Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neurological complications of HIV infection

European Journal of Neurology

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 297-304

  Portegies, P ^a   Solod, L ^b   Cinque, P ^c   Chaudhuri, A ^d   Begovac, J ^e   Everall, I ^f   Weber, T ^g   Bojar, M ^h   Martinez Martin, P ⁱ   Kennedy, P G E ^d  

^a ONZE LIEVE VROUWE GASTHUIS   (Netherlands)

^b ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB   (Croatia)

^f KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^g Marienkrankenhaus ^*  (Germany)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MOTOL   (Czech Republic)

ⁱ HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GETAFE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Diagnosis and treatment; Guidelines; HIV infection; Neurological complications

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMPHOTERICIN A; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATOVAQUONE; AZITHROMYCIN; CIDOFOVIR; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ETHAMBUTOL; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; FOLINIC ACID; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; ISONIAZID; ITRACONAZOLE; MALOPRIM; METHOTREXATE; PROCARBAZINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PYRAZINAMIDE; PYRIMETHAMINE SULFADIAZINE; RIFAMPICIN; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; STEROID; STREPTOMYCIN; THIOTEPA; UNINDEXED DRUG; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DEMENTIA; FUNGAL MENINGITIS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LYMPHOMA; MYELITIS; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS POLYRADICULOMYELITIS; ARTICLE; MEDLINE; METHODOLOGY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MEDLINE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 2942718827     PISSN: 13515101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00856.x     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Anduze-Faris BM, Fillet AM, Gozlan J et al. (2000). Induction and maintenance therapy of cytomegalovirus central nervous system infection in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 14:517-524.
2. Antinori A, De Rossi G, Ammassari A et al. (1999). Value of combined approach with thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography and Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase chain reaction in CSF for the diagnosis of AIDS-related primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 17:554-560.
3. Arribas JR, Clifford DB, Fichtenbaum CJ, Roberts RL, Powderly WG, Storch GA (1995). Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of AIDS-related central nervous system lymphoma. J Clin Microbiol 33:1580-1583.
4. Baumgartner JE, Rachlin JR, Beckstead JH et al. (1990). Primary central nervous system lymphomas: natural history and response to radiation therapy in 55 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Neurosurg 73:206-211.
5. Berry I, Gaillard JF, Guo Z et al. (1995). Cerebral lesions in AIDS. What can be expected from scintigraphy? Cerebral tomographic scintigraphy using thallium-201: a contribution to the differential diagnosis of lymphomas and infectious lesions. J Neuroradiol 22:218-228.
6. Bozzette SA, Larsen R, Chiu J et al. (1991). A controlled trial of maintenace therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324:580-584.
7. Brew B, Pemberton L, Cunningham P et al. (1997). Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with AIDS dementia stage. J Infect Dis 175:963-966.
8. Cingolani A, De Luca A, Larocca LM et al. (1998). Minimally invasive diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:364-369.
9. Cinque P, Brytting M, Vago L et al. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AIDS-related primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Lancet 342:398-401.
10. Cinque P, Vago L, Dahl H et al. (1996). Polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 10:951-958.
11. Cinque P, Scarpellini P, Vago L, Linde A, Lazzarin A (1997). Diagnosis of central nervous system complications in HIV-infected patients: cerebrospinal fluid analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. AIDS 11:1-17.
12. Cinque P, Cleator GM, Weber T et al. for the European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis (1998). Diagnosis and clinical management of neurological disorders caused by cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients. J Neurovirol 4:120-132.
13. Clifford DB, Yiannoutsos C, Glicksman M et al. (1999). HAART improves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 52:623-625.
14. Danneman B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D et al. (1992). Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The California Collaborative Treatment Group. Ann Intern Med 116:33-43.
15. De Gans J, Portegies P, Tiessens G et al. (1992). Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 6:185-190.
16. De Luca A, Antinori A, Cingolani A et al. (1995). Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid EBV-DNA and IL-10 as markers for in vivo diagnosis of AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol 90:844-849.
17. De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A et al. (2000a). The effect of potent antiretroviral therapy and JC Virus load in cerebrospinal fluid on clinical outcome of patients with AIDS-associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. J Inf Dis 182:1077-1083.
18. De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A et al. (2000b). Cidofovir added to HAART improves virological and clinical outcome in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. AIDS 14:117-121.
19. De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A et al. (2001). Potent anti-retroviral therapy with or without cidofovir for AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: extended follow-up of an observational study. J Neurovirol 7:364-368.
20. Di Rocco A. (1999). Diseases of the spinal cord in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Neurol 19:151-155.
21. Di Rocco A, Geraci A, Tagliati M, Staudinger R, Henry K (2000). Remission of HIV myelopathy after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 55:456.
22. Donahue BR, Sullivan JW, Cooper JS (1995). Additional experience with empiric radiotherapy for presumed human immunodeficiency virus-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer 76:328-332.
23. Ellis RJ, Hsia K, Spector Sa et al. (1997). Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitive impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group. Ann Neurol 42:679.
24. Enting RH, Hoetelmans RMW, Lange JMA, Burger DM, Beijnen JH, Portegies P (1998). Antiretroviral drugs and the central nervous system. AIDS 12:1941-1955.
25. Forsyth PA, Yahalom J, DeAngelis LM (1994). Combined-modality therapy in the treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma in AIDS. Neurology 44:1473-1479.
26. Foudraine NA, Hoetelmans RMW, Lange JMA et al. (1998). Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA and drug concentrations after treatment with lamivudine plus zidovudine or stavudine. Lancet 351:1547-1551.
27. Franzen C, Altfeld M, Hegener P et al. (1997). Limited value of PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in blood from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 35:2639-2641.
28. Goldstein JD, Dickson DW, Moser FG et al. (1991). Primary central nervous system lymphomas in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and pathological study with results of treatment with radiation. Cancer 67:2756-2765.
29. Gordin F. (1999). Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Dolin R, Masur H, Saag MS, eds. AIDS Therapy. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 359-374.
30. Hoffman C, Tabrizian S, Wolf E et al. (2001). Survival of AIDS patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma is dramatically improved by HAART-induced immune recovery. AIDS 15:2119-2127.
31. Hogg RS, Heath KV, Yip B et al. (1998). Improved survival among HIV-infected individuals following initiation of antitretroviral therapy. JAMA 279:450-454.
32. Jacobsen JM, Hafner R, Remington J et al. (2001). Dose-escalation, phase I/II study of zathromycin and pyrimethamine for the treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. AIDS 15:583-589.
33. Jacomet Ch, Girard P-M, Lebrette M-G, Leca Farese V, Montfort L, Rozenbaum W (1997). Intravenous methotrexate for primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS. AIDS 11:1725-1730.
34. Katlama C, De Wit S, O'Doherty E et al. (1996a). Pyrimethamine- clindamycin vs. pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine in acute and long-term therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 22:268-275.
35. Katlama C, Mouthon B, Gourdon D, Lapierre D, Rousseau F (1996b). Atovaquone as long-term suppressive therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS and multiple drug intolerance. Atovaquone Expanded Access Group. AIDS 10:1107-1112.
36. Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Albert JM et al. (1996). Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 335:1350-1356.
37. Larsen RA, Leal M, Chan L (1990). Fluconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine fpr cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 113:183-187.
38. Leport C, Raffi F, Matheron S et al. (1988). Treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine combination in 35 patients with th acquired immundeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 84:94-100.
39. Levy RM, Rosenbloom S, Perrett LV (1986). Neuroradiologic findings in AIDS: a review of 200 cases. Am J Roengenol 147:977-983.
40. Licho R, Litofsky NS, Senitko M, George M (2002). Inaccuracy of TI-201 brain SPECT in distinguishing cerebral infections from lymphoma in patients with AIDS. Clin Nucl Med 27:81-86.
41. Lorberboym M, Wallach F, Estok L et al. (1998). Thallium-201 retention in focal intracranial lesions for differential diagnosis of primary lymphoma and nonmalignant lesions in AIDS patients. J Nucl Med 39:1366-1369.
42. Marra Ch M, Rajijic N, Barker DE et al. (2002). A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. AIDS 16:1791-1797.
43. McArthur JC, Selnes OA. (1997a). Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. In: Berger JR, Levy RM, eds. AIDS and the Nervous System, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 527-567.
44. McArthur JC, McClernon DR, Cronin MF et al. (1997b). Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Ann Neurol 42:689.
45. Miralles P, Berenguer J, Garcia de Viedma D et al. (1998). Treatment of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 12:2467-2472.
46. O'Malley JP, Ziessman HA, Kumar PN, Harkness BA, Tall JG, Pierce PF (1994). Diagnosis of intracraniallymphoma in patients with AIDS value of 201TI single-photon emission computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol 163:417-421.
47. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC et al. (1998). Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 338:853-860.
48. Podzamczer D, Miro JM, Bolao F et al. (1995). Twice-weekly maintenance therapy with sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine to prevent recurrent toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Spanish Toxoplasmosis Study Group. Ann Intern Med 123:175-180.
49. Powderly WG, Saag MS, Cloud GA et al. (1992). A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 326:793-798.
50. Price R (1996). Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 348:445-452.
51. Richman DD (2001). HIV chemotherapy. Nature 410:995-1001.
52. 201 brain SPECT to differentiate cerebral lymphoma from Toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients. Am J Neuroradiol 15:1885-1894.
53. Saag MS, Powderly WG, Cloud GA et al. (1992). Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 326:83-89.
54. Saag MS, Cloud GA, Graybill JR et al. (1999). A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 28:291-296.
55. Sacktor N, McDermott MP, Marder K et al. (2002). HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy. J Neurovirol 8:136-142.
56. Sindrup SH, Jensen TS (1999). Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain 83:389-400.
57. Staudinger R, Henry K (2000). Remission of HIV myelopathy after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 54:267-268.
58. Thurnher MM, Post MJ, Jinkins JR (2000). MRI of infections and neoplasms of the spine and spinal cord in 55 patients with AIDS. Neuroradiology 42:551-563.
59. Torre D, Casari S, Speranza F et al. (1998). Randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for therapy of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Italian Collaborative Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1346-1349.
60. Torres RA, Weinberg W, Stansell J et al. (1997). Atovaquone for salvage treatment and suppression of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Atovaquone/Toxoplasmic Encephalitis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 24:422-429.
61. Van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA et al. (1997). Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 337:15-21.
62. Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Carpenter ChCJ et al. (2002). Antiretroviral Treatment for Adult HIV Infection in 2002. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 288:222-235.
63. Zuger A, Lowy FD (1997). Tuberculosis. In: Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Durack DT eds. Infections of the Central Nervous System. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 417-443.