Getting there is only half the battle: Stigma consciousness and maintaining diversity in higher education

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 481-506

  Pinel, Elizabeth C ^a   Warner, Leah R ^a   Chua, Poh Pheng ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; HIGHER EDUCATION; SOCIAL POLICY;

EID: 29144490634     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00417.x     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. American Council on Education. (2001-2002). Minorities in Higher Education (2001-2002): Nineteenth Annual Status Report. Washington, DC: Office of Minority Concerns.
3. Ayers, L. (1992). Perceptions of affirmative action among its beneficiaries. Social Justice Research, 5, 223-238.
4. Brown, R. P., Charnsangavej, T., Keough, K. A., Newman, M. L., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2000). Putting the "affirm" into affirmative action: Preferential selection and academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 736-747.
5. Brown, R. P., & Lee, M. N. (in press). Stigma consciousness and the race gap in college academic achievement. Self & Identity.
6. Brown, R. P., & Pinel, E. C. (2003). Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 626-633.
7. Brown, R. P., Pinel, E. C., Rentfrow, J., & Lee, M. (2002). Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat. Poster presented at the 3rd annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Savannah, Georgia.
8. Catalyst, Inc. (1998). Women of color in corporate management: A statistical picture. New York, NY: Catalyst.
9. Cohen, L. L., & Swim, J. K. (1995). The differential impact of gender ratios on women and men: Tokenism, self-confidence, and expectations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 876-884.
10. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
11. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
12. Heilman, M. E. (1996). Affirmative action's contradictory consequences. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 105-109.
13. Heilman, M. E., Battle, W. S., Keller, C. E., & Lee, R. A. (1998). Type of affirmative action policy: A determinant of reactions to sex-based preferential selection? Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 190-205.
14. Heilman, M. E., McCullough, W. F., & Gilbert, D. (1996). The other side of affirmative action: Reactions of nonbeneficiaries to sex-based preferential selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 346-357.
15. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 965-990.
16. Kravitz, D. A., & Klineberg, S. L. (2000). Reactions to two versions of affirmative action among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 597-611.
17. Lord, C. G., & Saenz, D. S. (1985). Memory deficits and memory surfeits: Differential cognitive consequences of tokenism for tokens and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 918-926.
18. Maio, G. R., & Esses, V. M. (1998). The social consequences of affirmative action: Deleterious effects on perceptions of groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 65-74.
19. Major, B., Feinstein, J., Crocker, J. (1994). Attributional ambiguity of affirmative action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 113-141.
20. Major, B., & Schmader, T. (1998). Coping with stigma through psychological disengagement. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 219-241). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
21. Major, B., Spencer, S., Schmader, T., Wolfe, C., & Crocker, J. (1998). Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: The role of psychological disengagement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 34-50.
22. McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., Child, P., & Fukioka, T. (1978). Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 511-520.
23. Mellor, S. (1995). Gender composition and gender representation in local unions: Relationships between women's participation in local office and women's participation in local activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 706-720.
24. Niemann, Y. K., & Dovidio, J. F. (1998). Relationship of solo status, academic rank, and perceived distinctiveness to job satisfaction of racial/ethnic minorities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 55-71.
25. Pinel, E. C. (1999). Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 114-128.
26. Pinel, E. C. (2004). You're just saying that because I'm a woman: Stigma consciousness and attributions to discrimination. Self and Social Identity, 3, 39-51.
27. Pinel, E. C., & Paulin, N. (in press). Take this job and shove it: Stigma consciousness in the workplace. Basic and Applied Social Psychology.
28. Pratkanis, A. R., & Turner, M. E. (1996). The proactive removal of discriminatory barriers: Affirmative action as effective help. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111-132.
29. Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gray, M. L. (2001). "Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856-868.
30. Stangor, C., Carr, C., & Kiang, L. Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1191-1197.
31. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
32. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
33. Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1995). Self-liking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: Initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 322-342.
34. Truax, K., Cordova, D. I., Wood, A., Wright, E., & Crosby, F. (1998). Undermined? Affirmative action from the target's point of view. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 171-188). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
35. U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). Enrollment in higher education. Washington, DC.
36. Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G., & Paolucci, M. P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455-472.