"Dining while black". Tipping as social artifact

Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 30-47

  Dirks, Danielle ^a   Rice, Stephen K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Race relations; Restaurants; Tipping

Indexed keywords

EID: 3242758304     PISSN: 00108804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0010880403260105     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Joe R. Feagin, Hernan Vera, and Pinar Batur, White Racism, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2001).
2. Derrick Bell, Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
3. See: Michael Lynn, "Ethnic Differences in Tipping: A Matter of Familiarity with Tipping Norms," on pages 12-22 of this Cornell Quarterly.
4. For example, see: Samuel Juni, Robert Branno, and Michelle M. Roth, "Sexual and Racial Discrimination in Service-seeking Interactions: A Field Study in Fast-Food and Commercial Establishments," Psychological Reports, vol. 63 (1988), pp. 71-76.
5. Feagin et al., op. cit.
6. Bell, op. cit.
7. Steve Watkins, The Black O: Racism and Redemption in an American Corporate Empire (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997).
8. I b i d.
9. I b i d.
10. Kirkus Reviews, Review of The Black O: Racism and Redemption in an American Corporate Empire, by Steve Watkins (Athens: University of Georgia Press, September 15, 1997).
11. Steve Watkins, "Racism Du Jour at Shoney's," Nation, October 1993, pp. 426-27.
12. Feagin et al., op. cit.
13. I b i d.
14. I b i d.
15. For example, see: Philomena Essed, Everyday Racism: Reports of Women from Two Countries, (Claremont, CA: Hunter House, 1990).
16. Joe R. Feagin, "The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places," American Sociological Review, vol. 56 (1991), pp. 101-16.
17. Joe R. Feagin and Melvin P. Sikes, Living with Racism: The Black Middle-class Experience (Boston: Beacon, 1994).
18. Janet K. Swim, "African American College Students' Experiences with Everyday Racism: Characteristics of and Responses to These Incidents," Journal of Black Psychology, vol. 29 (2003), pp. 38-67.
19. Feagin and Sikes, op. cit.
20. I b i d.
21. John B. McConahay, Betty B. Hardee, and Valerie Batts, "Has Racism Declined In America? It Depends on Who Is Asking and What Is Asked," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 25 (1981), pp. 563-79.
22. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, "The Aversive Form of Racism," in Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism: Theory and Research, ed. J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner (Orlando: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 61-89.
23. Cynthia Willming, "Leisure-travel Behaviors of College-educated African Americans and Perceived Racial Discrimination" (unpublished dissertation, University of Florida, 2001).
24. A National Report Card on Discrimination in America, ed. M. Fix and M. A. Turner (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 1998).
25. For example, see: Emily D. Noll and Susan E. Arnold, "Racial Differences in Tipping: Evidence in the Field," on pages 23-29, of this Cornell Quarterly.
26. Michael Lynn, "Black-White Differences in Tipping of Various Service Providers," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (in press).
27. Michael Lynn and Clorice Thomas-Haysbert, "Ethnic Differences in Tipping: Evidence, Explanations and Implications," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (in press).
28. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "The Linguistics of Color-blind Racism: How to Talk Nasty about Blacks without Sounding 'Racist,'" Critical Sociology, vol. 28 (2002), pp. 41-64.
29. Robert Rosenthal and Donald B. Rubin, "Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: The First 345 Studies," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 2 (1978), pp. 377-415.
30. Mark Snyder, "On the Self-Perpetuating Nature of Social Stereo-types," in Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior, ed. D. L. Hamilton (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1981).
31. Mark Chen and John A. Bargh, "Nonconscious Behavioral Confirmation Processes: The Self-Fulfilling Consequences of Automatic Stereo-type Activation," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 33 (1997), pp. 541-60.
32. Lynn and Thomas-Haybert, loc. cit.
33. Snyder, op. cit.
34. Chen and Bargh, op. cit.
35. Kristen Myers and Passion Williamson, "Race Talk: The Perpetuation of Racism through Private Discourse," Race and Society, vol. 4 (2001), pp. 3-26. f<<>>⌋py1 2001
36. van Dijk 1984.
37. Teun Van Dijk, Communicating Racism (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987).
38. Jeff Greenberg, S. L. Kirkland, and Tom Pyszczynski, "Some Theoretical Notions and Preliminary Research Concerning Derogatory Ethnic Labels," in Discourse and Discrimination, ed. G. Smitherman-Donaldson and T. van Dijk (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, 1988), pp. 74-92.
39. See: Teun van Dijk, Prejudice and Discourse (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984)
40. and van Dijk (1987), op. cit.
41. Myers and Williamson, op. cit.
42. McConahay, Hardee, and Batts (1981, pp. 182-212).
43. McConahay (1986).
44. Dovidio and Gaertner (1986).
45. As explained to us by Joe R. Feagin. For example, see: McConahay, Hardee, and Batts, op. cit.
46. John B. McConahay, "Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale," in Dovidio and Gaertner, op. cit., pp. 91-125.
47. Dovidio and Gaertner, op. cit.
48. Patricia G. Devine and Andrew J. Elliot, "Are Racial Stereotypes Really Fading? The Princeton Trilogy Revisited," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 21 (1998), pp. 1139-50.
49. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, "The Aversive Form of Racism," in Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings, ed. C. Stangor (Philadelphia: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis, 2000), pp. 61-89.
50. Feagin et al., op. cit.
51. Bonilla-Silva, op. cit.
52. See: Erving Goffman, Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1959).
53. Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (New York: Basic, 1971).
54. Leslie Houts, "Back Stage Racial Events and White College Students" (unpublished manuscript, University of Florida, 2003).
55. Dovidio and Gaertner (1986, 2000), op. cit.
56. Houts, loc. cit.
57. Thomas F. Pettigrew and Joanne Martin, "Shaping the Organizational Context for Black-American Inclusion," Journal of Social Issues, vol. 43 (1987), pp. 41-78.
58. Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1954).
59. Feagin and Sikes, op. cit.
60. Joe R. Feagin and Karyn D. McKinney, The Many Costs of Racism (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
61. Put simply, grounded theory refers to the process of building theory from the ground up - that is, systematically analyzing and categorizing qualitative data for the purpose of uncovering inherent trends and practices.
62. See: Joe R. Feagin, White Men on Race (Boston: Beacon, 2003).
63. Harry J. Holzer and Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, "Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes for Minority Workers," Institute for Research on Poverty Papers, pp. 1122-97 (1997), from http://edirc.repec.org/data/iruwius.html, as viewed July 1, 2003.
64. I b i d.
65. In a New York Times article, S. Greenhouse relays the story of Ian Schrager's agreement to pay a $1.08 million settlement after the EEOC accused his Mondrian Hotel in West Hollywood of racial discrimination for firing nine valets and bellhops, eight of them people of color. Schrager had written memos saying that he wanted a trendier group of workers and that the fired employees were "too ethnic." As one of the EEOC supervisory attorneys explained, " The problem with all this image stuff is it just reeks of marketing for this white-bread, Northern European, thin, wealthy, fashion-model look. We all can't be Anglo, athletic and young." See: S. Greenhouse, "Going for the Look, but Risking Discrimination," New York Times, July 13, 2003, p. 1.12.
66. Cited in: Myers and Williamson, op. cit.
67. The derogatory term moolie is derived from melanzane, Italian for eggplant and referring to eggplants' dark skin.
68. Greenberg, Kirkland, and Pyszczynski, op. cit.
69. Bonilla-Silva, op. cit.
70. See, for example: Noll and Arnold, on pages 23-29 of this Cornell Quarterly.
71. See: Lynn, loc. cit.
72. Lynn and Thomas-Haysbert, loc. cit.
73. Rosenthal and Rubin, op. cit.
74. Snyder, op. cit.
75. Chen and Bargh, op. cit.
76. Dovidio and Gaertner, op. cit.
77. Bonilla-Silva, op. cit.