Cannabis improves night vision: A case study of dark adaptometry and scotopic sensitivity in kif smokers of the Rif mountains of northern Morocco

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 93, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 99-104

  Russo, E B ^a   Merzouki, A ^b,c   Mesa, J Molero ^b   Frey, K A ^d   Bach, P J ^e  

^a University of Granada ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^c ABDELMALEK ESSAADI UNIVERSITY   (Morocco)

^d MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Montana Neurobehavioral Specialists   (United States)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Ethnobotany; Medical marijuana; Night vision; Ophthalmology; Visual testing

Indexed keywords

AGENTS ACTING ON THE EYE; CANNABIS; DRONABINOL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DARK ADAPTATION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFECT; ETHNOBOTANY; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; FISHERMAN; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MOROCCO; NIGHT VISION; NORMAL HUMAN; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SMOKING; TOBACCO; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; VISION TEST;

ADULT; CANNABIS; DARK ADAPTATION; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOROCCO; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; VISION;

EID: 2942616986     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.029     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Abbott-Johnson W., Abiad G., Kerlin P., Cuneo R., Crawford D., Ash S., Clague A., Coroneo M. Dark adaptation in vitamin A deficient patients assessed for liver transplantation. Immunology and Cell Biology. 80:2002;A2
2. Arnold S. Seeing is believing. Nursing Standard. 12:1998;17
3. Avicenna (ibn Sina), 1294. Al-Qanun fi l-tibb (Canon of Medicine). Bulaq (2nd book), 502 pp.
4. Bisogno T., Delton-Vandenbroucke I., Milone A., Lagarde M., Di Marzo V. Biosynthesis and inactivation of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine in bovine retina. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 370:1999;300-307
5. Brown B., Adams A.J., Haegerstrom-Portnoy G., Jones R.T., Flom M.C. Pupil size after use of marijuana and alcohol. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 83:1977;350-354
6. Clarke, R.C., 1998. Hashish! Red Eye Press, Los Angeles, CA, 387 pp.
7. Dawson W.W., Jimenez-Antillon C.F., Perez J.M., Zeskind J.A. Marijuana and vision-after ten years' use in Costa Rica. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 16:1977;689-699
8. Glass M., Dragunow M., Faull R.L. Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience. 77:1997;299-318
9. Glovinsky Y., Quigley H.A., Drum B., Bissett R.A., Jampel H.D. A whole-field scotopic retinal sensitivity test for the detection of early glaucoma damage. Archives of Ophthalmology. 110:1992;486-490
10. Hamarneh S. Medicinal plants, therapy, and ecology in Al-Ghazzi's book on agriculture. Studies in the History of Medicine. 2:1978;223-263
11. Hampson A.J., Grimaldi M., Axelrod J., Wink D. Cannabidiol and (-)delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 95:1998;8268-8273
12. Huerta S., Rogers L.M., Li Z., Heber D., Liu C., Livingston E.H. Vitamin A deficiency in a newborn resulting from maternal hypovitaminosis A after biliopancreatic diversion for the treatment of morbid obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76:2002;426-429
13. Jarvinen T., Pate D., Laine K. Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 95:2002;203-220
14. Levy Y., Glovinsky Y. Evaluation of mid-term stability of night vision tests. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. 68:1997;565-568
15. Mathers, E. P.1920. The Garden of Bright Waters. One Hundred and Twenty Asiatic Love Poems. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 109 pp.
16. McPartland J.M., Russo E.B. Cannabis and cannabis extracts: Greater than the sum of their parts? Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1:2001;103-132
17. Merzouki, A. 2001. El Cultivo del Cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L.) en el Rif, Norte de Marruecos, Taxonomía, Biología y Etnobotánica. Doctoral Thesis. Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, 305 pp.
18. Merzouki A., Molero Mesa J. Concerning kif, a Cannabis sativa L. preparation smoked in the Rif mountains of northern Morocco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81:2002;403-406
19. Merzouki A., Molero Mesa J. La [sic] chanvre (Cannabis sativa L.) dans la pharmacopée traditionelle du Rif (nord du Maroc). Ars Pharmaceutica. 40:1999;233-240
20. Peters A.Y., Locke K.G., Birch D.G. Comparison of the Goldmann-Weekers dark adaptometer and LKC Technologies Scotopic Sensitivity tester-1. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 101:2000;1-9
21. Porcella A., Maxia C., Gessa G.L., Pani L. The human eye expresses high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA and protein. European Journal of Neuroscience. 12:2000;1123-1127
22. Russo E. Cannabis for migraine treatment: the once and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. Pain. 76:1998;3-8
23. Russo, E.B., 2001a. Handbook of Psychotropic Herbs: A Scientific Analysis of Herbal Remedies for Psychiatric Conditions. Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY, 352 pp.
24. Russo E.B. Hemp for headache: an in-depth historical and scientific review of cannabis in migraine treatment. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1:2001;21-92
25. Russo E. Cannabis treatments in obstetrics and gynecology: a historical review. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 2:2002a;5-35
26. Russo, E.B., 2002b. Role of cannabis and cannabinoids in pain management. In: Weiner, R.S. (Ed.), Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 357-375.
27. Straiker A.J., Maguire G., Mackie K., Lindsey J. Localization of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the human anterior eye and retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 40:1999;2442-2448
28. Weil A.T., Zinberg N.E., Nelsen J.M. Clinical and psychological effects of marihuana in man. Science. 162:1968;1234-1242
29. West M.E. Cannabis and night vision. Nature. 351:1991;703-704
30. Whittle B.A., Guy G.W., Robson P. Prospects for new cannabis-based prescription medicines. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1:2001;183-205
31. Yazulla S., Studholme K.M., McIntosh H.H., Deutsch D.G. Immunocytochemical localization of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and fatty acid amide hydrolase in rat retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 415:1999;80-90