Diagnosis of celiac disease;Diagnostik der zöliakie/sprue

Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie

Volumn 43, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1243-1252

  Holtmeier, Wolfgang ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Celiac disease; Coeliac disease; Disease course; Histology

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; CELIAC DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIARRHEA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUTEN FREE DIET; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS; SMALL INTESTINE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

CELIAC DISEASE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES;

EID: 28344455950     PISSN: 00442771     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-858656     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Ciclitira PJ. AGA technical review on celiac sprue. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1526-1540
2. Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Celiac sprue. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 180-188
3. Gee S. On the coeliac affliction. St Barth Hosp Rep 1888; 24: 17-20
4. Caspary WF. Zöliakie/Sprue - 100 Jahre nach der detaillierten Erstbeschreibung durch Samuel Gee. Z Gastroenterol 1989; 27: 344-351
5. Kagnoff MF. Overview and pathogenesis of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S10-S18
6. Dicke WK. Coeliac disease: Investigation of harmful effects of certain types of cereal on patients with coeliac disease. Doctoral thesis. Utrecht: University of Utrecht, 1950
7. Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J et al. Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ α/β heterodimer. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 345-350
8. Koning F. The molecular basis of Celiac disease. J Mol Recognit 2003; 16: 333-336
9. Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M et al. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat Med 1997; 3: 797-801
10. Holtmeier W, Stein J. Sprue/Zöliakie In: Caspary WF, Stein J (Hrsg). Darmkrankheiten. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer, 1999: 283-294
11. Holtmeier W, Caspary WF. Celiac disease. Orphanet Encyclopedia 2003; http: //www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-celiac2.pdf
12. Rewers M. Epidemiology of celiac disease: What are the prevalence, incidence, and progression of celiac disease? Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S47-S51
13. Dewar DH, Ciclitira PJ. Clinical features and diagnosis of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S19-S24
14. Fasano A. Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S68-S73
15. Green PHR. The many faces of celiac disease: Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the adult population. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S74-S78
16. Green PH, Jabri B. Coeliac disease. Lancet 2003; 362: 383-391
17. Caspary WF. Sprue - Die vielen Gesichter der glutensensitiven Enteropathie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2001; 98: A3282-A3284
18. Furse RM, Mee AS. Atypical presentation of coeliac disease. BMJ 2005; 330: 773-774
19. Dickey W, Bodkin S. Prospective study of body mass index in patients with coeliac disease. BMJ 1998; 317: 1290
20. Willingham FF, Opekun AR, Graham DY. Endoscopic demonstration of transient small bowel intussusception in a patient with adult celiac disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 626-627
21. Mushtaq N, Marven S, Walker J et al. Small bowel intussusception in celiac disease. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34: 1833-1835
22. Bottaro G, Cataldo F, Rotolo N et al. The clinical pattern of subclinical silent celiac disease: An analysis on 1026 consecutive cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 691-696
23. Cellier C, Flobert C, Cormier C et al. Severe osteopenia in symptom-free adults with a childhood diagnosis of coeliac disease. Lancet 2000; 355: 806
24. Fasano A. Celiac disease - how to handle a clinical chameleon. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2568-2570
25. Holtmeier W, Henker J, Riecken EO et al. Verlaufsformen und Definitionen der Zöliakie - Stellungnahme der Expertengruppe der Deutschen Zöliakie-Gesellschaft. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 751-754
26. Hadjivassiliou M, Williamson CA, Woodroofe N. The immunology of gluten sensitivity: beyond the gut. Trends Immunol 2004; 25: 578-582
27. Zimmer KP. Klinische Bedeutung nichtklassischer Zöliakieformen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2001; 98: A3285-A3292
28. Malhotra P, Aggarwal R, Aggarwal AN et al. Coeliac disease as a cause of unusually severe anaemia in a young man with idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis. Respir Med 2005; 99: 451-453
29. Fry L. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 9: 371-393
30. Zone JJ. Skin manifestations of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S87-S91
31. Shuster S, Watson AJ, Marks J. Coeliac syndrome in dermatitis herpetiformis. Lancet 1968; 1: 1101-1106
32. Karpati S. Dermatitis herpetiformis: close to unravelling a disease. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 34: 83-90
33. Fry L, Seah PP, Riches DJ et al. Clearance of skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis after gluten withdrawal. Lancet 1973; 1: 288-291
34. Holtmeier W, Pfänder M, Zollner TM et al. Distinct TCR δ repertoires are present in the cutaneous lesions and inflamed duodenum of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Exp Dermatol 2002; 11: 527-531
35. Sardy M, Karpati S, Merkl B et al. Epidermal transglutaminase (TGase 3) is the autoantigen of dermatitis herpetiformis. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 747-757
36. Luostarinen L, Pirttila T, Collin P. Coeliac disease presenting with neurological disorders. Eur Neurol 1999; 42: 132-135
37. Cooke WT, Smith WT. Neurological disorders associated with adult coeliac disease. Brain 1966; 89: 683-722
38. Hadjivassiliou M, Gibson A, Davies-Jones GA et al. Does cryptic gluten sensitivity play a part in neurological illness? Lancet 1996; 347: 369-371
39. Bushara KO. Neurologic presentation of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S92-S97
40. Reading R, Watson JG, Platt JW et al. Pulmonary hemosiderosis and Gluten. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 513-515
41. Wright PH, Menzies IS, Pounder RE et al. Adult idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis and coeliac disease. Q J Med 1981; 50: 95-102
42. Milman N, Pedersen FM. Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis. Epidemiology, pathogenic aspects and diagnosis. Respir Med 1998; 92: 902-907
43. Bouros D, Panagou P, Rokkas T et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in a young adult with idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis and coeliac disease. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1009-1012
44. Ploier R, Emhofer J, Dorninger L et al. Immunological aspects of a child with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease. Klin Padiatr 1998; 210: 409-412
45. Sher KS, Jayanthi V, Probert CS et al. Infertility, obstetric and gynaecological problems in coeliac sprue. Dig Dis 1994; 12: 186-190
46. Farthing MJ, Rees LH, Edwards CR et al. Male gonadal function in coeliac disease: 2. Sex hormones. Gut 1983; 24: 127-135
47. Collin P, Vilska S, Heinonen PK et al. Infertility and coeliac disease. Gut 1996; 39: 382-384
48. Tata LJ, Card TR, Logan RF et al. Fertility and pregnancy-related events in women with celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 849-855
49. Bagnato GF, Quattrocchi E, Gulli S et al. Unusual polyarthritis as a unique clinical manifestation of coeliac disease. Rheumatol Int 2000; 20: 29-30
50. Slot O, Locht H. Arthritis as presenting symptom in silent adult coeliac disease. Two cases and review of the literature. Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29: 260-263
51. Lubrano E, Ciacci C, Ames PR et al. The arthritis of coeliac disease: prevalence and pattern in 200 adult patients. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 1314-1318
52. Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C et al. Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 2002; 105: 2611-2618
53. Kuwertz-Broking E, August C, Baas S et al. IgA nephropathy with atypical coeliac disease in a patient with trisomy 21. Case report. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003; 151: 1194-1199
54. Hofmann WP, Dietrich CF, Holtmeier W et al. Hypertransaminasaemia and impaired liver function in a patient with oligosymptomatic celiac disease. Z Gastroenterol 2001; 39: 1027-1032
55. Bardella MT, Vecchi M, Conte D et al. Chronic unexplained hypertransaminasemia may be caused by occult celiac disease. Hepatology 1999; 29: 654-657
56. Duggan JM, Duggan AE. Systematic review: the liver in coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 515-518
57. Kaukinen K, Halme L, Collin P et al. Celiac disease in patients with severe liver disease: gluten-free diet may reverse hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 881-888
58. Shahbazkhani B, Forootan M, Merat S et al. Coeliac disease presenting with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 231-235
59. Sanders D. Irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease. Lancet 2002; 359: 1436-1437
60. Sanders DS, Carter MJ, Huristone DP et al. Association of adult coeliac disease with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study in patients fulfilling ROME II criteria referred to secondary care. Lancet 2001; 358: 1504-1508
61. Sanders DS. There is a relationship between celiac disease and patients with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1408
62. Propst A, Vogelsang H, Renner F et al. Guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of the irritable bowel syndrome. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41: 356-360
63. Mein SM, Ladabaum U. Serological testing for coeliac disease in patients with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 1199-1210
64. Spiegel BM, DeRosa VP, Gralnek IM et al. Testing for celiac sprue in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1721-1732
65. Wahnschaffe U, Ullrich R, Riecken EO et al. Celiac disease-like abnormalities in a subgroup of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 1329-1338
66. Kumar V, Rajadhyaksha M, Wortsman J. Celiac disease-associated autoimmune endocrinopathies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8: 678-685
67. Collin P, Kaukinen K, Valimaki M et al. Endocrinological disorders and celiac disease. Endocr Rev 2002; 23: 464-483
68. Alaedini A, Green PH. Narrative review: celiac disease: understanding a complex autoimmune disorder. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 289-298
69. Maki M, Hallstrom O, Huupponen T et al. Increased prevalence of coeliac disease in diabetes. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 739-742
70. Collin P, Salmi J, Hallstrom O et al. High frequency of coeliac disease in adult patients with type-I diabetes. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 81-84
71. Koletzko S, Burgin-Wolff A, Koletzko B et al. Prevalence of coeliac disease in diabetic children and adolescents. A multicentre study. Eur J Pediatr 1988; 148: 113-117
72. Schilling I, Conrad K, Fussel M et al. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes-specific autoantibodies and of certain HLA patterns in celiac disease. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128: 185-189
73. Crabbe PA, Heremans JF. Selective IgA deficiency with steatorrhoea. A new syndrome. Am J Med 1967; 42: 319-326
74. Collin P, Maki M, Keyrilainen O et al. Selective IgA deficiency and coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 367-371
75. West J, Logan RF, Hill PG et al. Seroprevalence, correlates, and characteristics of undetected coeliac disease in England. Gut 2003; 52: 960-965
76. McLoughlin R, Sebastian SS, Qasim A et al. Coeliac disease in Europe. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 45-48
77. Maki M, Mustalahti K, Kokkonen J et al. Prevalence of Celiac disease among children in Finland. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2517-2524
78. Henker J, Losel A, Conrad K et al. Prevalence of asymptommatic coeliac disease in children and adults in the Dresden region of Germany. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2002; 127: 1511-1515
79. Dube C, Rostom A, Sy R et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in average-risk and at-risk Western European populations: A systematic review. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S57-S67
80. Fasano A. European and North American populations should be screened for coeliac disease. Gut 2003; 52: 168-169
81. Kumar PJ. European and North American populations should be screened for coeliac disease. Gut 2003; 52: 170-171
82. Cranney A, Rostom A, Sy R et al. Consequences of testing for celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S109-S120
83. Green PH, Shane E, Rotterdam H et al. Significance of unsuspected celiac disease detected at endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51: 60-65
84. Olds G, McLoughlin R, O'Morian C et al. Celiac disease for the endoscopist. Gastrointes Endoscopy 2002; 56: 407-415
85. Shah VH, Rotterdam H, Kotler DP et al. All that scallops is not celiac disease. Gastrointes Endoscopy 2000; 51: 717-720
86. Ravelli A, Bolognini S, Gambarotti M et al. Variability of histologie lesions in relation to biopsy site in gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 177-185
87. Dickey W, Hughes DF. Histology of the terminal ileum in coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 665-667
88. Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity ("celiac sprue"). Gastroenterology 1992; 102:330-354
89. Oberhuber G, Caspary WF, Kirchner T et al. Diagnosis of celiac disease and sprue. Recommendations of the German Society for Pathology Task Force on Gastroenterologic Pathology. Pathologe 2001; 22: 72-81
90. Kaukinen K, Maki M, Partanen J et al. Celiac disease without villous atrophy: revision of criteria called for. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46: 879-887
91. Maki M, Holm K, Collin P et al. Increase in γ/δ cell receptor bearing lymphocytes in normal small bowel mucosa in latent coeliac disease. Gut 1991; 32: 1412-1414
92. Holtmeier W, Rowell DL, Nyberg A et al. Distinct δ T cell receptor repertoires in monozygotic twins concordant for coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107: 148-157
93. Iltanen S, Holm K, Ashorn M et al. Changing jejunal γ/δ T cell receptor (TCR)-bearing intraepithelial lymphocyte density in coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117: 51-55
94. Jarvinen TT, Kaukinen K, Laurila K et al. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1332-1337
95. Mahadeva S, Wyatt JI, Howdle PD. Is a raised intraepithelial lymphocyte count with normal duodenal villous architecture clinically relevant? J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 424-428
96. Ferguson A, Arranz E, O'Mahony S. Clinical and pathological spectrum of coeliac disease - active, silent, latent, potential. Gut 1993; 34: 150-151
97. Hayat M, Cairns A, Dixon MF et al. Quantitation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human duodenum: what is normal? J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 393-394
98. Veress B, Franzen L, Bodin L et al. Duodenal intraepithelial lymphocyte-count revisited. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 138-144
99. Abdulkarim AS, Murray JA. The diagnosis of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 987-995
100. Goldstein NS. Non-gluten sensitivity-related small bowel villous flattening with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes: not all that flattens is celiac sprue. Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 121: 546-550
101. MacDonald TT, Spencer J. Evidence that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in human small intestine. J Exp Med 1988; 167: 1341-1349
102. Ferreira RC, Forsyth LE, Richman PI et al. Changes in the rate of crypt epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal morphology induced by a T-cell-mediated response in human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1255-1263
103. Feighery C, Weir DG, Whelan A et al. Diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy: is exclusive reliance on histology appropriate? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10: 919-925
104. Scoglio R, Di Pasquale G, Pagano G et al. Is intestinal biopsy always needed for diagnosis of celiac disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1325-1331
105. Fasano A, Catassi C. Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease: An Evolving Spectrum. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 636-651
106. Holtmeier W, Caspary WF. Antikörperdiagnostik bei Sprue/Zoliakie. Z Gastroenterol 1998; 36: 587-597
107. Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 1-19
108. Anon. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Celiac Disease, 28.-30.6.2004. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S1-S9
109. Collin P, Kaukinen K, Vogelsang H et al. Antiendomysial and antihu-man recombinant tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the diagnosis of coeliac disease: a biopsy-proven European multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 85-91
110. Hill ID. What are the sensitivity and specificity of serologic celiac disease? Do sensitivity and specificity vary in populations? Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S25-S32
111. Dieterich W, Laag E, Schopper H et al. Autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase as predictors of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 1317-1321
112. Sblattero D, Berti I, Trevisiol C et al. Human recombinant tissue transglutaminase ELISA: an innovative diagnostic assay for celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1253-1257
113. Sulkanen S, Halttunen T, Laurila K et al. Tissue transglutaminase autoantibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detecting celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 1322-1328
114. Tesei N, Sugai E, Vazquez H et al. Antibodies to human recombinant tissue transglutaminase may detect coeliac disease patients undiagnosed by endomysial antibodies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 1415-1423
115. Johnston SD, McMillan SA, Collins JSA et al. A comparison of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase with conventional serological tests in the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 1001-1004
116. Lock RJ, Stevens S, Pitcher MC et al. Is immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody a reliable serological marker of coeliac disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 467-470
117. Cataldo F, Lio D, Marino V et al. IgG(1) antiendomysium and IgG anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies in coeliac patients with selective IgA deficiency. Gut 2000; 47: 366-369
118. Korponay-Szabo IR, Dahlbom I, Laurila K et al. Elevation of IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase as a diagnostic tool for coeliac disease in selective IgA deficiency. Gut 2003; 52: 1567-1571
119. Rostom A, Dube C, Cranney A et al. The diagnostic accuracy of serologic tests for celiac disease: A systematic review. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S38-S46
120. Wong RC, Wilson RJ, Steele RH et al. A comparison of 13 guinea pig and human anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody ELISA kits. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 488-494
121. Rostami K, Kerckhaert J, Tiemessen R et al. Sensitivity of antiendomysium and antigliadin antibodies in untreated celiac disease: disappointing in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 888-894
122. Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. Prevalence of antitissue transglutaminase antibodies in different degrees of intestinal damage in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36: 219-221
123. Dickey W, McMillan SA, Hughes DF. Sensitivity of serum tissue transglutaminase antibodies for endomysial antibody positive and negative coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 511-514
124. Freeman HJ. Strongly positive tissue transglutaminase antibody assays without celiac disease. Can J Gastroenterol 2004; 18: 25-28
125. Kwiecien J, Karczewska K, Lukasik M et al. Negative results of antiendomysial antibodies: long term follow up. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 41-42
126. Picarelli A, Sabbatella L, Di Tola M et al. Celiac disease diagnosis in misdiagnosed children. Pediatr Res 2000; 48: 590-592
127. Burgin-Wolff A, Gaze H, Hadziselimovic F et al. Antigliadin and antiendomysium antibody determination for coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 941-947
128. Wong RC, Steele RH, Reeves GE et al. Antibody and genetic testing in coeliac disease. Pathology 2003; 35: 285-304
129. Liu E, Rewers M, Eisenbarth G. Genetic testing: Who should do the testing and what is the role of genetic testing in the setting of celiac disease? Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S33-S37
130. Lembcke B, Dietrich CF. Sonographie und Duplexsonographie. In: Caspary WF, Stein J (Hrsg). Darmkrankheiten. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer, 1999: 199-210
131. Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Laufer I et al. Barium studies. Gastrointes Endoscopy 2002; 55: S16-S24
132. Holtmeier W, Caspary WF. Diagnostik der Sprue/Zöliakie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998; 123: 338-339
133. Walker-Smith JA, Guandalini S, Schmitz J et al. Revised criteria for diagnosis of coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 909-911
134. Collin P, Maid M, Kaukinen K. Complete small intestine mucosal recovery is obtainable in the treatment of celiac disease. Gastrointest Endose 2004; 59: 158-159
135. Wahab PJ, Meijer JWR, Mulder CJJ. Histologic follow-up of people with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet - Slow and incomplete recovery. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118: 459-463
136. Lee SK, Lo W, Memeo L et al. Duodenal histology in patients with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Gastrointes Endoscopy 2003; 57: 187-191
137. Kaukinen K, Sulkanen S, Maki M et al. IgA-class transglutaminase antibodies in evaluating the efficacy of gluten-free diet in coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 311-315
138. Selby WS, Painter D, Collins A et al. Persistent mucosal abnormalities in coeliac disease are not related to the ingestion of trace amounts of gluten. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 909-914 1
139. Abdulkarim AS, Burgart LJ, See J et al. Etiology of nonresponsive celiac disease: Results of a systematic approach. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2016-2021
140. Olesen M, Eriksson S, Bohr J et al. Lymphocytic colitis: a retrospective clinical study of 199 Swedish patients. Gut 2004; 53: 536-541
141. Bonderup OK, Hansen JB, Birket-Smith L et al. Budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with morphometric analysis. Gut 2003; 52: 248-251
142. Loftus EV. Microscopic colitis: epidemiology and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: S31-S36
143. Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. High prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in celiac patients with persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten withdrawal. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 839-843
144. O'Leary C, Quigley EM. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth, celiac disease, and IBS: what are the real associations? Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 720-722
145. Wahab PJ, Crusius JB, Meijer JW et al. Gluten challenge in borderline gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1464-1469
146. Tursi A, Brandimarte G. The symptomatic and histologic response to a gluten-free diet in patients with borderline enteropathy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36: 13-17
147. Weinstein WM. Latent celiac sprue. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 489-493
148. Holmes GK. Potential and latent coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 1057-1060