (Englewood Cliffs, 1974);
79. Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1982);
80. Karen O. Kupperman, Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America (Totowa, 1980);
81. and James Axtell, The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (Oxford, 1981).
82. See, for example, T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes, "Myne Owne Ground": Race and Freedom on Virginias Eastern Shore, 1640-76 (Oxford, 1980);
83. and Peter Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York, 1974).
84. For bibliographic references to the Dutch and Scandinavian interests see Ned C. Landsman, "Nation, Migration, and the Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600-1800," American Historical Review, 104 (April 1999), 463-75, esp. 466n5;
85. see also Donna Menvick, Possessing Albany, 1630-1710: The Dutch and English Experiences (New York, 1990);
86. Donna Menvick, Death of a Notary: Conquest and Change in Colonial New York (Ithaca, 1999);
87. and Joyce D. Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, 1664-1730 (Princeton, 1992).
88. Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction (New York, 1986);
89. Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: Emigration from Britain to America on the Eve of the Revolution (London, 1986);
90. Ned C. Landsman, Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683-1765 (Princeton, 1985);
91. Landsman, "Nation, Migration, and Province in the First British Empire";
92. A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993);
93. Aaron Spencer Fogleman, Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775 (Philadelphia, 1996);
94. Marianne S. Wokeck, Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America (University Park, 1999);
95. Wood, Black Majority;
96. Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998);
97. Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).
98. William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983);
99. James H. Merrell, The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (Chapel Hill, 1989);
100. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, Eng., 1991);
101. Daniel Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, 1992);
102. Peter Mancall, Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America (Ithaca, 1995);
103. Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830 (Chapel Hill, 1998).
104. See, for example, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 (New York, 1990);
105. and Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York, 1996).
106. See especially Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Oxford, 1991).
107. Louise Dechêne, Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVIIe siècle (Inhabitants and merchants of Montreal in the seventeenth century) (Paris, 1974);
108. Marcel Trudel, Montréal: La formation d'une société, 1642-1663 (Montreal: The formation of a society, 1642-1663) (Montreal, 1976);
109. J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New, 1492-1650 (Cambridge, Eng., 1970).
110. For a serious attempt to reconfigure the subject and maintain its integrity see "Forum: The Future of Early American History," William and Mary Quarterly, 50 (April 1993), 298-424.
111. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford, 1989);
112. see the debate on this work, "Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America - A Symposium," William and Mary Quarterly, 68 (April 1991), 222-308.
113. Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, 1969);
114. K. G. Davies, The Royal African Company (London, 1957);
115. K. G. Davies, The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century (Minneapolis, 1974);
116. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973);
117. Peggy Liss, Atlantic Empires: The Network of Trade and Revolution, 1713-1826 (Baltimore, 1983);
118. Ian K. Steele, The English Atlantic, 1675-1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community (Oxford, 1986);
119. David Harris Sacks, The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450-1700 (Berkeley, 1991);
120. David Hancock, Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (Cambridge, Eng., 1995);
121. Alan L. Karras and J. R. McNeill, eds., Atlantic American Societies: From Columbus through Abolition, 1492 to 1888 (London, 1992);
122. Jacob M. Price, The Atlantic Frontier of the Thirteen Colonies and States (Aldershot, 1996);
123. the special issue "African and American Atlantic Worlds" of William and Mary Quarterly, 56 (April 1999);
124. Robin D. G. Kelley alludes to the precociousness of black history in the United States in promoting a transnational dimension in Robin D. G. Kelley, "'But a Local Phase of a World Problem': Black History's Global Vision," Journal of American History, 86 (Dec. 1999), 1045-77.
125. R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800 (2 vols., Princeton, 1959, 1964);
126. Jacques Godechot, France and the Atlantic Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, 1770-1799, trans. Herbert H. Rowen (New York, 1965);
127. Lester D. Langley, The America! in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1850 (New Haven, 1996).
128. Ian Tyrrell indicates that Albert Soboul was less kind in Ian Tyrrell, "Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire," Journal of American History, 86 (Dec. 1999), 1015-44.
129. Bailyn discusses the anticommunist and pro-NATO leanings of those, not including Palmer or Godechot, who championed their model in Bernard Bailyn, "The Idea of Atlantic History," Itinerario (Leyden), 20 (no. 1, 1996), 19-44.
130. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Sian Reynolds (2 vols., London, 1972-1973).
131. The exception to this generalization, previous to the eighteenth century, was the Spanish achievement in the Valley of Mexico and in Peru, but more generally see D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, vol. I: Atlantic America, 1492-1800 (New Haven, 1986);
132. for sailing in the Atlantic see N. A. M. Rodger, "Guns and Sails in the First Phase of English Colonization, 1500-1650," in Origins of Empire, ed. Canny, 78-98;
133. and the map, N. A. M. Rodger, " in Origins of Empire, ibid., 27.
134. Satish Chandra, ed., The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce, and Politics (New Delhi, 1987);
135. K. N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, Eng., 1990);
136. Kenneth McPherson, The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea (Oxford, 1993);
137. see also the special issue "Asia and Europe: Commerce, Colonialism, and Cultures: Essays in Honour of Sinnappah Arasaratnam," ed. M. N. Pearson and L. B. Watson, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies (Armidale, N.S.W.), 19 (supplement, 1996).
138. The best evidence of the continental trading networks developed by Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans in North America comes from archaeological artifacts that have been located at Cahokia Historic Site close to the Mississippi River (see illustration); on African trading networks that facilitated European trade with Africans, see John K. Thornton, Africa and Africans and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Cambridge, Eng., 1998).
139. This point is well illustrated, but not in every case detailed, in the essays in Ida Altman and James Horn, eds., "To Make America": European Emigration in the Early Modern Period (Berkeley, 1991).
140. Quinn, North America from Earliest Discovery to First Settlements;
141. Kenneth Andrews, Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480-1630 (Cambridge, Eng., 1984);
142. Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, "The Many Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, and the Atlantic Working Class in the Eighteenth Century," Journal of Historical Sociology, 3 (Sept. 1990), 225-52.
143. Different concepts of space are discussed in Richard White, "The Nationalization of Nature," Journal of American History, 86 (Dec. 1999), 976-86.
144. Literature on sailors of oceangoing vessels is considerable; the most recent is W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge, Mass., 1997);
145. specifically on the passage of Puritans, see David Cressy, Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Eng., 1987), esp. 144-77.
146. J. H. Elliott, "Introduction," in Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, ed. Canny and Pagden, 3-13.
147. This sense of their mission has been gleaned from Winthrop Papers, vol. III: 1631-1637 (Boston, 1943), 56,
148. 94; Karen O. Kupperman, Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony (Cambridge, Eng., 1993);
149. on the propaganda of the Hakluyts and Purchas, see Canny, ed., Origins of Empire, 4-5.
150. Susan M. Reed, "British Cartography of the Mississippi Valley in the Eighteenth Century," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 2 (Sept. 1915), 213-24;
151. Raphael N. Hamilton, "The Early Cartography of the Missouri Valley," American Historical Review, 39 (July 1934), 645-62;
152. Hermann Moll, The Complete Geographer, or, The Chorography and Topography of All the Known Parts of the Earth (3rd ed., London, 1709);
153. Hermann Moll, The World Described: or, A New and Correct Set of Maps (London, 1707-1720);
154. Hermann Moll, Atlas geographicus; or, A Compleat System of Geography, Ancient and Modern (5 vols., London, 1711-1717);
155. Hermann Moll, Atlas Minor (London, 1732).
156. "Curious maps of the several places done by the newest surveys of Hermann Moll, geographer," are included in John Oldmixon, The British Empire in America (2 vols., London, 1708).
157. The best map of the Hungarian Banat appears in Moll, Atlas geographicus, II, 1725;
158. his best maps of French and Spanish America are in Moll, World Described.
159. Patrick Copeland to John Winthrop, Dec. 4, 1639, Wwthrop Papers, vol. IV: 1638-44 (Boston, 1944), 157-58.
160. G. V. Scammell, The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires, c. 800-1650 (London, 1981), 327-28;
161. Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, "Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571," Journal of World History, 6 (Fall 1995), 201-22;
162. Paul D'Arcy, "No Empty Ocean: Trade and Interaction across the Pacific Ocean to the Middle of the Eighteenth Century," in Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim, ed. Sally Miller, A. J. H. Latham, and Dennis O. Flynn (London, 1998), 21-44, esp. 34.
163. Besides the anthologies already mentioned, see Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (Chapel Hill, 1991);
164. Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era (Cambridge, Eng., 1994);
165. and Karen Ordahl Kupperman, ed., America in European Consciousness, 1493-1750 (Chapel Hill, 1995).
166. Richard L. Kagan and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Spain, Europe, and the Atlantic World: Essays in Honour of John H. Ellion (Cambridge, Eng., 1995);
167. A. J. R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415-1808 (Manchester, Eng., 1992).
168. Canny, ed., Origins of Empire;
169. P. J. Marshall, ed., The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998);
170. Natalie Zemon Davis, Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives (Cambridge, Mass., 1995);
171. Armitage, "Greater Britain";
172. Ohlmeyer, "Seventeenth-Century Ireland and the New British and Atlantic Histories."