Nonverbal learning disability: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 128-141

  Volden, Joanne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Child language disorder; Learning disability; Nonverbal learning disability

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; AGENESIS; ASPERGER SYNDROME; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; COMORBIDITY; CORPUS CALLOSUM; DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LEARNING DISORDER; LEUKODYSTROPHY; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PHONETICS; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SEMANTICS; SPEECH THERAPY; THEORETICAL MODEL; TURNER SYNDROME; VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME; VISION; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 2942575802     PISSN: 10580360     EISSN: 15589110     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2004/014)     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Adams, C. (2002). Practitioner review: The assessment of language pragmatics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 973-987.
2. Adams, C., Cooke, R., Crutchley, A., Hesketh, A., & Reeves, D. (2001). Assessment of Comprehension and Expression 6-11. Windsor, U.K.: NFER-Nelson.
3. Adams, C., Green, J., Gilchrist, A., & Cox, A. (2002). Conversational behaviour of children with Asperger syndrome and conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 679-690.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Badian, N. (1983). Dyscalculia and nonverbal disorders of learning. In H. Myklebust (Ed.), Progress in learning disabilities: Vol. 5 (pp. 235-264). New York: Grune and Stratton.
6. Badian, N. (1992). Nonverbal learning disability, school behaviour, and dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 42, 158-178.
7. Bearden, C., Woodin, M., Wang, P., Moss, E., McDonald-McGinn, D., Zackai, E., et al. (2001). The neurocognitive phenotype of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Selective deficit in visual-spatial memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 447-464.
8. Bishop, D. (1989). Autism, Asperger's syndrome and semantic-pragmatic disorder: Where are the boundaries? British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 24, 107-121.
9. Bishop, D. (1998). Development of the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC): A method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 39, 879-891.
10. Bishop, D. (2000). Pragmatic language impairment: A correlate of SLI, a distinct subgroup, or part of the autistic continuum? In D. Bishop & L. Leonard (Eds.), Speech and language impairments in children: Causes, characteristics, intervention and outcome (pp. 99-113). Hove, East Sussex, U.K.: Psychology Press.
11. Bishop, D. (2003). Children's Communication Checklist (CCC-2). London: The Psychological Corporation.
12. Bishop, D., & Adams, C. (1989). Conversational characteristic of children with semantic-pragmatic disorder. 2: What features lead to a judgement of inappropriacy? British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 24, 241-263.
13. Bishop, D., & Baird, B. (2001). Parent and teacher report of pragmatic aspects of communication: Use of the Children's Communication Checklist in a clinical setting. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 809-818.
14. Bishop, D., Chan, J., Adams, C., Hartley, J., & Weir, F. (2000). Conversational responsiveness in specific language impairment: Evidence of disproportionate pragmatic difficulties in a subset of children. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 177-199.
15. Bishop, D., & Norbury, C. (2002). Exploring the borderlands of autistic disorder and specific language impairment: A study using standardised diagnostic instruments. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 917-929.
16. Bishop, D., & Rosenbloom, L. (1987). Classification of childhood language disorders. In W. Yule & M. Rutter (Eds.), Language development and disorders, Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 101/102 (pp. 16-41). London: Mac Keith Press.
17. Bloom, L. (1988). What is language? In M. Lahey (Ed.), Language disorders and language development (pp. 1-19). New York: MacMillan.
18. Bowers, L., Barrett, M., Huisingh, R., Orman, J., & LoGiudice, C. (1994). Test of Problem Solving-Revised-Elementary. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.
19. Brinton, B., & Fujiki, M. (1989). Conversational management with language-impaired children: Pragmatic assessment and intervention. Rockville, MD: Aspen.
20. Brook, S. L., & Bowler, D. M. (1992). Autism by another name: Semantic and pragmatic impairments in children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 61-81.
21. Cornoldi, C., Rigoni, F., Tressoldi, P., & Vio, C. (1999). Imagery deficits in nonverbal learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32, 48-58.
22. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1994). California Verbal Learning Test for Children - manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
23. Dimitrovsky, L., Spector, H., Levy-Schiff, R., & Vakil, E. (1998). Interpretation of facial expressions of affect in children with learning disabilities with verbal and nonverbal deficits. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31, 286-292.
24. Dool, C., Stelmack, R., & Rourke, B. (1993). Event-related potentials in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 387-398.
25. Dore, J. (1974). A pragmatic description of early language development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 4, 343-350.
26. Dorfman, C. (2000). Social language and theory of mind in children with nonverbal learning disability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
27. Duchan, J., Hewitt L., & Sonnenmeier, R. (Eds.). (1994). Pragmatics: From theory to practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
28. Dunn, L. (1965). Expanded manual for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Minneapolis, MN: American Guidance Service.
29. Fey, M. (1986). Language intervention with young children. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.
30. Finlay, D., Peto, T., Payling, J., Hunter, M., Fulham, W., & Wilkinson, I. (2000). A study of three cases of familial related agenesis of the corpus callosum. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 731-742.
31. Fisher, N., & DeLuca, J. (1997). Verbal learning strategies of adolescents and adults with the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities. Child Neuropsychology, 3, 192-198.
32. Fisher, N., DeLuca, J., & Rourke, B. (1997). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Halstead Category Test performances of children and adolescents who exhibit the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities. Child Neuropsychology, 3, 61-70.
33. Fletcher, J. M., Bohan, T., Brandt, M., Brookshire, B., Beaver, S., Francis, D., et al. (1992). Cerebral white matter and cognition in hydrocephalic children. Archives of Neurology, 49, 818-824.
34. Gagnon, L., Mottron, L., & Joanette, Y. (1997). Questioning the validity of the semantic-pragmatic syndrome diagnosis. Autism, 1, 37-55.
35. Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1994). Is clumsiness a marker for Asperger syndrome? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 519-527.
36. Gilchrist, A., Green, J., Cox, A., Burton, D., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (2001). Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 227-240.
37. Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E. (2000). Autism and Asperger syndrome: Co-existence with other clinical disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 102, 321-330.
38. Gross-Tsur, V., Shalev, R., Manor, O., & Amir, N. (1995). Developmental right-hemisphere syndrome: Clinical spectrum of the nonverbal learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 80-86.
39. Harnadek, M., & Rourke, B. (1994). Principal identifying features of the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities in children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 144-154.
40. Hepworth, S., & Rovet, J. (2000). Visual integration difficulties in a 9-year-old girl with Turner syndrome: Parallel verbal disabilities? Child Neuropsychology, 6, 262-273.
41. Holler, K., Fennell, E., Crosson, B., Boggs, S., & Mickle, J. (1995). Neuropsychological and adaptive functioning in younger versus older children shunted for early hydrocephalus. Child Neuropsychology, 1(1), 63-73.
42. Huisingh, R., Barrett, M., Zachman, L., Blagden, C., & Orman, J. (1990). The Word Test-R (Elementary). East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.
43. Kass, C. E. (1964). Auditory Closure Test. In J. J. Olson & J. L. Olson (Eds.), Validity studies on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities. Madison, WI: Photo.
44. Klein, H., & Moses, N. (1994). Intervention planning for children with communication disorders. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
45. Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2003). Asperger syndrome: Diagnosis and external validity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 1-13.
46. Klin, A., Volkmar, F., Sparrow, S., Cicchetti, D., & Rourke, B. (1995). Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger syndrome: Convergence with nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1127-1140.
47. Little, S. (1993). Nonverbal learning disabilities and socio-emotional functioning: A review of recent literature. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 653-665.
48. Mahoney, W., Szatmari, P., MacLean, J., Bryson, S., Bartolucci, G., Walter, S., et al. (1998). Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 278-285
49. Marjiviona, J., & Prior, M. (1995). Comparison of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 23-39.
50. Mattson, A., Sheer, D., & Fletcher, J. (1992). Electrophysiological evidence of lateralized disturbances in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 707-716.
51. Miller, J., & Ozonoff, S. (2000). The external validity of Asperger disorder: Lack of evidence from the domain of neuropsychology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 227-238.
52. Moss, E., Batshaw, M., Solot, C., Gerdes, M., McDonald-McGinn, D., Driscoll, D., et al. (1999). Psychoeducational profile of the 22q11.2 microdeletion: A complex pattern. The Journal of Pediatrics, 134(2), 193-198.
53. Myklebust, H. (1995). Verbal and nonverbal cognitive processes. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Learning and cognition in autism (pp. 33-56). New York: Plenum.
54. National Research Council, Committee on Educational Interventions for Children With Autism, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. (2001). Educating children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
55. Nichelli, P., & Venneri, A. (1995). Right hemisphere developmental learning disability: A case study. Neurocase, 1, 173-177.
56. Njiokiktjien, C., de Rijke, W., & Jonkman, E. (2001). Children with nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD): Coherence values in the resting state may reflect hypofunctional long distance connections in the right hemisphere. Human Physiology, 27, 523-528.
57. Ozonoff, S., Rogers, S., & Pennington, B. (1991). Asperger's syndrome: Evidence of an empirical distinction from high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1108-1122.
58. Panos, P., Porter, S., Panos, A., Gaines, R., & Erdberg, P. (2001). An evaluation of a case of agenesis of the corpus callosum with Rourke's nonverbal learning disorder model. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 507-521.
59. Paul, R. (2001). Language disorders from infancy through adolescence. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
60. Petti, V., Voelker, S., Shore, D., & Hayman-Abello, S. (2003). Perception of nonverbal emotion cues by children with nonverbal learning disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15(1), 23-36.
61. Phelps-Terasaki, D., & Phelps-Gunn, T. (1992). Test of Pragmatic Language. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
62. Prutting, C. A., & Kirchner, D. M. (1987). A clinical appraisal of the pragmatic aspects of language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 52, 105-119.
63. Rapin, I., & Allen, D. (1983). Developmental language disorders: Nosologic considerations. In U. Kirk (Ed.), Neuropsychology of language, reading and spelling (pp. 155-184). New York: Academic Press.
64. Regan, J., & Reeb, R. (1998). Neuropsychological functioning in survivors of childhood leukemia. Child Study Journal, 28(3), 179-201.
65. Rourke, B. (1987). Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: The final common pathway of white-matter disease/dysfunction? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1(3), 209-234.
66. Rourke, B. (1989). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the model. New York: Guilford.
67. Rourke, B. (Ed.). (1991). Neuropsychological validation of learning disability subtypes. New York: Guilford.
68. Rourke, B. (1993). Arithmetic disabilities, specific and otherwise: A neuropsychological perspective. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 214-226.
69. Rourke, B. (Ed.). (1995). Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Neurodevelopmental manifestations. New York: Guilford.
70. Rourke, B. (2000). Neuropsychological and psychosocial subtyping: A review of investigations within the University of Windsor laboratory. Canadian Psychology, 41(1), 34-51.
71. Rourke, B., Ahmad, S., Collins, D., Hayman-Abello, B., Sayman-Abello S., & Warriner, E. (2002). Child clinical/pediatric neuropsychology: Some recent advances. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 53, 309-339.
72. Rourke, B., & Conway, J. (1997). Disabilities of arithmetic and mathematical reasoning: Perspectives from neurology and neuropsychology. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 34-46.
73. Rourke, B., Del Dotto, J., Rourke, S., & Casey, J. E. (1990). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and a case study. Journal of School Psychology, 28, 361-385.
74. Rourke, B., & Finlayson, M. A. (1978). Neuropsychological significance of variations in patterns of academic performance: Verbal and visual-spatial abilities. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(1), 121-133.
75. Rourke, B., & Fuerst, D. (1992). Psychosocial dimensions of learning disability subtypes: Neuropsychological studies in the Windsor laboratory. School Psychology Review, 27, 361-375.
76. Rourke, B., & Fuerst, D. (1995). Cognitive processing, academic achievement, and psychosocial functioning: A neurodevelopmental perspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental Psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and methods (pp. 391-423). New York: Wiley.
77. Rourke, B., & Strang, J. (1978). Neuropsychological significance of variations in patterns of academic performance: Motor, psychomotor, and tactile-perceptual abilities. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 3, 62-66.
78. Rourke, B., & Tsatsanis, K. (1996). Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Psycholinguistic assets and deficits. Topics in Language Disorders, 16(2), 30-44.
79. Rourke, B., Young, G., & Leenaars, A. (1989). A childhood learning disability that predisposes those afflicted to adolescent and adult depression and suicide risk. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 169-175.
80. Schopler, E. (1998). Premature popularization of Asperger syndrome. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? (pp. 385-399). New York: Plenum.
81. Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Hynd, G. (1991). Specific nonverbal and social-skills deficits in children with learning disabilities. In J. Obrzut & G. Hind (Eds.), Neuropsychological foundations of learning disabilities (pp. 603-629). New York: Academic Press.
82. Serra, M., Jackson, A., van Geert, P., & Minderaa, R. (1998). Brief report: Interpretation of facial expressions, postures and gestures in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(3), 257-263.
83. Shields, J., Varley, R., Broks, P., & Simpson, A. (1996a). Hemispheric function in developmental language disorders and high-level autism. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 473-486.
84. Shields, J., Varley, R., Broks, P., & Simpson, A. (1996b). Social cognition in developmental language disorders and high-level autism. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 487-495.
85. Shulman, B. (1986). Test of Pragmatic Skills (rev. ed). Tucson, AZ: Communication Skill Builders.
86. Strang, J., & Rourke, B. (1983). Concept-formation/nonverbal- reasoning abilities of children who exhibit specfic academic problems with arithmetic. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 33-39.
87. Swillen, A., Vandeputte, L., Cracco, J., Maes, B., Ghesquiere, P., Devridndt, K., et al. (1999). Neuropsychological, learning and psychosocial profile of primary school aged children with the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion): Evidence for a nonverbal learning disability? Child Neuropsychology, 5(4), 230-241.
88. Szatmari, P., Archer, L., Fisman, S., Streiner, D., & Wilson, F. (1995). Asperger's syndrome and autism: Differences in behavior, cognition and adaptive functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1662-1671.
89. Szatmari, P., Bartolucci, G., & Bremner, R. (1989). Asperger's syndrome and autism: Comparison of early history and outcome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 709-720.
90. Thompson, S. (1997). The source for nonverbal learning disorders. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.
91. Tsatsanis, K., & Fuerst, D. (1997). Psychosocial dimensions of learning disabilities: External validation and relationship with age and academic functioning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 490-503.
92. Voeller, K. (1991). Social-emotional learning disabilities. Psychiatric Annals 21, 735-741.
93. Voeller, K. (1995). Clinical neurologic aspects of the right-hemisphere deficit syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 10(1), S16-S22.
94. Volden, J. (2002). Features leading to judgements of inappropriacy in the language of speakers with autism: A preliminary study. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 26(3), 138-146.
95. Volkmar, F., & Klin, A. (2001). Asperger's disorder and higher functioning autism: Same or different? International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 23, 83-110.
96. Weber Byars, A., McKellop, M., Gyato, K., Sullivan, R., & Franz, D. (2001). Metachromatic leukodystrophy and nonverbal learning disability: Neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in heterozygous carriers. Child Neuropsychology, 7(1), 54-58.
97. Wechsler, D. (1949). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
98. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - III. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
99. White, J., Moffitt, T., & Silva, P. (1992). Neuropsychological and socio-emotional correlates of specific-arithmetic disability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 1-16.
100. Wiig, E., & Secord, W. (1989). Test of Language Competence - Expanded Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
101. Woods, S., Weinborn, M., Ball, J., Tiller-Nevin, S., & Pickett, T. (2000). Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): An identical twin case study illustration of white matter dysfunction and nonverbal learning disability (NLD). Child Neuropsychology, 6(4), 274-285.
102. Worling, D., Humphries, T., & Tannock, R. (1999). Spatial and emotional aspects of language inferencing in nonverbal learning disabilities. Brain and Language, 70(2), 220-239.