Prostate cancer genetics

Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 289-300

  Cancel Tassin, G ^a   Cussenot, O ^a,b  

^a Lab Biol Physiopathol Cranio F   (France)

^b HÔPITAL TENON   (France)

Author keywords

Gene polymorphism; Genetics; Prostatic neoplasms; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ALLELE; BRAIN TUMOR; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; FAMILIAL CANCER; GENE LOCUS; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

HUMANS; MALE; MUTATION; PEDIGREE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 28544439682     PISSN: 03932249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Cussenot O, Valeri A. Heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. Eur J Intern Med 2001; 12:11-6.
2. Cussenot O, Fournier G. Génétique et urologie. Urologie Pe. Paris: Les Editions Vingt et un; 2000.
3. Schaid DJ. The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13 Spec No 1:R103-21.
4. Cussenot O, Fournier G. Hérédité et tumeurs urologiques de l'adulte. Paris: Editions Medecine Sciences Flammarion; 2003.
5. Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD, Gronberg H, Xu J, Isaacs SD et al. Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search. Science 1996;274:1371-4.
6. Berthon P, Valeri A, Cohen-Akenine A, Drelon E, Paiss T, Wohr G et al. Predisposing gene for early-onset prostate cancer, localized on chromosome 1q42.2-43. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62:1416-24.
7. Cancel-Tassin G, Latil A, Valeri A, Mangin P, Fournier G, Berthon P et al. PCAP is the major known prostate cancer predisposing locus in families from south and west Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 2001;9:135-42.
8. Friedrichsen DM, Stanford JL, Isaacs SD, Janer M, Chang BL, Deutsch K et al. Identification of a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q11-21 in Jewish families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101: 1939-44.
9. Gillanders EM, Xu J, Chang BL, Lange EM, Wiklund F, Bailey-Wilson JE et al. Combined genome-wide scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1240-7.
10. Witte JS, Goddard KA, Conti DV, Elston RC, Lin J, Suarez BK et al. Genomewide scan for prostate cancer-aggressiveness loci. Am J Hum Genet 2000;67:92-9.
11. Karayi MK, Neal DE, Markham AF. Current status of linkage studies in hereditary prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000;86:659-69.
12. Valeri A, Azzouzi R, Drelon E, Delannoy A, Mangin P, Fournier G et al. Early-onset hereditary prostate cancer is not associated with specific clinical and biological features. Prostate 2000;45:66-71.
13. Gronberg H, Isaacs SD, Smith JR, Carpten JD, Bova GS, Freije D et al. Characteristics of prostate cancer in families potentially linked to the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) locus. JAMA 1997;278:1251-5.
14. Goode EL, Stanford JL, Peters MA, Janer M, Gibbs M, Kolb S et al. Clinical characteristics of prostate cancer in an analysis of linkage to four putative susceptibility loci. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:2739-49.
15. Valeri A, Fournier G, Morin V, Morin JF, Drelon E, Mangin P et al. Early onset and familial predisposition to prostate cancer significantly enhance the probability for breast cancer in first degree relatives. Int J Cancer 2000;86:883-7.
16. Zuhlke KA, Madeoy JJ, Beebe-Dimmer J, White KA, Griffin A, Lange EM et al. Truncating BRCA1 mutations are uncommon in a cohort of hereditary prostate cancer families with evidence of linkage to 17q markers. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:5975-80.
17. Edwards SM, Kote-Jarai Z, Meitz J, Hamoudi R, Hope Q, Osin P et al. Two percent of men with early-onset prostate cancer harbor germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:1-12.
18. Gayther SA, de Foy KA, Harrington P, Pharoah P, Dunsmuir WD, Edwards SM et al. The frequency of germ-line mutations in the breast cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in familial prostate cancer. The Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group United Kingdom Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Cancer Res 2000;60:4513-8.
19. Gibbs M, Stanford JL, McIndoe RA, Jarvik GP, Kolb S, Goode EL et al. Evidence for a rare prostate cancer-susceptibility locus at chromosome 1p36. Am J Hum Genet 1999;64:776-87.
20. Jonsson BA, Bergh A, Stattin P, Emmanuelsson M, Gronberg H. Germline mutations in E-cadherin do not explain association of hereditary prostate cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2002;98: 838-43.
21. Xu J, Zheng SL, Turner A, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Hawkins GA et al. Associations between hOGG1 sequence variants and prostate cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res 2002;62:2253-7.
22. Zeegers MP, Kiemeney LA, Nieder AM, Ostrer H. How strong is the association between CAG and GGN repeat length polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene and prostate cancer risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:1765-71.
23. Ntais C, Polycarpou A, Ioannidis JP. SRD5A2 gene polymorphisms and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12: 618-24.
24. Ntais C, Polycarpou A, Ioannidis JP. Association of the CYP17 gene polymorphism with the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:120-6.
25. Chang BL, Zheng SL, Hawkins GA, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Turner A et al. Joint effect of HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes is associated with hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res 2002;62: 1784-9.
26. Latil AG, Azzouzi R, Cancel GS, Guillaume EC, Cochan-Priollet B, Berthon PL et al. Prostate carcinoma risk and allelic variants of genes involved in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. Cancer 2001;92:1130-7.
27. Suzuki K, Nakazato H, Matsui H, Koike H, Okugi H, Kashiwagi B et al. Genetic polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha, CYP19, catechol-O- methyltransferase are associated with familial prostate carcinoma risk in a Japanese population. Cancer 2003;98: 1411-6.
28. Cancel-Tassin G, Latil A, Rousseau F, Mangin P, Bottius E, Escary JL et al. Association study of polymorphisms in the human estrogen receptor alpha gene and prostate cancer risk. Eur Urol 2003;44:487-90.
29. Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Kaneuchi M, Shiina H, Igawa M, Dahiya R. Polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha in prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2003;37:202-8.
30. Ntais C, Polycarpou A, Ioannidis JP. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:1395-402.
31. Hsing AW, Chokkalingam AP, Gao YT, Wu G, Wang X, Deng J et al. Polymorphic CAG/CAA repeat length in the AIB1/SRC-3 gene and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:337-41.
32. Murata M, Watanabe M, Yamanaka M, Kubota Y, Ito H, Nagao M et al. Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTT1 and susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Japanese population. Cancer Lett 2001;165:171-7.
33. Gao JP, Huang YD, Yang GZ, Yang YQ. [Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes and prostate cancer]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2003;9:32-5. Chinese.
34. Aktas D, Hascicek M, Sozen S, Ozen H, Tuncbilek E. CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphic genotypes in patients with prostate cancer in a Turkish population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2004;154:81-5.
35. Acevedo C, Opazo JL, Huidobro C, Cabezas J, Iturrieta J, Quinones Sepulveda L. Positive correlation between single or combined genotypes of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 in relation to prostate cancer in Chilean people. Prostate 2003;57:111-7.
36. Chang BL, Zheng SL, Isaacs SD, Turner A, Hawkins GA, Wiley KE et al. Polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2003;106:375-8.
37. Tang YM, Green BL, Chen GF, Thompson PA, Lang NP, Shinde A et al. Human CYP1B1 Leu432Val gene polymorphism: ethnic distribution in African-Americans, Caucasians and Chinese; oestradiol hydroxylase activity; and distribution in prostate cancer cases and controls. Pharmacogenetics 2000;10:761-6.
38. Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Kaneuchi M, Shiina H, Igawa M, Dahiya R. Polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene have higher risk for prostate cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;296:820-6.
39. Chang BL, Zheng SL, Isaacs SD, Turner A, Hawkins GA, Wiley KE et al. Polymorphisms in the CYP1B1 gene are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2003;89:1524-9.
40. Febbo PG, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci E, Brown M, Chang G, Hennekens CH et al. Debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:1075-8.
41. Ferreira PM, Medeiros R, Vasconcelos A, Costa S, Pinto D, Morais A et al. Association between CYP2E1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2003;12:205-11.
42. Paris PL, Kupelian PA, Hall JM, Williams TL, Levin H, Klein EA et al. Association between a CYP3A4 genetic variant and clinical presentation in African-American prostate cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999;8:901-5.
43. Ntais C, Polycarpou A, Ioannidis JP. Association of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:176-81.
44. Medeiros R, Vasconcelos A, Costa S, Pinto D, Ferreira P, Lobo F et al. Metabolic susceptibility genes and prostate cancer risk in a southern European population: the role of glutathione S-transferases GSTM1, GSTM3, and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms. Prostate 2004;58: 414-20.
45. Komiya Y, Tsukino H, Nakao H, Kuroda Y, Imai H, Katoh T. Human glutathione S-transferase A1, T1, M1, and P1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Japanese population. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005;131:238-42.
46. Fukutome K, Watanabe M, Shiraishi T, Murata M, Uemura H, Kubota Y et al. N-acetyltransferase 1 genetic polymorphism influences the risk of prostate cancer development. Cancer Lett 1999;136:83-7.
47. Hein DW, Leff MA, Ishibe N, Sinha R, Frazier HA, Doll MA et al. Association of prostate cancer with rapid N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1*10) in combination with slow N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylator genotypes in a pilot case-control study. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002;40: 161-7.
48. Hamasaki T, Inatomi H, Katoh T, Aono H, Ikuyama T, Muratani T et al. N-acetyltransferase-2 gene polymorphism as a possible biomarker for prostate cancer in Japanese men. Int J Urol 2003;10:167-73.
49. Marchesani M, Hakkarainen A, Tuomainen TP, Kaikkonen J, Pukkala E, Uimari P et al. New paraoxonase 1 polymorphism I102V and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:812-8.
50. Antognelli C, Mearini L, Talesa VN, Giannantoni A, Mearini E. Association of CYP17, GSTP1, and PON1 polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 2005;63:240-51.
51. Chen L, Elahi A, Pow-Sang J, Lazarus P, Park J. Association between polymorphism of human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 and risk of prostate cancer. J Urol 2003;170:2471-4.
52. van Gils CH, Bostick RM, Stern MC, Taylor JA. Differences in base excision repair capacity may modulate the effect of dietary antioxidant intake on prostate cancer risk: an example of polymorphisms in the XR-CC1 gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11: 1279-84.
53. Rybicki BA, Conti DV, Moreira A, Cicek M, Casey G, Witte JS. DNA repair gene XRCC1 and XPD polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:23-9.
54. Angele S, Falconer A, Edwards SM, Dork T, Bremer M, Moullan N et al. ATM polymorphisms as risk factors for prostate cancer development. Br J Cancer 2004;91: 783-7.
55. Cybulski C, Huzarski T, Gorski B, Masojc B, Mierzejewski M, Debniak T et al. A novel founder CHEK2 mutation is associated with increased prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res 2004;64:2677-9.
56. Cybulski C, Gorski B, Debniak T, Gliniewicz B, Mierzejewski M, Masojc B et al. NBS1 Is a Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Gene. Cancer Res 2004;64: 1215-9.
57. Nowell S, Ratnasinghe DL, Ambrosone CB, Williams S, Teague-Ross T, Trimble L et al. Association of SULT1A1 phenotype and genotype with prostate cancer risk in African-Americans and Caucasians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:270-6.
58. Suzuki K, Matsui H, Ohtake N, Nakata S, Takei T, Nakazato H et al. A p53 codon 72 polymorphism associated with prostate cancer development and progression in Japanese. J Biomed Sci 2003;10:430-5.
59. Wu HC, Chang CH, Chen HY, Tsai FJ, Tsai JJ, Chen WC. p53 gene codon 72 polymorphism but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene is associated with prostate cancer. Urol Int 2004;73:41-6.
60. Kibel AS, Suarez BK, Belani J, Oh J, Webster R, Brophy-Ebbers M et al. CDKN1A and CDKN1B polymorphisms and risk of advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63:2033-6.
61. Huang SP, Wu WJ, Chang WS, Wu MT, Chen YY, Chen YJ et al. p53 Codon 72 and p21 codon 31 polymorphisms in prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:2217-24.
62. McCarron SL, Edwards S, Evans PR, Gibbs R, Dearnaley DP, Dowe A et al. Influence of cytokine gene polymorphisms on the development of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:3369-72.
63. Tsuchiya N, Wang L, Horikawa Y, Inoue T, Kakinuma H, Matsuura S et al. CA repeat polymorphism in the insulin-like growth factor-I gene is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Oncol 2005;26:225-31.
64. Wang L, Habuchi T, Tsuchiya N, Mitsumori K, Ohyama C, Sato K et al. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 gene -202 A/C polymorphism is correlated with advanced disease status in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2003;63:4407-11.
65. Lin CC, Wu HC, Tsai FJ, Chen HY, Chen WC. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene-460 C/T polymorphism is a biomarker for prostate cancer. Urology 2003;62: 374-7.
66. Li Z, Habuchi T, Tsuchiya N, Mitsumori K, Wang L, Ohyama C et al. Increased risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene polymorphism at codon10. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:237-40.
67. Wang J, Stockton DW, Ittmann M. The fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 Arg388 allele is associated with prostate cancer initiation and progression. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:6169-78.
68. Lindmark F, Zheng SL, Wiklund F, Bensen J, Balter KA, Chang B et al. H6D polymorphism in macrophage-inhibitory cytokine-1 gene associated with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1248-54.
69. Yokomizo A, Koga H, Kinukawa N, Tsukamoto T, Hirao Y, Akaza H et al. Association of HER-2 polymorphism with Japanese sporadic prostate cancer susceptibility. Prostate 2005;62:49-53.
70. Zheng SL, Augustsson-Balter K, Chang B, Hedelin M, Li L, Adami HO et al. Sequence variants of toll-like receptor 4 are associated with prostate cancer risk: results from the CAncer Prostate in Sweden Study. Cancer Res 2004;64:2918-22.
71. Chiang CH, Chen KK, Chang LS, Hong CJ. The impact of polymorphism on prostate specific antigen gene on the risk, tumor volume and pathological stage of prostate cancer. J Urol 2004;171:1529-32.
72. Chiang CH, Hong CJ, Chang YH, Chang LS, Chen KK. Human kallikrein-2 gene polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of prostate cancer. J Urol 2005;173:429-32.
73. Bharaj BB, Luo LY, Jung K, Stephan C, Diamandis EP. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human kallikrein 10 (KLK10) gene and their association with prostate, breast, testicular, and ovarian cancers. Prostate 2002;51:35-41.
74. Iughetti P, Suzuki O, Godoi PH, Alves VA, Sertie AL, Zorick T et al. A polymorphism in endostatin, an angiogenesis inhibitor, predisposes for the development of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2001;61: 7375-8.
75. Wu HC, Lin CC, Chen WC, Chen HY, Tsai FJ. Osteocalcin gene HindIII C/T polymorphism is a biomarker for prostate cancer and responsiveness to hormone therapy. Eur Urol 2003;43:197-200.
76. Gelmann EP, Steadman DJ, Ma J, Ahronovitz N, Voeller HJ, Swope S et al. Occurrence of NKX3.1 C154T polymorphism in men with and without prostate cancer and studies of its effect on protein function. Cancer Res 2002;62:2654-9.
77. Medeiros R, Morais A, Vasconcelos A, Costa S, Pinto D, Oliveira J et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002;11:343-50.
78. Hawkins GA, Mychaleckyj JC, Zheng SL, Faith DA, Kelly B, Isaacs SD et al. Germline sequence variants of the LZTS1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2002;137:1-7.
79. Zheng SL, Chang BL, Faith DA, Johnson JR, Isaacs SD, Hawkins GA et al. Sequence variants of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase are associated with prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res 2002;62:6485-8.
80. Verhage BA, van Houwelingen K, Ruijter TE, Kiemeney LA, Schalken JA. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the E-cadherin gene promoter modifies the risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2002;100:683-5.
81. Woodson K, Tangrea JA, Lehman TA, Modali R, Taylor KM, Snyder K et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) polymorphism, alpha-tocopherol supplementation and prostate cancer risk in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:513-8.
82. Narla G, Difeo A, Reeves HL, Schaid DJ, Hirshfeld J, Hod E et al. A germline DNA polymorphism enhances alternative splicing of the KLF6 tumor suppressor gene and is associated with increased prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res 2005;65:1213-22.
83. Narita S, Tsuchiya N, Wang L, Matsuura S, Ohyama C, Satoh S et al. Association of lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism with risk of prostate cancer in a Japanese population. Int J Cancer 2004;112:872-6.
84. Park J, Chen L, Shade K, Lazarus P, Seigne J, Patterson S et al. Asp85tyr polymorphism in the udp-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B15 gene and the risk of prostate cancer. J Urol 2004;171:2484-8.
85. Ribeiro R, Vasconcelos A, Costa S, Pinto D, Morais A, Oliveira J et al. Overexpressing leptin genetic polymorphism (-2548 G/A) is associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer and risk of advanced disease. Prostate 2004;59:268-74.
86. Jaffe JM, Malkowicz SB, Walker AH, MacBride S, Peschel R, Tomaszewski J et al. Association of SRD5A2 genotype and pathological characteristics of prostate tumors. Cancer Res 2000;60:1626-30.
87. Ross RK, Pike MC, Coetzee GA, Reichardt JK, Yu MC, Feigelson H et al. Androgen metabolism and prostate cancer: establishing a model of genetic susceptibility. Cancer Res 1998;58:4497-504.
88. Bosland MC. The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2000; 39-66.
89. Shibata A, Garcia MI, Cheng I, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, Brooks JD et al. Polymorphisms in the androgen receptor and type II 5 alpha-reductase genes and prostate cancer prognosis. Prostate 2002;52:269-78.
90. Nam RK, Toi A, Vesprini D, Ho M, Chu W, Harvie S et al. V89L polymorphism of type-2, 5-alpha reductase enzyme gene predicts prostate cancer presence and progression. Urology 2001;57:199-204.
91. Rebbeck TR, Jaffe JM, Walker AH, Wein AJ, Malkowicz SB. Modification of clinical presentation of prostate tumors by a novel genetic variant in CYP3A4. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1225-9.
92. Correa-Cerro L, Berthon P, Haussler J, Bochum S, Drelon E, Mangin P et al. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms as markers in prostate cancer. Hum Genet 1999;105:281-7.
93. Xu Y, Shibata A, McNeal JE, Stamey TA, Feldman D, Peehl DM. Vitamin D receptor start codon polymorphism (FokI) and prostate cancer progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:23-7.
94. Steinhoff C, Franke KH, Golka K, Thier R, Romer HC, Rotzel C et al. Glutathione transferase isozyme geno-types in patients with prostate and bladder carcinoma. Arch Toxicol 2000;74:521-6.
95. Mittal RD, Srivastava DS, Mandhani A, Kumar A, Mittal B. Polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in prostate cancer: a study from North India. Indian J Cancer 2004;41:115-9.
96. Simard J, Dumont M, Soucy P, Labrie F. Perspective: prostate cancer susceptibility genes. Endocrinology 2002;143:2029-40.
97. Nwosu V, Carpten J, Trent JM, Sheridan R. Heterogeneity of genetic alterations in prostate cancer: evidence of the complex nature of the disease. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:2313-8.
98. Valeri A, Cormier L, Moineau MP, Cancel-Tassin G, Azzouzi R, Doucet L et al. Targeted screening for prostate cancer in high risk families: early onset is a significant risk factor for disease in first degree relatives. J Urol 2002;168:483-7.
99. Novelli G, Margiotti K, Sangiuolo F, Reichardt JK. Pharmacogenetics of human androgens and prostatic diseases. Pharmacogenomics 2001;2:65-72.