메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 563-577

Antimicrobial activity of the termite (Isoptera) alkaloid norharmane against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

Author keywords

Antimicrobial; Isoptera; Metarhizium anisopliae; Norharmane

Indexed keywords

AMITERMES; ANOPLOTERMES; COPTOTERMES; CRYPTOTERMES; FUNGI; GNATHAMITERMES; HETEROTERMES; INCISITERMES; ISOPTERA; KALOTERMES; MARGINITERMES; METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE; MICROCEROTERMES; NASUTITERMES; NEOTERMES; PARANEOTERMES; PRORHINOTERMES; PTEROTERMES; RHINOTERMITIDAE; TENUIROSTRITERMES; ZOOTERMOPSIS;

EID: 28444487471     PISSN: 03616525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0010388269 scopus 로고
    • Infection of termites by Spodoptera-littoralis nuclear polyhedrosis-virus
    • Alfazairy, A.A. & F.A. Hassan 1988. Infection of termites by Spodoptera-littoralis nuclear polyhedrosis-virus. Insect Science and Its Application 9:37-39.
    • (1988) Insect Science and Its Application , vol.9 , pp. 37-39
    • Alfazairy, A.A.1    Hassan, F.A.2
  • 2
    • 0001063533 scopus 로고
    • The simple beta-carboline alkaloids
    • Allen, J.R.F. & B.R. Holmstedt 1980. The simple beta-carboline alkaloids. Phytochemistiy 19:1573-1582.
    • (1980) Phytochemistiy , vol.19 , pp. 1573-1582
    • Allen, J.R.F.1    Holmstedt, B.R.2
  • 3
    • 0000395058 scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition and function of metapleural gland secretion of the ant, Crematogaster deformis Smith (Hymenoptera, Myrmicinae)
    • Attygalle, A.B., B. Siegel, O. Vostrowsky, H.J. Bestmann, & U. Maschwitz 1989. Chemical composition and function of metapleural gland secretion of the ant, Crematogaster deformis Smith (Hymenoptera, Myrmicinae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 15:317-328.
    • (1989) Journal of Chemical Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 317-328
    • Attygalle, A.B.1    Siegel, B.2    Vostrowsky, O.3    Bestmann, H.J.4    Maschwitz, U.5
  • 6
    • 0002481231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to symbiosis
    • T. Abe, D. E. Bignell, and M. Higashi [eds.], Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht
    • Bignell, D.E. 2000. Introduction to symbiosis, pp. 189-208 In T. Abe, D. E. Bignell, and M. Higashi [eds.], Termites: Evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.
    • (2000) Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology , pp. 189-208
    • Bignell, D.E.1
  • 7
    • 0030845995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mode of action of beta-carboline convulsants on the insect nervous system and their potential as insecticides
    • Bloomquist, J.R., H.J. Ferguson, E.D. Cox, M.S. Reddy, & J.M. Cook 1997. Mode of action of beta-carboline convulsants on the insect nervous system and their potential as insecticides. Pesticide Science 51:1-6.
    • (1997) Pesticide Science , vol.51 , pp. 1-6
    • Bloomquist, J.R.1    Ferguson, H.J.2    Cox, E.D.3    Reddy, M.S.4    Cook, J.M.5
  • 8
    • 0026898650 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor effects in sheep of alkaloids identified in Australian Tribulus terrestris
    • Bourke, C.A., G.R. Stevens, & M.J. Carrigan 1992. Locomotor effects in sheep of alkaloids identified in Australian Tribulus terrestris. Australian Veterinary Journal 69:163-165.
    • (1992) Australian Veterinary Journal , vol.69 , pp. 163-165
    • Bourke, C.A.1    Stevens, G.R.2    Carrigan, M.J.3
  • 9
    • 19944413691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of Nasutitermes ehrhardti (Isoptera: Termitidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies
    • Castilhos-Fortes, R., A.T.S. Matsumura, E. Diehl, & L.M. Fiuza 2002. Susceptibility of Nasutitermes ehrhardti (Isoptera : Termitidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 33:219-222.
    • (2002) Brazilian Journal of Microbiology , vol.33 , pp. 219-222
    • Castilhos-Fortes, R.1    Matsumura, A.T.S.2    Diehl, E.3    Fiuza, L.M.4
  • 10
    • 0034757540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased mortality of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) exposed to eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors and Serratia marcescens (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae)
    • Connick, W.J., W.L.A. Osbrink, M.S. Wright, K.S. Williams, D.J. Daigle, D.L. Boykin, & A.R. Lax 2001. Increased mortality of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) exposed to eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors and Serratia marcescens (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). Environmental Entomology 30:449-455.
    • (2001) Environmental Entomology , vol.30 , pp. 449-455
    • Connick, W.J.1    Osbrink, W.L.A.2    Wright, M.S.3    Williams, K.S.4    Daigle, D.J.5    Boykin, D.L.6    Lax, A.R.7
  • 12
    • 0034824651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Termites and trees: A review of recent advances in termite phylogenetics
    • Eggleton, P. 2001. Termites and trees: a review of recent advances in termite phylogenetics. Insectes Sociaux 48:187-193.
    • (2001) Insectes Sociaux , vol.48 , pp. 187-193
    • Eggleton, P.1
  • 13
    • 0037282838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to biological control of termites
    • Grace, J.K. 2003. Approaches to biological control of termites. Sociobiology 41:115-121.
    • (2003) Sociobiology , vol.41 , pp. 115-121
    • Grace, J.K.1
  • 14
    • 0002533012 scopus 로고
    • Experimental-evidence for transmission of Beauveria bassiana by Reticulitermes flavipes workers (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)
    • Grace, J.K. & M.H. Zoberi 1992. Experimental-evidence for transmission of Beauveria bassiana by Reticulitermes flavipes workers (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 20:23-28.
    • (1992) Sociobiology , vol.20 , pp. 23-28
    • Grace, J.K.1    Zoberi, M.H.2
  • 15
    • 0029660627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of natural and synthetic neuroactive substances on the growth and feeding of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni
    • Heinz, C.A., A.R. Zangerl, & M.R. Berenbaum 1996. Effects of natural and synthetic neuroactive substances on the growth and feeding of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80:443-451.
    • (1996) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , vol.80 , pp. 443-451
    • Heinz, C.A.1    Zangerl, A.R.2    Berenbaum, M.R.3
  • 19
    • 0002156160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taxonomy and phylogeny of termites
    • T. Abe, D.E. Bignell, and M. Higashi [eds.], Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht
    • Kambhampati, S. & P. Eggleton 2000. Taxonomy and phylogeny of termites, pp. 1-23 In: T. Abe, D.E. Bignell, and M. Higashi [eds.], Termites: Evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.
    • (2000) Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology , pp. 1-23
    • Kambhampati, S.1    Eggleton, P.2
  • 20
    • 0001174678 scopus 로고
    • Taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution of termites
    • K. Krishna and F.M. Weesner [eds.], Academic Press, New York
    • Krishna, K. 1970. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution of termites., pp. 127-152 In: K. Krishna and F.M. Weesner [eds.], Biology of termites. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1970) Biology of Termites , pp. 127-152
    • Krishna, K.1
  • 22
    • 0035830902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insect immunity - Constitutive expression of a cysteine-rich antifungal and a linear antibacterial peptide in a termite insect
    • Lamberty, M., D. Zachary, R. Lanot, C. Bordereau, A. Robert, J.A. Hoffmann, & P. Bulet 2001. Insect immunity - Constitutive expression of a cysteine-rich antifungal and a linear antibacterial peptide in a termite insect. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276:4085-4092.
    • (2001) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.276 , pp. 4085-4092
    • Lamberty, M.1    Zachary, D.2    Lanot, R.3    Bordereau, C.4    Robert, A.5    Hoffmann, J.A.6    Bulet, P.7
  • 24
    • 0342874294 scopus 로고
    • Les antibiotiques chez les insectes sociaux
    • Lavie, P. 1960. Les antibiotiques chez les insectes sociaux. Ann. Abeille 3:270-276.
    • (1960) Ann. Abeille , vol.3 , pp. 270-276
    • Lavie, P.1
  • 25
    • 0034693256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages by two beta-carboline alkaloids extracted from Melia azedarach
    • Lee, B.G., S.H. Kim, O.P. Zee, K.R. Lee, H.Y. Lee, J.W. Han, & H.W. Lee 2000. Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages by two beta-carboline alkaloids extracted from Melia azedarach. European Journal of Pharmacology 406:301-309.
    • (2000) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.406 , pp. 301-309
    • Lee, B.G.1    Kim, S.H.2    Zee, O.P.3    Lee, K.R.4    Lee, H.Y.5    Han, J.W.6    Lee, H.W.7
  • 26
    • 0343309341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial activity of some exudates of Anacanthotermes ahngerianus Jacobson (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae)
    • Firenzep
    • Lutikova, L.I. & T.G. Judina 1996. Antibacterial activity of some exudates of Anacanthotermes ahngerianus Jacobson (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae). XX International congress of entomology, Firenzep. 105.
    • (1996) XX International Congress of Entomology , pp. 105
    • Lutikova, L.I.1    Judina, T.G.2
  • 27
    • 0001304388 scopus 로고
    • Quinones in defensive secretions of some oriental Macrotermitine species
    • Maschwitz, U. & Y.P. Tho 1974. Quinones in defensive secretions of some oriental Macrotermitine species. Insectes Sociaux 21:231-234.
    • (1974) Insectes Sociaux , vol.21 , pp. 231-234
    • Maschwitz, U.1    Tho, Y.P.2
  • 28
    • 0015029573 scopus 로고
    • Two new genera of nematodes parasitic in eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes
    • Massey, C.L. 1971. Two new genera of nematodes parasitic in eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 17:238-242.
    • (1971) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , vol.17 , pp. 238-242
    • Massey, C.L.1
  • 29
    • 0346258289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent genotoxicity of aminophenylnorharman, formed from non-mutagenic norharman and aniline, in the liver of gpt delta transgenic mouse
    • Masumura, K., Y. Totsuka, K. Wakabayashi, & T. Nohmi 2003. Potent genotoxicity of aminophenylnorharman, formed from non-mutagenic norharman and aniline, in the liver of gpt delta transgenic mouse. Carcinogenesis 24:1985-1993.
    • (2003) Carcinogenesis , vol.24 , pp. 1985-1993
    • Masumura, K.1    Totsuka, Y.2    Wakabayashi, K.3    Nohmi, T.4
  • 30
    • 0001698326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbiosis of a termite and a sclerotium-forming fungus: Sclerotia mimic termite eggs
    • Matsuura, K., C. Tanaka, & T. Nishida 2000. Symbiosis of a termite and a sclerotium-forming fungus: Sclerotia mimic termite eggs. Ecological Research 15:405-414.
    • (2000) Ecological Research , vol.15 , pp. 405-414
    • Matsuura, K.1    Tanaka, C.2    Nishida, T.3
  • 31
    • 0009629846 scopus 로고
    • UV mediated cyto-toxic activity of beta-carboline alkaloids
    • McKenna, D.J. & G.H.N. Towers 1981. UV mediated cyto-toxic activity of beta-carboline alkaloids. Phytochemistry 20:1001-1004.
    • (1981) Phytochemistry , vol.20 , pp. 1001-1004
    • McKenna, D.J.1    Towers, G.H.N.2
  • 32
    • 0030473230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological control of termites: Results and experiences within a CSIRO project in Australia
    • Milner, R.J. & J.A. Staples 1996. Biological control of termites: Results and experiences within a CSIRO project in Australia. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6:3-9.
    • (1996) Biocontrol Science and Technology , vol.6 , pp. 3-9
    • Milner, R.J.1    Staples, J.A.2
  • 33
    • 1642321287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possibility of the involvement of 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (norharman) in carcinogenesis via inhibition of cytochrome P450-related activities and intercalation to DNA
    • Nii, H. 2003. Possibility of the involvement of 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (norharman) in carcinogenesis via inhibition of cytochrome P450-related activities and intercalation to DNA. Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 541:123-136.
    • (2003) Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis , vol.541 , pp. 123-136
    • Nii, H.1
  • 34
    • 0003075958 scopus 로고
    • Glands and secretions
    • K. Krishna and F. M. Weesner [eds.], Academic Press, New York
    • Noirot, C. 1969. Glands and secretions, pp. 89-123 In K. Krishna and F. M. Weesner [eds.], Biology of Termites. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1969) Biology of Termites , pp. 89-123
    • Noirot, C.1
  • 35
    • 0023921323 scopus 로고
    • Harman and norharman induce SOS responses and frameshift mutations in bacteria
    • Oda, Y., S. Nakamura, & I. Oki. 1988. Harman and norharman induce SOS responses and frameshift mutations in bacteria. Mutation Research 208:39-44.
    • (1988) Mutation Research , vol.208 , pp. 39-44
    • Oda, Y.1    Nakamura, S.2    Oki, I.3
  • 37
    • 0001548815 scopus 로고
    • 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from the salivary-gland of the soldier termites Odontotermes magdalenae
    • Olagbemiro, T.O., L. Lajide, K.M. Sani, & B.W. Staddon 1988. 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from the salivary-gland of the soldier termites Odontotermes magdalenae. Experientia 44:1022-1024.
    • (1988) Experientia , vol.44 , pp. 1022-1024
    • Olagbemiro, T.O.1    Lajide, L.2    Sani, K.M.3    Staddon, B.W.4
  • 38
    • 0010867562 scopus 로고
    • Acotyledon formosani sp. n. associated with the Formosan subterranean termite, Copotermes formosanus Shiraki (Acarina:Acaridae-Isoptera: Rhinotermitidea)
    • Phillipsen, W.J. & H.C. Coppel 1977. Acotyledon formosani sp. n. associated with the Formosan subterranean termite, Copotermes formosanus Shiraki (Acarina:Acaridae-Isoptera:Rhinotermitidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 50:399-409.
    • (1977) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , vol.50 , pp. 399-409
    • Phillipsen, W.J.1    Coppel, H.C.2
  • 40
    • 0033787842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of entomopathogenic fungi for control of termites
    • Rath, A.C. 2000. The use of entomopathogenic fungi for control of termites. Biocontrol Science and Technology 10:563-581.
    • (2000) Biocontrol Science and Technology , vol.10 , pp. 563-581
    • Rath, A.C.1
  • 43
  • 44
    • 0033951091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of fungal spore germination by Nasutitermes: Evidence for a possible antiseptic role of soldier defensive secretions
    • Rosengaus, R.B., M.L. Lefebvre, & J.F.A. Traniello 2000. Inhibition of fungal spore germination by Nasutitermes: Evidence for a possible antiseptic role of soldier defensive secretions. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26:21-39.
    • (2000) Journal of Chemical Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 21-39
    • Rosengaus, R.B.1    Lefebvre, M.L.2    Traniello, J.F.A.3
  • 45
    • 0031677007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease resistance: A benefit of sociality in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae)
    • Rosengaus, R.B., A.B. Maxmen, L.E. Coates, & J.F.A. Traniello 1998b. Disease resistance: a benefit of sociality in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera : Termopsidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 44:125-134.
    • (1998) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.44 , pp. 125-134
    • Rosengaus, R.B.1    Maxmen, A.B.2    Coates, L.E.3    Traniello, J.F.A.4
  • 46
    • 0040054591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathobiology and disease transmission in dampwood termites [Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae)] infected with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hypomycetes)
    • Rosengaus, R.B. & J.F.A. Traniello 1997. Pathobiology and disease transmission in dampwood termites [Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae)] infected with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hypomycetes). Sociobiology 30:185-195.
    • (1997) Sociobiology , vol.30 , pp. 185-195
    • Rosengaus, R.B.1    Traniello, J.F.A.2
  • 48
    • 0014374045 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial action of blood of physogastric queen of termite Microcerotermes cameroni
    • Sannasi, A. 1968. Antimicrobial action of blood of physogastric queen of termite Microcerotermes cameroni. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 12:415-417.
    • (1968) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , vol.12 , pp. 415-417
    • Sannasi, A.1
  • 49
    • 0343744946 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of antimicrobial substance in exudate of physogastric queen termite Termes redmanni Wasmann
    • Sannasi, A. & G.S. Rajulu 1967. Occurrence of antimicrobial substance in exudate of physogastric queen termite Termes redmanni Wasmann. Current Science 36:436-437.
    • (1967) Current Science , vol.36 , pp. 436-437
    • Sannasi, A.1    Rajulu, G.S.2
  • 50
    • 0034532473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of optical parameters for light penetration in particulate materials and soils with diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy
    • Schober, L. & H.G. Lohmannsroben 2000. Determination of optical parameters for light penetration in particulate materials and soils with diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2:651-655.
    • (2000) Journal of Environmental Monitoring , vol.2 , pp. 651-655
    • Schober, L.1    Lohmannsroben, H.G.2
  • 51
    • 0038054486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of density of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae), on the susceptibilities to Metarhizium anisopliae
    • Shimizu, S. & M. Yamaji 2003. Effect of density of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae), on the susceptibilities to Metarhizium anisopliae. Applied Entomology and Zoology 38:125-130.
    • (2003) Applied Entomology and Zoology , vol.38 , pp. 125-130
    • Shimizu, S.1    Yamaji, M.2
  • 54
    • 18944387409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endosymbiont biosynthesis of norharmane in Reticulitermes termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
    • Siderhurst, M., D.M. James, T.D. Blunt, & L.B. Bjostad 2005c. Endosymbiont biosynthesis of norharmane in Reticulitermes termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 45:687-705.
    • (2005) Sociobiology , vol.45 , pp. 687-705
    • Siderhurst, M.1    James, D.M.2    Blunt, T.D.3    Bjostad, L.B.4
  • 57
    • 0021085610 scopus 로고
    • UV-mediated genotoxicity of furanoquinoline and of certain tryptophan-derived alkaloids
    • Towers, G.H.N. & Z. Abramowski 1983. UV-mediated genotoxicity of furanoquinoline and of certain tryptophan-derived alkaloids. Journal of Natural Products 46:576-581.
    • (1983) Journal of Natural Products , vol.46 , pp. 576-581
    • Towers, G.H.N.1    Abramowski, Z.2
  • 58
    • 0023372312 scopus 로고
    • Potentially useful antimicrobial and antiviral phototoxins from plants
    • Towers, G.H.N. & J.B. Hudson 1987. Potentially useful antimicrobial and antiviral phototoxins from plants. Photochemistry and Photobiology 46:61-66.
    • (1987) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.46 , pp. 61-66
    • Towers, G.H.N.1    Hudson, J.B.2
  • 60
    • 0036747325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mites and nematodes associated with three subterranean termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
    • Wang, C.L., J.E. Powell, & B.M. O'Connor 2002. Mites and nematodes associated with three subterranean termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Florida Entomologist 85:499-506.
    • (2002) Florida Entomologist , vol.85 , pp. 499-506
    • Wang, C.L.1    Powell, J.E.2    O'Connor, B.M.3
  • 62
    • 0023270524 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of harman and norharman from Nocardia sp. and their inhibitory activity against plant seedlings
    • Yomosa, K., A. Hirota, H. Sakai, & A. Isogai 1987. Isolation of harman and norharman from Nocardia sp. and their inhibitory activity against plant seedlings. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 51:921-922.
    • (1987) Agricultural and Biological Chemistry , vol.51 , pp. 921-922
    • Yomosa, K.1    Hirota, A.2    Sakai, H.3    Isogai, A.4
  • 63
    • 0029475995 scopus 로고
    • Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungal pathogen of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)
    • Zoberi, M.H. 1995. Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungal pathogen of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae). Mycologia 87:354-359.
    • (1995) Mycologia , vol.87 , pp. 354-359
    • Zoberi, M.H.1
  • 64
    • 0001082916 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of the pathogen Beauveria bassiana from Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)
    • Zoberi, M.H. & J.K. Grace 1990. Isolation of the pathogen Beauveria bassiana from Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 16:289-296.
    • (1990) Sociobiology , vol.16 , pp. 289-296
    • Zoberi, M.H.1    Grace, J.K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.