Cardiopulmonary bypass and the coagulation system

Progress in Pediatric Cardiology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 87-115

  Yeh Jr , Thomas ^a   Kavarana, Minoo N ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

^b University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiopulmonary bypass; Coagulation system; Heparin; Jehovah's Witness

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMINOCAPROIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; APROTININ; ARGATROBAN; CLOPIDOGREL; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DANAPAROID; DESMOPRESSIN; DIPYRIDAMOLE; ENOXAPARIN; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; INTEGRILLIN; LEPIRUDIN; PROTAMINE; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; STEROID; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN; TRANEXAMIC ACID; WARFARIN;

ALLERGIC REACTION; ANAPHYLAXIS; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD DONOR; BONE PAIN; BRONCHOSPASM; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; EPILEPSY; FLUSHING; HEADACHE; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; LUNG VASOCONSTRICTION; MYALGIA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RASH; RELIGION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; THROMBOSIS; ULTRAFILTRATION;

EID: 28844455586     PISSN: 10589813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2005.09.011     Document Type: Article

References (264)

1. F.J. Lewis, and M. Taufic Closure of atrial septal defects with aid of hypothermia: experimental accomplishments and the report of one successful case Surgery 33 1953 52 59
2. C.W. Lillehei, M. Cohen, H.E. Warden, and R.L. Varco The direct-vision intracardiac correction of congenital anomalies by controlled cross circulation; results in thirty-two patients with ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, and atrioventricularis communis defects Surgery 38 1 1955 11 29
3. J.H. Gibbon Jr. Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery Minn Med 37 1954 171 180
4. F.H. Kern, N.J. Morana, J.J. Sears, and P.R. Hickey Coagulation defects in neonates during cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Thorac Surg 54 1992 541 546
5. C.J. Cote Blood, colloid, and crystalloid Anesthesiol Clin North America 1991 865 884
6. T. Kallos, and B.R. Smith Replacement for intraoperative blood loss Anesthesiology 41 1974 293 295
7. M.D. Boisclair, D.A. Lane, and H. Philippou Thrombin production, inactivation and expression during open heart surgery measured by assays for activation fragments including a new ELISA for prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 Thromb Haemost 70 1993 253
8. S.J. Brister, F.A. Ofosu, and M.R. Buchanan Thrombin generation during cardiac surgery: is heparin the ideal anticoagulant? Thromb Haemost 70 1993 259
9. R. Gorman, N.P. Ziats, and N. Gikakis Surface-bound heparin fails to reduce thrombin formation during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111 1996 1
10. T.A. Horbett Principles underlying the role of adsorbed plasma proteins in blood interactions with foreign materials Cardiovasc Pathol 2 1993 137S
11. P. Zilla, R. Fasol, and P. Groscurth Blood platelets in cardiopulmonary bypass operations J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97 1989 379
12. J. Pina-Cabral, A. Ribeiro-da-Silva, and A. Almeida-Diaz Platelet sequestration during hypothermia in dogstreated with sulfinpyrazone and ticlopidine-reversability accelerated after intra-abdominal rewarming Thromb Haemost 43 1985 838 841
13. H. Yoshihara, T. Yamanmoto, and H. Mihara Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis occurring in dogs during hypothermia Thromb Res 37 1985 503 512
14. L.H. Edmunds Jr., N. Ellison, and R.W. Colman Platelet function during open heart surgery: comparison of the membrane and bubble oxygenators J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 83 1982 805
15. C. Valeri, H. Feingold, G. Cassidy, G. Ragno, S. Khuri, and M. Altschule Hypothermia induced platelet dysfunction Ann Surg 205 1987 175 181
16. C. Valeri, K. Khabbaz, and S. Khuri Effect of skin temperature on platelet function in extracorporeal bypass patients J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 7 1992 108 116
17. J.N. Lindon, G. McManama, and L. Kushner Does the conformation of adsorbed fibrinogen dictate platelet interactions with artificial surfaces? Blood 68 1986 355
18. N. Gikakis, M.M.H. Khan, and Y. Hiramatsu Effect of factor Xa inhibitors on thrombin formation and complement and neutrophil activation during in-vitro extracorporeal circulation Circulation 94 suppl II 1996 341 [Ref Type: Generic]
19. S. Sundaram, N. Gikakis, and C.E. Hack Nafamostat mesilate, a broad spectrum protease inhibitor, modulates cellular and humoral activation in simulated extracorporeal circulation Thromb Haemost 75 1996 76 [Ref Type: Generic]
20. N.S. Jenny, and K.G. Mann Thrombin R.W. Colman J. Hirsh V.J. Marder Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and practice 2001 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia 171
21. M.D. Boisclair, D.A. Lane, and H. Philippou Mechanisms of thrombin generation during surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass Blood 82 1993 3350
22. J.H. Chung, N. Gikakis, and A.K. Rao Pericardial blood activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass Circulation 93 1996 2014
23. T.A. Drake, J.H. Morrissey, and T.S. Edgington Selective cellular expression of tissue factor in human tissues Am J Pathol 134 1989 1087
24. T.A. Drake, W. Ruf, J.H. Morrissey, and T.S. Edgington Functional tissue factor is entirely cell surface expressed on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood monocytes and a constitutively tissue factor-producing neoplastic cell line J Cell Biol 109 1989 389
25. H. Philippou, A. Adami, M.D. Boisclair, and D.A. Lane An ELISA for factor X activation peptide: application to the investigation of thrombogenesis in cardiopulmonary bypass Br J Haematol 90 1995 432
26. R.C. Gorman ZNGNea. Surface-bound heparin fails to reduce thrombin formation during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111 1996 1
27. L.H. Edmunds Jr., and N. Stenach The blood-surface interface G.P. Gravlee R.F. Davis M. Kurusz J.R. Utley Cardiopulmonary bypass: principles and practice 2d ed. 2000 Williams and Wilkins 149
28. G.S. Aldea, P. O'Gara, and O.M. Shapira Effect of anticoagulation protocol on outcome in patients undergoing CABG with heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits Ann Thorac Surg 65 1998 425
29. D.R. Jobes, S.C. Nicolson, and J.M. Steven Inhibition and restoration of hemostasis in the young cardiac surgical patient Cardiol Young 3 1993 370 377
30. M. Andrew, B. Paes, and R. Milner Development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant Blood 70 1987 165 172
31. M. Andrew, B. Paes, and M. Johnston Development of the hemostatic system in the neonate and young infant Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 12 1 1990 95 104
32. M.M. Mull, and W.E. Hathaway Altered platelet function in newborns Pediatr Res 4 3 1970 (May) 229 237
33. B.E. Miller, J.M. Bailey, and T.J. Mancuso Functional maturity of the coagulation system in children: an evaluation using thrombelastography Anesth Analg 84 4 1997 (Apr) 745 748
34. B.E. Miller, and G.D. Williams Bleeding and coagulation: monitoring and management. Need to look this up tom Gary's anesthesia book 2005
35. D.M. Komp, and A.W. Sparrow Polycythemia in cyanotic heart disease-a study of altered coagulation J Pediatr 76 1970 231 236
36. H. Ekert, G.S. Gilchrist, R. Stanton, and D. Hammond Hemostasis in cyanotic congenital heart disease J Pediatr 76 1970 221 230
37. P. Henriksson, G. Varendh, and N.R. Lundstrom Haemostatic defects in cyanotic congenital heart disease Br Heart J 41 1 1979 (Jan) 23 27
38. C.S. Rinder, D. Gaal, L.A. Student, and B.R. Smith Platelet-leukocyte activation and modulation of adhesion receptors in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107 1 1994 (Jan) 280 288
39. S.B. Kontras, H.D. Sirak, and W.A. Newton Jr. Hematologic abnormalities in children with congenital heart disease JAMA 195 8 1966 (Feb) 611 615
40. A.L. Wedemeyer, J.R. Edson, and W. Krivit Coagulation in cyanotic congenital heart disease Am J Dis Child 124 1972 656 660
41. R.T. Card, and L.R. Weintraub Metabolic abnormalities of erythrocytes in severe iron deficiency Blood 37 1971 725 732
42. R.R. Martelle, and L.M. Linde Cerebrovascular accidents with tetralogy of Fallot Am J Dis Child 101 1961 206 209
43. P. Kallis, J.A. Tooze, S. Talbot, D. Cowans, D.H. Bevan, and T. Treasure Preoperative aspirin decreases platelet aggregation and increases postoperative blood loss-a prospective randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial in 100 patients with chronic stable angina Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 8 1994 404 409
44. R.E. Rawitscher, J.W. Jones, T.A. McCoy, and D.A. Lindsley A prospective study on aspirin's effect on red blood cell loss in cardiac surgery J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 32 1991 1 7
45. D.P. Taggart, A. Siddiqui, and D.J. Wheatley Low-dose preoperative aspirin therapy, postoperative blood loss, and transfusion requirements [see comments] Ann Thorac Surg 50 1990 424 428
46. J. Blundell Experiments on the transfusion of blood by the syringe Med Chirg Trans 9 56 1818 92
47. D.M. Surgenor The patient's blood is the safest blood N Engl J Med 316 9 1987 542 544
48. D.V. Owings, M.S. Kruskall, and R.L. Thurer Autologous blood donations prior to elective cardiac surgery: safety and effect on subsequent blood use JAMA 262 1989 1963
49. H. Murayama, M. Maeda, and K. Miyahara The current role of preoperative and intraoperative autologous blood donation in pediatric open-heart surgery Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 15 3 2003 91 97
50. M. Masuda, Y. Kawachi, and S. Inaba Preoperative autologous blood donations in pediatric cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 60 6 1995 1694 1696
51. H. Masuda, Y. Moriyama, and K. Hisatomi Preoperative autologous donation of blood for a simple cardiac anomaly: analysis of children weighing under twenty kilograms J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 120 2000 783 788
52. K. Kurisu, K. Yonenaga, K. Miyamoto, K. Miyamoto, N. Furusho, and K. Nishimura Open heart surgery without the use of homologous blood in infants and young children: effectiveness of the intraoperative autologous blood donation from arterial monitoring line Kyobu Geka 52 6 1999 438 441
53. M.I. Knuckey WESH. Audit of a paediatric directed donation programme J Paediatr Child Health 39 5 2003 364 367
54. P.W. Wales, W. Lau, and P.C. Kim Directed blood donation in pediatric general surgery: is it worth it? J Pediatr Surg 36 5 2001 722 725
55. T.K. Rosengart, R.E. Helm, and W.J. DeBois Open heart operations without transfusion using a multimodality blood conservation strategy in 50 Jehovah's Witness patients: implications for a "bloodless" surgical technique J Am Coll Surg 184 1997 618
56. H. Kiyama, N. Ohshima, T. Imazeki, and T. Yamada Autologous blood donation with recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients Ann Thorac Surg 68 5 1999 1652 1656
57. V. Alexi-Meskishvili, B. Stiller, and A. Koster Correction of congenital heart defects in Jehovah's Witness children Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 52 3 2004 141 146
58. K. Miyaji, R.L. Hannan, J.W. Ojito, J.A. White, and R.P. Burke The Ross operation in a Jehovah's Witness: a paradigm for heart surgery in children without transfusion Ann Thorac Surg 69 3 2000 935 937
59. J.A. van Son, H. Hovaguimian, and I.M. Rao Strategies for repair of congenital heart defects in infants without the use of blood Ann Thorac Surg 59 2 1995 384 388
60. V. Sonzogni, G. Crupi, and R. Poma Erythropoietin therapy and preoperative autologous blood donation in children undergoing open heart surgery Br J Anaesth 87 3 2001 429 434
61. R.E. Shaddy, E.A. Bullock, L.Y. Tani, G.S. Orsmond, D.D. Hunter, and R.D. Christensen Epoetin alfa therapy in infants awaiting heart transplantation Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149 3 1995 322 325
62. R. Singlenberg The blood transfusion taboo of Jehovah's Witnesses: origin, development and function of a controversial doctrine Soc Sci Med 31 515 1990 523
63. W. Nielsen The Biblical laws against transfusions reexamined-a Christian physician's viewpoint Transfus Med Rev 5 271 1991 273
64. D.T. Ridley Accommodating Jehovah's Witnesses' choice of nonblood management Perspect Healthc Risk Manage 10 17 1990 21
65. T.P. Malan Jr., J. Whitmore, and R. Maddi Reoperative cardiac surgery in a Jehovah's Witness: role of continuous cell salvage and in-line reinfusion J Cardiothorac Anesth 3 2 1989 211 214
66. S. Ottesen, and T. Froysaker Use of haemonetics cell saver for autotransfusion in cardiovascular surgery Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 16 3 1982 263 268
67. D.A. Cooley Conservation of blood during cardiovascular surgery Am J Surg 170 6ASuppl 1995 53S 59S
68. H. Shimpo, T. Mizumoto, K. Onoda, H. Yuasa, and I. Yada Erythropoietin in pediatric cardiac surgery: clinical efficacy and effective dose Chest 111 6 1997 1565 1570
69. D.A. Ott, and D.A. Cooley Cardiovascular surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses. Report of 542 operations without blood transfusion JAMA 238 12 1977 1256 1258
70. C.E. Henling, M.J. Carmichael, A.S. Keats, and D.A. Cooley Cardiac operation for congenital heart disease in children of Jehovah's Witnesses J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89 6 1985 914 920
71. K. Nakanishi, T. Shichijo, and Y. Shinkawa Usefulness of vacuum-assisted cardiopulmonary bypass circuit for pediatric open-heart surgery in reducing homologous blood transfusion Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20 2 2001 233 238
72. J.D. Milam, S.F. Austin, M.R. Nihill, A.S. Keats, and D.A. Cooley Use of sufficient hemodilution to prevent coagulopathies following surgical correction of cyanotic heart disease J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89 4 1985 623 629
73. K. Bando, M.W. Turrentine, and P. Vijay Effect of modified ultrafiltration in high-risk patients undergoing operations for congenital heart disease Ann Thorac Surg 66 3 1998 821 827
74. A.M. Draaisma, M.G. Hazekamp, M. Frank, N. Anes, P.H. Schoof, and H.A. Huysmans Modified ultrafiltration after cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 64 2 1997 521 525
75. G.J. Despotis, K.S. Filos, T.N. Zoys, C.W. Hogue Jr., E. Spitznagel, and D.G. Lappas Factors associated with excessive postoperative blood loss and hemostatic transfusion requirements: a multivariate analysis in cardiac surgical patients Anesth Analg 82 1 1996 13 21
76. M.J. Rohrer, and A.M. Natale Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade Crit Care Med 20 10 1992 1402 1405
77. M.D. Crittenden, and S.F. Khuri The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on platelet function and platelet kinetics S. Attar Hemostasis in cardiac surgery 1999 Futura Armonk, NY 3
78. Consensus conference Platelet transfusion therapy JAMA 257 1987 1777 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
79. W.J. DeBois, Y. Sukhram, and J. McVey Reduction in homologous transfusion using a low prime circuit J Extra-Corpor Technol 28 1996 58
80. T.R. Rosengart, W.J. DeBois, and M. O'Hara Retrograde autologous priming for cardiopulmonary bypass: a safe and effective means of decreasing hemodilution and transfusion requirements J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 1998 426
81. K.J. Lilly, P.J. O'Gara, and P.R. Treanor Heparin-bonded circuits without a cardiotomy: a description of a minimally invasive technique of cardiopulmonary bypass Perfusion 7 2002 95
82. Y. Hamada, K. Kawachi, and T. Nakata Antiinflammatory effect of heparin-coated circuits with leukocyte-depleting filters in coronary bypass surgery Artif Organs 25 2001 1004
83. W.C. Oliver Jr., F.M. Beynen, and G.A. Nuttall Blood loss in infants and children for open heart operations: albumin 5% versus fresh-frozen plasma in the prime Ann Thorac Surg 75 5 2003 1506 1512
84. M.M. McCall, M.M. Blackwell, and J.T. Smyre Fresh frozen plasma in the pediatric pump prime: a prospective, randomized trial Ann Thorac Surg 77 3 2004 983 987
85. K. Miyaji, R.L. Hannan, J. Ojito, J.P. Jacobs, J.A. White, and R.P. Burke Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit: clinical effects in pediatric cardiac surgery J Card Surg 15 3 2000 194 198
86. T. Ozawa, K. Yoshihara, N. Koyama, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Takanashi Superior biocompatibility of heparin-bonded circuits in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47 12 1999 592 599
87. S. Ashraf, Y. Tian, D. Cowan, A. Entress, P.G. Martin, and K.G. Watterson Release of proinflammatory cytokines during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: heparin-bonded versus nonbonded oxygenators Ann Thorac Surg 64 6 1997 1790 1794
88. E.A. Grossi, K. Kallenbach, and S. Chau Impact of heparin bonding on pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective randomized study Ann Thorac Surg 71 1 2000 191 196
89. J.K. Kirklin, E.H. Blackstone, and J.W. Kirklin Cardiopulmonary bypass: studies on its damaging effects Blood Purif 5 2-3 1987 168 178
90. R.H. Friesen, M.A. Tornabene, and S.P. Coleman Blood conservation during pediatric cardiac surgery: ultrafiltration of the extracorporeal circuit volume after cardiopulmonary bypass Anesth Analg 77 4 1993 702 707
91. Y. Nakamura, M. Masuda, and Y. Toshima Comparative study of cell saver and ultrafiltration nontransfusion in cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 49 6 1990 973 978
92. J. Boldt, B. Zickmann, and A. Czeke Blood conservation techniques and platelet function in cardiac surgery Anesthesiology 75 3 1991 426 432
93. J. Boldt, D. Kling, B. Zickmann, M. Jacobi, F. Dapper, and G. Hempelmann Acute preoperative plasmapheresis and established blood conservation techniques Ann Thorac Surg 50 1 1990 62 68
94. D. Journois, P. Pouard, W.J. Greeley, P. Mauriat, P. Vouhe, and D. Safran Hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery. Effects on hemostasis, cytokines, and complement components Anesthesiology 81 5 1994 (Nov) 1181 1189
95. T. Sakamoto, G.D. Nollert, and D. Zurakowski Hemodilution elevates cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets Ann Thorac Surg 77 5 2004 1656 1663 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
96. R.A. Jonas, D. Wypij, and S.J. Roth The influence of hemodilution on outcome after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: results of a randomized trial in infants J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126 6 2003 1765 1774 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
97. J.W. Gaynor, M. van Rossem, and G. Wernovsky Haemodynamic changes during modified ultrafiltration immediately following the first stage of the Norwood reconstruction Cardiol Young 15 1 2005 4 7 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
98. W.P. Fiser, R.C. Read, F.E. Wright, and T.J. Vecchio A randomized study of beef lung and pork mucosal heparin in cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 35 6 1983 615 620
99. L.I. Iverson, G. Duhaylongsod, and J.N. Young Porcine heparin increases postoperative bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass patients Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 4 1990 269 272
100. L. Shore-Lesserson, and G.P. Gravlee Anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass 2000 Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia
101. W.R. Bell, and R.M. Royall Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: a comparison of three heparin preparations N Engl J Med 303 1980 902 907
102. W.R. Bell, P.A. Tomasulo, F.M. Alving, and T.P. Duffy Thrombocytopenia occurring during the administration of heparin. A prospective study in 52 patients Ann Int Med 85 1976 155 160
103. J. Ansell, N.J. Slepchuk, R. Kumar, A. Lopez, L. Southard, and D. Deykin Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study Thromb Haemost 43 1980 61 65
104. D. Green, G.J. Martin, S.H. Shoichet, N. DeBacker, J.S. Bomalaski, and R.N. Lind Thrombocytopenia in a prospective, randomized, double blind trial of bovine and porcine heparin Am J Med Sci 288 1984 60 64
105. P.J. Powers, J.G. Kelton, and C.J. Carter Studies on the frequency of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia Thromb Res 33 1984 439 444
106. R.T.J. Bailey, J.A. Ursick, K.L. Heim, D.E. Hilleman, and J.W. Reich Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: a prospective comparison of bovine lung heparin, manufactured by new process, and porcine intestinal heparin Drug Intell Clin Pharm 20 1986 374 378
107. D.H. Lee, and T.E. Warkentin Frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia T.E. Warkentin A. Greinacher Heparin induced thrombocytopenia 2001 Marcel Dekker New York 87
108. R.L. Singer, J.D. Mannion, T.L. Bauer, F.R. Armenti, and R.N. Edie Complications from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass Chest 104 1993 1436 1440
109. B.A. Konkle, T.L. Bauer, and G. Arepally Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: bovine versus porcine heparin in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery Ann Thorac Surg 71 2001 1920 1924
110. T.E. Warkentin, and J.G. Kelton Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia N Engl J Med 344 2001 1286
111. J.L. Francis, G.P. Palmer III, R. Moroose, and A. Drexler Comparison of bovine and porcine heparin in heparin antibody formation after cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 75 2003 17 22
112. V. Rivera, A. Levieux, and D. Levieux Characterisation of Ag1, the major species-specific contaminant of bovine crude heparin, and its identification as an aprotinin/heparin complex J Pharm Biomed Anal 29 3 2002 443 458 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
113. R.E. Merton, A.D. Curtis, and D.P. Thomas A comparison of heparin potency estimates obtained by activated partial thromboplastin time and British pharmacopoeial assays Thromb Haemost 53 1 1985 116 117
114. F.G. Strekerud, and U. Abildgaard Activated partial thromboplastin time in heparinized plasma: influence of reagent, acute-phase reaction and interval between sampling and testing Clin Appl Thromb Hemostasis 2 1996 169 176
115. J.T. Brandt, D.A. Triplett, and K. Musgrave Factor VIII assays Arch Pathol Lab Med 112 1988 7 12
116. M.T. Metzdorff, K.S. Hanses, and G.L. Wright Interference with anti-coagulation monitoring by procainamide-induced lupus anticoagulant Ann Thorac Surg 61 1996 994 995
117. E. Young, M.H. Prins, and M.N. Levine Heparin binding to plasma proteins, an important mechanism for heparin resistance Thromb Haemost 67 1992 639 643
118. B.S. Bull, W.M. Huse, and F.S. Brauer Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation: the use of a drug response curve to individualize heparin and protamine dosage J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 69 1975 685
119. J.S. Wang, C.Y. Lin, W.T. Hung, and R.B. Karp Monitoring of heparin-induced anticoagulation with kaolin-activated clotting time in cardiac surgical patients treated with aprotinin Anesthesiology 77 6 1992 1080 1084
120. M.F. Swartz, G.W. Fink, and B. Searles Aprotinin and hemostasis monitoring concerns during cardiac surgery J Extra-Corpor Technol 36 4 2004 375 383
121. G.P. Gravlee, W.S. Haddon, and H.K. Rothberger Heparin dosing and monitoring for cardiopulmonary bypass. A comparison of techniques with measurement of subclinical plasma coagulation J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99 1990 518 527
122. L.A. Wolk, R.F. Wilson, and M. Burdick Changes in antithrombin, antiplasmin and plasminogen during and after cardiopulmonary bypass Am Surg 51 1985 309
123. B.P. Bidstrup Monitoring of systemic anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Thorac Surg 61 1996 781
124. M.H. Staples, R.F. Dunton, K.J. Karlson, H.K. Leonardi, and R.L. Berger Heparin resistance after preoperative heparin therapy or intra aortic balloon pumping Ann Thorac Surg 57 1994 1211
125. J. Hirsh, R. Raschke, and T.E. Warkentin Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy and safety Chest 108 1995 258S [suppl]
126. J.H. Levy, G.J. Despotis, and F. Szlam Recombinant human transgenic antithrombin in cardiac surgery: a dose finding study Anesthesiology 96 2002 1095
127. A. Koster, T. Fischer, and M. Praus Hemostatic activation and inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass: impact of heparin management Anesthesiology 97 4 2002 837 841 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
128. M. Codispoti, C.A. Ludlam, D. Simpson, and P.S. Mankad Individualized heparin and protamine management in infants and children undergoing cardiac operations Ann Thorac Surg 71 3 2001 922 927
129. R.J. Cobel-Geard, and H.I. Hassouna Interaction of protamine sulfate with thrombin Am J Hematol 14 3 1983 227 233
130. N. Ellison, A. Ominsky, and H. Wollman Is protamine a clinically important anticoagulant? A negative answer Anesthesiology 35 6 1971 621 629
131. J.C. Horrow Thrombocytopenia accompanying a reaction to protamine sulfate Can Anaesth Soc J 32 1 1985 49 52
132. A. Racanelli, J. Fareed, J.M. Walenga, and E. Coyne Biochemical and pharmacologic studies on the protamine interactions with heparin, its fractions and fragments Semin Thromb Hemost 11 2 1985 176 189
133. M.E. Weiss, D. Nyhan, and Z. Peng Association of protamine IgE and IgG antibodies with life-threatening reactions to intravenous protamine N Engl J Med 320 1989 886
134. H.A. Seifert, D.R. Jobes, and T. Ten Have Adverse events after protamine administration following cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children Anesth Analg 97 2 2003 383 389
135. K.H. Teoh, E. Young, M.H. Blackall, R.S. Roberts, and J. Hirsh Can extra protamine eliminate heparin rebound following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 2 2004 211 219 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
136. J. Fareed, B.E. Lewis, D.D. Callas, D.A. Hoppensteadt, J.M. Walenga, and R.L. Bick Antithrombin agents: the new class of anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 5 Suppl 1 1999 S45 S55
137. R.C. Gosselin, J.H. King, K.A. Janatpour, W.E. Dager, E.C. Larkin, and J.T. Owings Comparing direct thrombin inhibitors using aPTT, ecarin clotting times, and thrombin inhibitor management testing Ann Pharmacother 38 9 2004 1383 1388
138. F.C. Riess, N. Bleese, and J. Kormann Recombinant hirudin is a heparin alternative in cardiac surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 11 4 1997 538 539
139. B. Potzsch, S. Hund, K. Madlener, C. Unkrig, and G. Muller-Berghaus Monitoring of recombinant hirudin: assessment of a plasma-based ecarin clotting time assay Thromb Res 86 5 1997 373 383
140. A. Greinacher Recombinant hirudin for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia T.E. Warkentin A. Greinacher Heparin induced thrombocytopenia 2001 Marcel Dekker New York 349
141. S. Manikappa, K. Benfield, and T.E. Gan Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and the use of r-hirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass Anaesth Intensive Care 33 3 2005 388 392
142. J. Devignes, E. de Maistre, and S. Grosjean Use of ecarin clotting time in whole blood for monitoring recombinant hirudine treatment during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 63 2 2005 201 208
143. A. Koster, B. Spiess, and D.P. Chew Effectiveness of bivalirudin as a replacement for heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting Am J Cardiol 93 3 2004 356 359
144. A.K. Wittkowsky The role of thrombin inhibition during percutaneous coronary intervention Pharmacotherapy 22 97S 2002 104S
145. M.J. Wilhelm, C. Schmid, D. Kececioglu, T. Mollhoff, H. Ostermann, and H.H. Scheld Cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia using Org 10172 Ann Thorac Surg 61 3 1996 920 924
146. D.C. Doherty, T.L. Ortel, N. De Bruijn, C.S. Greenberg, and P. Van Trigt III "Heparin-free" cardiopulmonary bypass: first reported use of heparinoid (Org 10172) to provide anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass Anesthesiology 73 1990 562 565
147. H.N. Magnani Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): an overview of 230 patients treated with Orgaran (Org 10172) Thromb Haemost 70 1993 554 561
148. D.A. Tice, and M.H. Worth Jr. Recognition and treatment of postoperative bleeding associated with open-heart surgery Ann N Y Acad Sci 146 1968 745
149. D. Royston, B.P. Bidstrup, K.M. Taylor, and R.N. Sapsford Effect of aprotinin on need for blood transfusion after repeat open-heart surgery Lancet 2 8571 1987 1289 1291
150. D. Royston The serine antiprotease aprotinin (Trasylol): a novel approach to reducing postoperative bleeding Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1 1990 55
151. T.M. Sundt III, N.T. Kouchoukos, J.E. Saffitz, S.F. Murphy, T.H. Wareing, and D.J. Stahl Renal dysfunction and intravascular coagulation with aprotinin and hypothermic circulatory arrest Ann Thorac Surg 55 6 1993 1418 1424
152. J.H. Lemmer Jr., W. Stanford, and S.L. Bonney Aprotinin for coronary artery bypass grafting: effect on postoperative renal function Ann Thorac Surg 59 1 1995 132 136
153. A. Sedrakyan, T. Treasure, and J.A. Elefteriades Effect of aprotinin on clinical outcomes in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 3 2004 442 448
154. S. Cicek, U. Demirkilic, and E. Ozal Postoperative use of Aprotinin in cardiac operations: an alternative to its prophylactic use J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 1996 1462 1467
155. M.J. Ray, S.C. Bapp, and A. Neville Preoperative platelet dysfunction increases the benefit of aprotinin in cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Thorac Surg 63 1997 57 63
156. M.J. Davies, A. Allen, and H. Kort Prospective, randomized, double-blind study of high-dose aprotinin in pediatric cardiac operations Ann Thorac Surg 63 2 1997 (Feb) 497 503
157. J. Boldt, C. Knothe, B. Zickmann, N. Wege, F. Dapper, and G. Hempelmann Aprotinin in pediatric cardiac operations: platelet function, blood loss, and use of homologous blood Ann Thorac Surg 55 6 1993 (Jun) 1460 1466
158. J. Boldt, C. Knothe, B. Zickmann, N. Wege, F. Dapper, and G. Hempelmann Comparison of two aprotinin dosage regimens in pediatric patients having cardiac operations. Influence on platelet function and blood loss J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105 4 1993 (Apr) 705 711
159. W.C. Oliver Jr., D.N. Fass, and G.A. Nuttall Variability of plasma aprotinin concentrations in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 6 2004 1670 1677
160. J.M. Costello, C.L. Backer, and A. de Hoyos Aprotinin reduces operative closure time and blood product use after pediatric bypass Ann Thorac Surg 75 4 2003 1261 1266
161. H. Mossinger, W. Dietrich, S.L. Braun, M. Jochum, H. Meisner, and J.A. Richter High-dose aprotinin reduces activation of hemostasis, allogeneic blood requirement, and duration of postoperative ventilation in pediatric cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 75 2 2003 (Feb) 430 437
162. B.E. Miller, S.R. Tosone, and V.K.H. Tam Hematologic and economic impact of aprotinin in reoperative pediatric cardiac operations Ann Thorac Surg 66 2 1998 535 540
163. T.P. Carrel, M. Schwanda, P.R. Vogt, and M.I. Turina Aprotinin in pediatric cardiac operations: a benefit in complex malformations and with high-dose regimen only Ann Thorac Surg 66 1 1998 (Jul) 153 158
164. W. Dietrich Incidence of hypersensitivity reactions Ann Thorac Surg 65 6 Suppl 1998 S60 S64
165. W. Beierlein, A.M. Scheule, W. Dietrich, and G. Ziemer Forty years of clinical aprotinin use: a review of 124 hypersensitivity reactions Ann Thorac Surg 79 2 2005 741 748
166. R.D. Jaquiss, N.S. Ghanayem, M.C. Zacharisen, K.A. Mussatto, J.S. Tweddell, and S.B. Litwin Safety of aprotinin use and re-use in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery Circulation 106 12 Suppl 1 2002 I90 I94
167. J. McDonough, and C. Gruenwald The use of aprotinin in pediatric patients: a review JECT 35 2003 346 349
168. J.S. Tweddell, S. Berger, and P.C. Frommelt Aprotinin improves outcome of single-ventricle palliation Ann Thorac Surg 62 5 1996 1329 1335 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
169. D.M. Cosgrove III, B. Heric, and B.W. Lytle Aprotinin therapy for reoperative myocardial revascularization: a placebo-controlled study Ann Thorac Surg 54 6 1992 1031 1036 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
170. A. Sedrakyan, T. Treasure, and J.A. Elefteriades Effect of aprotinin on clinical outcomes in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 3 2004 442 448 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
171. C.J. Lambert, A.J. Marengo-Rowe, and J.E. Leveson The treatment of postperfusion bleeding using epsilon-aminocaproic acid, cryoprecipitate, fresh-frozen plasma, and protamine sulfate Ann Thorac Surg 28 1979 440
172. A.J. DelRossi, A.C. Cernaianu, and S. Botros Prophylactic treatment of postperfusion bleeding using EACA Chest 96 1989 27
173. M.J. Ray, and M.F. O'Brien Comparison of epsilon aminocaproic acid and low-dose aprotinin in cardiopulmonary bypass: efficiency, safety and cost Ann Thorac Surg 71 2001 838 843
174. S. Chauhan, B.A. Kumar, and B.H. Rao Efficacy of aprotinin, epsilon aminocaproic acid, or combination in cyanotic heart disease Ann Thorac Surg 70 4 2000 1308 1312
175. R.W. Reid, A.A. Zimmerman, P.C. Laussen, J.E. Mayer, J.B. Gorlin, and F.A. Burrows The efficacy of tranexamic acid versus placebo in decreasing blood loss in pediatric patients undergoing repeat cardiac surgery Anesth Analg 84 5 1997 (May) 990 996
176. J.C. Horrow, J. Hlavacek, and M.D. Strong Prophylactic tranexamic acid decreases bleeding after cardiac operations J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99 1990 70
177. S. Chauhan, A. Bisoi, and N. Kumar Dose comparison of tranexamic acid in pediatric cardiac surgery Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 12 2 2004 (Jun) 121 124
178. F. Bernet, T. Carrel, G. Marbet, K. Skarvan, and P. Stulz Reduction of blood loss and transfusion requirements after coronary artery bypass grafting: similar efficacy of tranexamic acid and aprotinin in aspirin-treated patients J Card Surg 14 2 1999 92 97
179. E.W. Salzman, M.J. Weinstein, and R.M. Weintraub Treatment with desmopressin acetate to reduce blood loss after cardiac surgery. A double-blind randomized trial N Engl J Med 314 22 1986 1402 1406
180. L.S. Czer, T.M. Bateman, and R.J. Gray Treatment of severe platelet dysfunction and hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary bypass: reduction in blood product usage with desmopressin J Am Coll Cardiol 9 5 1987 1139 1147
181. E. Rocha, R. Llorens, J.A. Paramo, R. Arcas, B. Cuesta, and A.M. Trenor Does desmopressin acetate reduce blood loss after surgery in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass? Circulation 77 6 1988 1319 1323
182. T. Hackmann, R.D. Gascoyne, and S.C. Naiman A trial of desmopressin (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin) to reduce blood loss in uncomplicated cardiac surgery N Engl J Med 321 1989 1437 1443
183. M.D. Seear, L.D. Wadsworth, and P.C. Rogers The effect of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) on postoperative blood loss after cardiac operations in children J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98 1989 217 219
184. W.C. Oliver Jr., P.J. Santrach, and G.K. Danielson Desmopressin does not reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements in congenital heart operations Ann Thorac Surg 70 6 2000 1923 1930
185. M. Livio, P.M. Mannucci, and G. Vigano Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure N Engl J Med 315 12 1986 731 735
186. M. Livio, P.M. Mannucci, and G. Vigano Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure N Engl J Med 315 12 1986 731 735
187. A. Betkowsky, K.K. Tremper, and R. Newman Post-cardiopulmonary bypass hemorrhage successfully treated with desmopressin acetate and conjugated estrogens J Cardiothorac Anesth 4 5 1990 665 667
188. R.W. Hull, J.A. Hasbargen, S. Fall, and T.P. O'Barr Conjugated estrogens reduce endothelial prostacyclin production and fail to reduce postbypass blood loss Chest 99 5 1991 1116 1169
189. A. Bourbon, M. Vionnet, and P. Leprince The effect of methylprednisolone treatment on the cardiopulmonary bypass-induced systemic inflammatory response Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 26 5 2004 932 938 Ref Type: Journal (Full)
190. F.D. Rubens, H. Nathan, and R. Labow Effects of methylprednisolone and a biocompatible copolymer circuit on blood activation during cardiopulmonary bypass Ann Thorac Surg 79 2 2005 655 665 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
191. P. Gessler, V. Hohl, and T. Carrel Administration of steroids in pediatric cardiac surgery: impact on clinical outcome and systemic inflammatory response Pediatr Cardiol 2005 (Feb 10) [Electronic publication ahead of print. Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
192. R.J. DiDomenico, M.G. Massad, J. Kpodonu, R.A. Navarro, and A.S. Geha Use of recombinant activated factor VII for bleeding following operations requiring cardiopulmonary by pass Chest 127 5 2005 1828 1835 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
193. A.F. Hope, A.D. Heyns, and M.G. Lotter Kinetics and sites of sequestration of indium 111-labeled human platelets during cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 81 6 1981 880 886
194. L.Y. Lee, W. DeBois, and K.H. Krieger The effects of platelet inhibitors on blood use in cardiac surgery Perfusion 17 2002 33
195. W. van Oeveren, M.P. Harder, K.J. Roozendaal, L. Eijsman, and C.R. Wildevuur Aprotinin protects platelets against the initial effect of cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99 5 1990 788 796
196. M.H. Ereth, G.A. Nuttall, and J.T. Klindworth Does the platelet-activated clotting test (HemoSTATUS) predict blood loss and platelet dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass? Anesth Analg 85 2 1997 259 264
197. B.E. Gibson, A.R.I. Todd, and D. Pamphilon Transfusion guidelines for neonates and older children Br J Haematol 124 4 2004 433 453
198. R. Mohr, U. Martinowitz, and J. Lavee The hemostatic effect of transfusing fresh whole blood versus platelet concentrates after cardiac operations J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96 1998 530 534
199. C.S. Manno, K.W. Hedberg, and H.C. Kim Comparison of the hemostatic effects of fresh whole blood, stored whole blood, and components after open heart surgery in children Blood 77 5 1991 930 936
200. I. Keidan, G. Amir, M. Mandel, and D. Mishali The metabolic effects of fresh versus old stored blood in the priming of cardiopulmonary bypass solution for pediatric patients J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 4 2004 949 952
201. S.S. Mou, B.P. Giroir, and E.A. Molitor-Kirsch Fresh whole blood versus reconstituted blood for pump priming in heart surgery in infants N Engl J Med 351 16 2004 1635 1644
202. M. Golan, M. Modan, and J. Lavee Transfusion of fresh whole blood stored (4 degrees C) for short period fails to improve platelet aggregation on extracellular matrix and clinical hemostasis after cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99 2 1990 (Feb) 354 360
203. Al M. Douri, T. Shafi, and D. Al Khudairi Effect of the administration of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa; NovoSeven) in the management of severe uncontrolled bleeding in patients undergoing heart valve replacement surgery Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 11 Suppl 1 2000 S121 S127
204. V.N. Naik, C.D. Mazer, D.A. Latter, J.M. Teitel, and G.M. Hare Successful treatment using recombinant factor VIIa for severe bleeding post cardiopulmonary bypass Can J Anaesth 50 6 2003 599 602
205. M. Pychynska-Pokorska, J.J. Moll, W. Krajewski, and P. Jarosik The use of recombinant coagulation factor VIIa in uncontrolled postoperative bleeding in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Pediatr Crit Care Med 5 3 2004 246 250
206. J.D. Tobias, J.M. Simsic, S. Weinstein, W. Schechter, V. Kartha, and R. Michler Recombinant factor VIIa to control excessive bleeding following surgery for congenital heart disease in pediatric patients J Intensive Care Med 19 5 2004 270 273
207. S. Butenas, K.E. Brummel, R.F. Branda, S.G. Paradis, and K.G. Mann Mechanism of factor VIIa-dependent coagulation in hemophilia blood Blood 99 2002 923 930
208. T. Lisman, L.O. Mosnier, and T. Lambert Inhibition of fibrinolysis by recombinant factor VIIa in plasma from patients with severe hemophilia A Blood 99 2002 175 179
209. M. Hoffman, D.M. Monroe III, and H.R. Roberts Activated factor VII activates factors IX and X on the surface of activated platelets: thoughts on the mechanism of action of high-dose activated factor VII Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 9 Suppl 1 1998 61 65
210. P. Raivio, R. Suojaranta-Ylinen, and A.H. Kuitunen Recombinant factor VIIa in the treatment of postoperative hemorrhage after cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 80 1 2005 66 71 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
211. Y. Razon, E. Erez, and B. Vidne Recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven) as a hemostatic agent after surgery for congenital heart disease Paediatr Anaesth 15 3 2005 235 240
212. H. Hartert Blutgerinnungsstudien unit der thromboelastographie, einen neven untersuchungsverfahren Klin Wochenschr 26 577 1948 583
213. B.D. Spiess, K.J. Tuman, R.J. McCarthy, G.A. DeLaria, R. Schillo, and A.D. Ivankovich Thromboelastography as an indicator of post-cardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathies J Clin Monit 3 1 1987 25 30
214. B.D. Spiess, B.S. Gillies, W. Chandler, and E. Verrier Changes in transfusion therapy and reexploration rate after institution of a blood management program in cardiac surgical patients J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9 2 1995 168 173
215. K.J. Tuman, B.D. Spiess, R.J. McCarthy, and A.D. Ivankovich Comparison of viscoelastic measures of coagulation after cardiopulmonary bypass Anesth Analg 69 1 1989 69 75
216. B.E. Miller, N.A. Guzzetta, S.R. Tosone, and J.H. Levy Rapid evaluation of coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary by pass in children using modified thromboelastography Anesth Analg 90 6 2000 1324 1330
217. B.E. Miller, T. Mochizuki, and J.H. Levy Predicting and treating coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary bypass in children Anesth Analg 85 6 1997 1196 1202
218. B.E. Miller, N.A. Guzzetta, S.R. Tosone, and J.H. Levy Rapid evaluation of coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary bypass in children using modified thromboelastography Anesth Analg 90 6 2000 1324 1330
219. G.D. Williams, S.L. Bratton, N.J. Nielsen, and C. Ramamoorthy Fibrinolysis in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 12 6 1998 (Dec) 633 638
220. G.D. Williams, S.L. Bratton, E.C. Riley, and C. Ramamoorthy Coagulation tests during cardiopulmonary bypass correlate with blood loss in children undergoing cardiac surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13 4 1999 398 404
221. B.E. Miller, N.A. Guzzetta, and S.R. Tosone Tissue factor-activated thromboelastograms in children undergoing cardiac surgery: baseline values and comparisons Anesth Analg 97 2003 1289 1293
222. W.L. Chandler The thromboelastography and the thromboelastograph technique Semin Thromb Hemost 21 Suppl 4(1) 1995 6
223. V.K. Frantz Absorbable cotton, paper and gauze (Oxidized Cellulose) Ann Surg 118 1943 116
224. V.M. Doctor Effects of aerobically oxidized cellulose on blood coagulation Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 140 2 1972 475
225. T.T. Daurova, S.D. Andreev, and V.Iu. Kassin Mechanism of the haemostatic action of oxycellulose materials Klin Khir [Clinical Surgery] 1 1981 5
226. A.M. Pierce, O.W. Wiebkin, and D.F. Wilson Surgicel: Its fate following implantation J Oral Pathol 13 6 1984 661
227. A.M. Pierce, D.F. Wilson, and O.W. Wiebkin Surgicel: Macrophage processing of the fibrous component Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 16 3 1987 338
228. J. Rysava, L. Masova, and J.E. Dyr Effect of oxidized cellulose on fibrin formation and blood platelets Cas Lek Cesk 141 2002 50 53 [Suppl]
229. K.S. Scher, and J.A. Coil Jr. Effects of oxidized cellulose and microfibrillar collagen on infection Surgery 91 3 1982 301
230. D. Spangler, S. Rothenburger, K. Nguyen, H. Jampani, S. Weiss, and S. Bhende In vitro antimicrobial activity of oxidized regenerated cellulose against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms Surg Infect (Larchmt) 4 3 2003 55
231. T. McGaw, T.E. Elkins, J.O. DeLancey, S.G. McNeeley, and J. Warren Assessment of intraperitoneal adhesion formation in a rat model: can a procoagulant substance prevent adhesions? Obstet Gynecol 71 5 1988 774 778
232. B. Larsson, H. Nisell, and I. Granberg Surgicel-an absorbable hemostatic material-in prevention of peritoneal adhesions in rats Acta Chir Scand 144 6 1978 375 378
233. A.T. Raftery Absorbable haemostatic materials and intraperitoneal adhesion formation Br J Surg 67 1 1980 57 58
234. V. Mais, S. Ajossa, D. Marongiu, R.F. Peiretti, S. Guerriero, and G.B. Melis Reduction of adhesion reformation after laparoscopic endometriosis surgery: a randomized trial with an oxidized regenerated cellulose absorbable barrier Obstet Gynecol 86 4 Pt 1 1995 512 515
235. W.R. Wagner, J.M. Pachence, J. Ristich, and P.C. Johnson Comparative in vitro analysis of topical hemostatic agents J Surg Res 66 2 1996 100 108
236. M. Schroder, H. Willumsen, J.P. Hansen, and O.H. Hansen Peritoneal adhesion formation after the use of oxidized cellulose (Surgicel) and gelatin sponge (Spongostan) in rats Acta Chir Scand 148 7 1982 595 596
237. M. Sirlak, S. Eryilmaz, and L. Yazicioglu Comparative study of microfibrillar collagen hemostat (Colgel) and oxidized cellulose (Surgicel) in high transfusion-risk cardiac surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126 3 2003 666 670 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
238. B.S. Kheirabadi, A. Field-Ridley, R. Pearson, M. MacPhee, W. Drohan, and D. Tuthill Comparative study of the efficacy of the common topical hemostatic agents with fibrin sealant in a rabbit aortic anastomosis model J Surg Res 106 1 2002 99 107
239. J. Rousou, S. Levitsky, and L. Gonzalez-Lavin Randomized clinical trial of fibrin sealant in patients undergoing resternotomy or reoperation after cardiac operations: a multicenter study J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97 1989 194 203
240. M. Codispoti, and P.S. Mankad Significant merits of a fibrin sealant in the presence of coagulopathy following paediatric cardiac surgery: randomised controlled trial Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22 2 2002 200 205
241. J.B. Atkinson, E.D. Gomperts, and R. Kang Prospective, randomized evaluation of the efficacy of fibrin sealant as a topical hemostatic agent at the cannulation site in neonates undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Am J Surg 173 6 1997 479 484
242. M.C. Oz, D.M. Cosgrove III, and B.R. Badduke Controlled clinical trial of a novel hemostatic agent in cardiac surgery. The Fusion Matrix Study Group Ann Thorac Surg 69 2000 1376
243. R.C. Hagberg, H.J. Safi, J. Sabik, J. Conte, and J.E. Block Improved intraoperative management of anastomotic bleeding during aortic reconstruction: results of a randomized controlled trial Am Surg 70 4 2004 307 311
244. M. Glickman, A. Gheissari, S. Money, J. Martin, and J.L. Ballard A polymeric sealant inhibits anastomotic suture hole bleeding more rapidly than gelfoam/thrombin: results of a randomized controlled trial Arch Surg 137 3 2002 326 331 [Ref Type: Journal (Full)]
245. E. Raanani, D.A. Latter, and L.E. Errett Use of "BioGlue" in aortic surgical repair Ann Thorac Surg 72 2001 638
246. E. Raanani, G.P. Georghiou, A. Kogan, B. Wandwi, Y. Shapira, and B.A. Vidne 'BioGlue' for the repair of aortic insufficiency in acute aortic dissection J Heart Valve Dis 13 5 2004 734 737
247. J. Passage, H. Jalali, R.K. Tam, S. Harrocks, and M.F. O'Brien BioGlue Surgical Adhesive-an appraisal of its indications in cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 74 2 2002 432 437
248. S.A. LeMaire, Z.C. Schmittling, and J.S. Coselli BioGlue surgical adhesive impairs aortic growth and causes anastomotic strictures Ann Thorac Surg 73 2002 1500 1506
249. D.M. Cosgrove, R.L. Thurer, and B.W. Lytle Blood conservation during myocardial revascularization Ann Thorac Surg 28 1979 184
250. E. Ovrum, E.A. Holen, and M.A. Linstein Elective coronary artery bypass without homologous blood transfusion Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 25 1991 13
251. E. Ovrum, E.A. Holen, and M. Abdelnoor Conventional blood conservation techniques in 500 consecutive coronary artery bypass operations Ann Thorac Surg 51 1991 500
252. W.J. Gardner The control of bleeding during operation by induced hypotension JAMA 132 1946 572 574
253. A. Sollevi Hypotensive anesthesia and blood loss Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 89 2005 39 43
254. J. Longtin, L. Longtin, E. Bousquet, and J.P. Methot Controlled hypotension in thoracic surgery; clinical study and electrocardiography of 100 cases and 100 controls Union Med Can 83 6 1954 625 628
255. S. Estanove Various indications for controlled hypotension in cardiovascular surgery Anesth Analg 14 4 1957 808 815
256. L.M. Strauser, R.D. Pruitt, and J.D. Tobias Initial experience with fenoldopam in children Am J Ther 6 5 1999 283 288
257. J.D. Tobias Controlled hypotension in children: a critical review of available agents Paediatr Drugs 4 7 2002 439 453
258. J.D. Wilson, and H.F. Taswell Autotransfusion: historical review and preliminary report on a new method Mayo Clin Proc 43 1 1968 26 35
259. J. Boldt, D. Kling, and B. von Bormann Blood conservation in cardiac operations. Cell separation versus hemofiltration J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97 6 1989 832 840
260. J.A. Fuller, B.F. Buxton, J. Picken, R.A. Harris, and M.J. Davies Haematological effects of reinfused mediastinal blood after cardiac surgery Med J Aust 54 11 1991 737 740
261. J. de Haan, J. Schonberger, J. Haan, W. van Oeveren, and A. Eijgelaar Tissue-type plasminogen activator and fibrin monomers synergistically cause platelet dysfunction during retransfusion of shed blood after cardiopulmonary bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106 6 1993 1017 1023
262. H.V. Schaff, J. Hauer, and T.J. Gardner Routine use of autotransfusion following cardiac surgery: experience in 700 patients Ann Thorac Surg 27 6 1979 493 499
263. L.D. Griffith, G.F. Billman, P.O. Daily, and T.A. Lane Apparent coagulopathy caused by infusion of shed mediastinal blood and its prevention by washing of the infusate Ann Thorac Surg 47 3 1989 400 406
264. E. Mossad, and F. Estafanous Blood use in cardiac surgery and the limitations of hemodilution Curr Opin Cardiol 10 6 1995 584 590