A linear system model of dynamic throughfall rates beneath forest canopies

Water Resources Research

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2004, Pages

  Keim, Richard F ^a   Skaugset, Arne E ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Canopy interception; Convolution; Forest canopy; Linear modeling; Throughfall; Transfer functions

Indexed keywords

HYDRAULICS; LINEAR SYSTEMS; RAIN; STORMS; WATER;

GAMMA DISTRIBUTIONS; RAINSTORMS;

WATER RESOURCES;

FOREST CANOPY; INTERCEPTION; NUMERICAL MODEL; RAINFALL; THROUGHFALL; TRANSFER FUNCTION;

NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC NORTHWEST;

EID: 2942709811     PISSN: 00431397     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003WR002875     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Bailey, J. D., and J. C. Tappeiner (1998), Effects of thinning on structural development in 40- to 100-year-old Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon, For. Ecol. Manage., 108, 99-113.
2. Barnes, C. J., and M. Bonell (1996), Application of unit hydrograph techniques to solute transport in catchments, Hydrol. Processes, 10, 793-802.
3. Bouten, W., P. J. F. Swart, and E. de Water (1991), Microwave transmission, a new tool in forest hydrological research, J. Hydrol., 124, 199-230.
4. Bouten, W., M. G. Schaap, J. Aerts, and A. W. M. Vermetten (1996), Monitoring and modelling canopy water storage amounts in support of atmospheric deposition studies, J. Hydrol., 81, 305-321.
5. Bras, R. L., and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe (1993), Random Functions and Hydrology, 559 pp., Dover, Mineola, N. Y.
6. Bree, T. (1978), The stability of parameter estimation in the general linear model, J. Hydrol., 37, 47-66.
7. Calder, I. R. (1977), A model of transpiration and interception loss from a spruce forest in Plynlimon, central Wales, J. Hydrol., 33, 247-265.
8. Calder, I. R. (1996), Dependence of rainfall interception of drop size: 1. Development of the two-layer stochastic model, J. Hydrol., 185, 363-378.
9. Calder, I. R., and I. R. Wright (1986), Gamma ray attenuation studies of interception from Sitka spruce: Some evidence for an additional transport mechanism, Water Resour. Res., 22, 409-417.
10. Calder, I. R., R. L. Hall, P. T. W. Rosier, H. G. Bastable, and K. T. Prasanna (1996), Dependence of rainfall interception on drop size: 2. Experimental determination of the wetting functions and two-layer stochastic model parameters for five tropical tree species, J. Hydrol., 185, 379-388.
11. Chapman, G. (1948), Size of raindrops and their striking force at the soil surface in a red pine plantation, Eos Trans. AGU, 29, 664-670.
12. Dietrich, C. R., and T. G. Chapman (1993), Unit graph estimation and stabilization using quadratic programming and difference norms, Water Resour. Res., 29, 2629-2635.
13. Domingo, F., G. Sánchez, M. J. Moro, A. J. Brenner, and J. Puigdefábregas (1998), Measurement and modelling of rainfall interception by three semi-arid canopies, Agric. For. Meteorol., 91, 275-292.
14. Dooge, J. C. I. (1959), A general theory of the unit hydrograph, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 241-256.
15. Dooge, J. C. I. (1973), Linear theory of hydrologic systems, Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric., 1468, 327 pp.
16. Duffy, C. J., and L. W. Gelhar (1985), A frequency domain approach to water quality modeling in groundwater: Theory, Water Resour. Res., 21, 1175-1184.
17. Eagleson, P. S., R. Mejia, and F. March (1966), Computation of optimum realizable unit hydrographs, Water Resour. Res., 2, 755-764.
18. Gash, J. H. C. (1979), An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 43-55.
19. Germann, P. F., and T. Niggli (1998), Dissipation of momentum during flow in soils, Hydrol. Sci. J., 43, 537-548.
20. Haan, C. T. (1977), Statistical Methods in Hydrology, 378 pp., Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
21. Habib, E., W. F. Krajewski, and A. Kruger (2001), Sampling errors of tipping-bucket rain gauge measurement, J. Hydrol. Eng., 6, 159-166.
22. Halldin, S., H. Grip, and K. Perttu (1979), Model for energy exchange of a pine forest canopy, in Comparison of Forest Water and Energy Exchange Models, edited by S. Halldin, pp. 59-75, Int. Soc. for Ecol. Modell., Copenhagen.
23. Hancock, N. H., and J. M. Crowther (1979), A technique for the direct measurement of water storage on a forest canopy, J. Hydrol., 41, 105-122.
24. Herwitz, S. R. (1987), Raindrop impact and water flow on the vegetative surfaces of trees and the effects on stemflow and throughfall generation, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 12, 425-432.
25. Ishii, H., and M. E. Wilson (2001), Crown structure of old-growth Douglasfir in the western Cascade Range, Washington, Can. J. For. Res., 31, 1250-1261.
26. Iverson, R. M. (2000), Landslide triggering by rain infiltration, Water Resour. Res., 36, 1897-1910.
27. Jackson, D. A. (1993), Stopping rules in principle components analysis: A comparison of heuristical and statistical approaches, Ecology, 74, 2204-2214.
28. Jetten, V. G. (1996), Interception of tropical rain forest: Performance of a canopy water balance model, Hydrol. Processes, 10, 671-685.
29. Kamen, E. W. (1990), Introduction to Signals and Systems, 2nd ed., 706 pp., Macmillan, Old Tappan, N. J.
30. Keim, R. F. (2003), Attenuation of rainfall intensity by forest canopies, Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 150 pp.
31. Keim, R. F., and A. E. Skaugset (2003), Modelling effects of forest canopies on slope stability, Hydrol. Processes, 17, 1457-1467.
32. Keim, R. F., A. E. Skaugset, T. E. Link, and A. Iroumé (2004), A stochastic model of throughfall for extreme events, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 23-24.
33. Kirchner, J. W., X. Feng, and C. Neal (2000), Fractal stream chemistry and its implications for contaminant transport in catchments, Nature, 403, 524-527.
34. Kirchner, J. W., X. Feng, and C. Neal (2001), Catchment-scale advection and dispersion as a mechanism for fractal scaling in stream tracer concentrations, J. Hydrol., 254, 82-101.
35. Klaassen, W. (2001), Evaporation from rain-wetted forest in relation to canopy wetness, canopy cover, and net radiation, Water Resour. Res., 37, 3227-3236.
36. Klaassen, W., F. Bosveld, and E. de Water (1998), Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception, J. Hydrol., 212-213, 36-50.
37. Labat, D., R. Ababou, and A. Mangin (2000), Rainfall-runoff relations for karstic springs. Part I: Convolution and spectral analyses, J. Hydrol., 238, 123-148.
38. Lagarias, J. C., J. A. Reeds, M. H. Wright, and P. E. Wright (1998), Convergence properties of the Nelder-Mead simplex method in low dimensions, SIAM J. Optim., 9, 112-147.
39. Legates, D. R., and G. J. McCabe Jr. (1999), Evaluating the use of "goodness-of-fit" measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation, Water Resour. Res., 35, 23-241.
40. Leyton, L., E. R. C. Reynolds, and F. B. Thompson (1967), Rainfall interception in forest and moorland, in Forest Hydrology, edited by W. E. Sopper and H. W. Lull, pp. 163-178, Pergamon, New York.
41. Lloyd, C. R., J. H. C. Gash, and W. J. Shuttleworth (1988), The measurement and modelling of rainfall interception by Amazon rain forest, J. Hydrol., 43, 277-294.
42. Massman, W. J. (1980), Water storage on forest foliage: A general model, Water Resour. Res., 16, 210-216.
43. Massman, W. J. (1983), The derivation and validation of a new model for the interception of rainfall by forests, Agric. Meteorol., 28, 261-286.
44. Mayhan, R. J. (1984), Discrete-Time and Continuous-Time Linear Systems, 644 pp., Addison-Wesley-Longman, Reading, Mass.
45. Murphy, C. E., Jr., and K. R. Knoerr (1975), The evaporation of intercepted rainfall from a forest stand: An analysis by simulation, Water Resour. Res., 11, 273-280.
46. Nash, J. E., and J. V. Sutcliffe (1970), River flow forecasting through conceptual models, I, A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282-290.
47. Olsson, J., J. Niemczynowicz, and R. Berndtsson (1993), Fractal analysis of high-resolution rainfall time series, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 23, 265-23, 274.
48. Oszyczka, B., and J. M. Crowther (1981), The application of gamma-ray attenuation to the determination of canopy mass and canopy water storage, J. Hydrol., 49, 355-368.
49. Pike, L. H., R. A. Rydell, and W. C. Denison (1977), A 400-year-old Douglas fir tree and its epiphytes: Biomass, surface area, and their distributions, Can. J. For. Res., 7, 680-699.
50. Pitman, J. I. (1989a), Rainfall interception by bracken in open habitats - Relations between leaf area, canopy storage and drainage rate, J. Hydrol., 105, 317-334.
51. Pitman, J. I. (1989b), Rainfall interception by bracken litter - Relationship between biomass, storage and drainage rate, J. Hydrol., 111, 281-291.
52. Reggiani, P., M. Siyapalan, and S. M. Hassanizadeh (1998), A unifying framework for watershed thermodynamics: Balance equations for mass, momentum, energy and entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics, Adv. Water Resour., 22, 367-398.
53. Rutter, A. J., and A. J. Morton (1977), A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, III. Sensitivity of the model to stand parameters and meteorological variables, J. Appl. Ecol., 14, 567-588.
54. Rutter, A. J., K. A. Kershaw, P. C. Robins, and A. J. Morton (1971), A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, 1. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine, Agric. Meteorol., 9, 367-384.
55. Sellers, P. J., and J. G. Lockwood (1981), A computer simulation of the effects of differing crop types on the water balance of small catchments, over long time periods, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 395-414.
56. Singh, V. P. (1988), Hydrologic Systems, vol. 1, Rainfall-Runoff Modeling, 480 pp., Prentice-Hall, Old Tappan, N. J.
57. Skaggs, T. H., Z. J. Kabala, and W. A. Jury (1998), Deconvolution of a nonparametric transfer function for solute transport in soils, J. Hydrol., 207, 170-178.
58. Spies, T. A., and J. F. Franklin (1989), Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, Ecology, 70, 543-545.
59. Stewart, J. B. (1977), Evaporation from the wet canopy of a pine forest, Water Resour. Res., 13, 915-921.
60. Teklehaimanot, Z., and P. G. Jarvis (1991), Direct measurement of evaporation of intercepted water from forest canopies, J. Appl. Ecol., 28, 603-618.
61. Thomas, S. C., and W. E. Winner (2000), Leaf area index of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest estimated from direct structural measurements in the canopy, Can. J. For. Res., 30, 1922-1930.
62. Torres, R., and L. J. Alexander (2002), Intensity-duration effects on drainage: Column experiments at near-zero pressure head, Water Resour. Res., 38(11), 1240, doi:10.1029/2001WR001048.
63. Trimble, G. R., Jr., and S. Weitzman (1954), Effect of a hardwood canopy on rainfall intensities, Eos Trans. AGU, 35, 226-234.
64. Watanabe, T., and K. Mizutani (1996), Model study on micrometeorological aspects of rainfall interception over an evergreen broad-leaved forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 80, 195-214.
65. Xiao, Q., E. G. McPherson, S. L. Ustin, and M. E. Grismer (2000), A new approach to modeling tree rainfall interception, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29,173-29,188.