'Blacks and bubbas': Stereotypes, ideology, and categorization processes in restaurant servers' discourse

Discourse and Society

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 787-807

  Mallinson, Christine ^a   Brewster, Zachary W ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical discourse analysis; Dialect prejudice; Discourse; Discourse analysis; Discrimination; Prejudice; Racetalk; Racism; Racist discourse; Redneck

Indexed keywords

EID: 28244465169     PISSN: 09579265     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0957926505056664     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Bonfiglio, T.P. (2002) Race and the Rise of Standard American. Berlin: de Gruyter.
2. Bonilla-Silva, E. (2001) White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Boulder, CO: Rienner.
3. Bonilla-Silva, E. and Doane, A.W. (2003) White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism. New York: Routledge.
4. Bonilla-Silva, E. and Forman, T.A. (2000) '"I Am Not a Racist But. . .": Mapping White College Students' Racial Ideology in the USA, Discourse & Society 11(1): 50-85.
5. Brewster, Z.W. (2002) Alienation and Exploitation Among Restaurant Servers: A Qualitative Analysis', Master's thesis, Western Kentucky University, USA.
6. Brewster, Z.W. (2003) 'Restaurant Servers: Status Differentiation and Their Struggle to Gain Occupational Power', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society: New Orleans, LA, USA.
7. Browne, I. and Kennelly, I. (1999) 'Stereotypes and Realities: Images of Black Women in the Labor Market', in I. Browne (ed.) Latinas and African American Women at Work, pp. 302-26. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
8. Butler, S. and Skipper, J.K., Jr. (1980) 'Waitressing, Vulnerability, and Job Autonomy: The Case of the Risky Tip', Sociology of Work and Occupations 7(4): 487-502.
9. Cameron, D. (1995) Verbal Hygiene. New York: Routledge.
10. DeCecco, J., ed. (1995) Homophobia: An Overview, New York: Haworth Press.
11. Dirks, D. and Rice, S. (2004a) 'Dining While Black: Racial Rituals and the Black American Restaurant Experience', in R. Coates (ed.) Race and Ethnicity - Across Time, Space, and Discipline, pp. 255-77. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
12. Dirks, D. and Rice, S. (2004b) 'Dining While Black: Tipping as Social Artifact', Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 45(1): 30-47.
13. Eckert, P. (2004) 'Variation and a Sense of Place', in C. Fought (ed.) Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections, pp. 107-18. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Elan, E. (2001) 'Workers Want Respect - Just A Little Bit, Just A Little Bit', Nation's Restaurant News 35(12): 98-9.
15. Fairclough, N. (1992) Critical Language Awareness. London: Longman.
16. Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.
17. Foschi, M., Lai, L. and Sigerson, K. (1994) 'Gender and Double Standards in the Assessment of Job Applicants', Social Psychological Quarterly 57: 326-39.
18. Frankenberg, R. (1993) White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. London: Routledge.
19. Goodwin, M.H. (1991) He-Said-She-Said: Talk As Social Organization Among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
20. Handler, J.F. and Hasenfeld, Y. (1991) The Moral Construction of Poverty. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
21. Hartigan, J., Jr. (2003) 'Who Are These White People?: 'Rednecks,' 'Hillbillies,' and 'White Trash' as Marked Racial Subjects', in A.W Doane and E. Bonilla-Silva (eds) White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, pp. 95-111. New York: Routledge.
22. Hays, S. (2003) Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Herman, D. (forthcoming) 'May the Circle Be Unbroken: Language Prejudice as Hermeneutic Pathology', in A. Schiller and T. LaVopa (eds) Contextualizing Ethnicity: Conversations among Disciplines.
24. Hewitt, J.P. and Stokes, R. (1975) 'Disclaimers', American Sociological Review 40(1): 1-11.
25. Irvine, J. and Gal, S. (2000) 'Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation', in P. Kroskrity (ed.) Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, pp. 35-84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
26. Kirschenman, J. and Neckerman, K.M. (1991) "We'd Love to Hire Them, But. . .': The Meaning of Race for Employers', in C. Jencks and P. Petersen (eds) The Urban Underclass, pp. 203-32. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
27. Kroskrity, P.V. (ed.) (2000) Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.
28. Kroskrity, P.V. (2004) 'Language Ideologies', in A. Duranti (ed.) A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, pp. 496-517. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Labov, W. (1972) Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
30. Lamont, M. (1992) Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
31. Lamont, M. (2000) The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and The Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
32. Lamont, M. and Molnár, V. (2002) 'The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences', Annual Review of Sociology 28: 167-95.
33. Leidner, R. (1993) Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the Routinization of Everyday Life. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
34. Lippi-Green, R. (1997) English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States, New York: Routledge.
35. Lynn, M. (2004a) 'Black-White Differences in Tipping of Various Services Providers', Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(11): 2261-71.
36. Lynn, M. (2004b) 'Ethnic Differences in Tipping: A Matter of Familiarity with Tipping Norms', Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 45(1): 12-22.
37. Lynn, M. and Thomas-Haysbert, C. (2003) 'Ethnic Differences in Tipping: Evidence, Explanations, and Implications', Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33:1747-72.
38. McCammon, H.J. and Griffin, L.J. (2000) 'Workers and Their Customers and Clients', Work and Occupations 27: 278-93.
39. Milroy, J. and L. Milroy (1999) Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English, 3rd ed. London: Routledge.
40. Milroy, L. (2004) 'Language Ideologies and Linguistic Change', in C. Fought (ed.) Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections, pp. 161-77. New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Moss, P. and Tilly, C. (2001) Stories Employers Tell: Race, Skill, and Hiring in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
42. Noll, E. D. and Arnold, S. (2004) 'Racial Differences in Restaurant Tipping: Evidence from the Field', Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 45(1): 23-9.
43. Paules, G.F. (1991) Dishing it Out: Power and Resistance among Waitresses in a New Jersey Restaurant. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
44. Preston, D. (1982) 'Perceptual Dialectology: Mental Maps of United States Dialects from a Hawaiian Perspective', Working Papers in Linguistics 14(2): 5-49.
45. Preston, D. (1993) 'Folk Dialectology', in D. Preston (ed.) American Dialect Research, pp. 333-88. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
46. Reed, J.S. (1986) Southern Folk Plain and Fancy: Native White Social Types. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
47. Ridgeway, C. (1997) 'Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment', American Sociological Review 62: 218-35.
48. Roediger, D.R. (1991) The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London: Verso.
49. Roediger, D.R. (1994) 'Whiteness and Ethnicity in the History of "White Ethnics" in the United States', in D.R. Roediger (ed.) Towards the Abolition of Whiteness, pp. 181-98. New York: Verso.
50. Schieffelin, B., Woolard, K. and Kroskrity, P.V., eds (1998) Language Ideologies, Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Sherwood, J. (2004) 'Talk about Country Clubs: Ideology and the Reproduction of Privilege', PhD Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
52. Silverstein, M. (1998) 'Contemporary Transformations of Local Linguistic Communities', Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 401-26.
53. Smitherman-Donaldson, G. and van Dijk, T.A. eds (1988) Discourse and Discrimination. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
54. Tilly, C. (1998) Durable Inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
55. Van Dijk, T.A. (1984) Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
56. Van Dijk, T.A. (1987) Communicating Racism: Ethnic Prejudice in Thought and Talk. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
57. Van Dijk, T.A. (1991) Racism and the Press. London: Routledge.
58. Van Dijk, T.A. (1993a) 'Critical and Descriptive Goals in Discourse Analysis', Journal of Pragmatics 9: 793-63.
59. Van Dijk, T.A. (1993b) Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
60. Van Dijk, T.A. (1993c) 'Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis', Discourse & Society 4: 249-83.
61. Van Dijk, T.A. (1996) Discourse, Racism, and Ideology. La Laguna: RCEI Ediciones.
62. Van Dijk, T.A. (2000) 'Discourse and the Denial of Racism', in A. Jaworski and N. Coupland (eds) The Discourse Reader, pp. 541-58. New York: Routledge.
63. Waldinger, R. (1997) 'Black/Immigrant Competition Reassessed: New Evidence from Los Angeles', Sociological Perspectives 40: 365-86.
64. Waldinger, R. and Lichter, M.I. (2003) How the Other Half Works: Immigration and the Social Organization of Labor. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
65. Wetherell, M. and Potter, J. (1992) Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
66. Wodak, R. (1995) 'Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis', in J. Verschueren, J.O. Östman and J. Blommaert (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics, pp. 204-10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
67. Wodak, R. (1997a) 'Critical Discourse Analysis and the Study of Doctor-Patient Interaction', in B.L. Gunnarsson, P. Linell and B. Nordberg (eds) The Construction of Professional Discourse, pp. 173-200. London: Longman.
68. Wodak, R. (1997b) 'Das Ausland and Anti-Semitic Discourses: The Discursive Construction of the Other', in S. Riggins (ed.) The Language of Politics and Exclusion, pp. 65-87. London: Sage.
69. Wolfram, W., Adger, C.T. and Christian, D. (1999) Dialects in Schools and Communities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
70. Wright, E.R., Gronfein, W.P. and Owens, T.J. (2000) 'Deinstitutionalization, Social Rejection, and the Self-Esteem of Former Mental Patients', Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41(1): 68-90.
71. Zentella, A.C. (1997) Growing up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Malden, MA: Black well.