Drug hypersensitivity

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 90, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 233-260

  Solensky, Roland ^a  

^a Oregon State University Oregon Health Science University College of Pharmacy   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

'HURRICANE'; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZTREONAM; BENZOCAINE; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BUPIVACAINE; BUTYLCAINE; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEFADROXIL; CEFDINIR; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFUROXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLOROPROCAINE; CINCHOCAINE; COCAINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DILOCAINE; DURNEST MPF; EMLA; ETIDOCAINE; IMIPENEM; LANACAINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MEPIVACAINE; METHYL PARABEN; MONOBACTAM DERIVATIVE; NERVOCAINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPTHEAINE; OPTHETIC; ORAJEL; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PRILOCAINE; PROCAINE; PROXYMETACAINE; ROPIVACAINE; SULFONAMIDE; TETRACAINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALLERGIC PNEUMONITIS; ANAMNESIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BRONCHOSPASM; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CONTACT DERMATITIS; DESENSITIZATION; DRUG CROSS REACTIVITY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SCREENING; FEVER; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; RASH; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RHINITIS; SKIN TEST; SYNCOPE; URTICARIA;

ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMANS; SULFONAMIDES;

EID: 27944511473     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2005.08.010     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. J. Lazarou, B.H. Pomeranz, and P.N. Corey Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies JAMA 279 1998 1200 1205
2. T.K. Gandhi, H.R. Burstin, and E.F. Cook Drug complications in outpatients J Gen Intern Med 15 2000 149 154
3. T.K. Gandhi, S.N. Weingart, and J. Borus Adverse drug events in ambulatory care N Engl J Med 348 2003 1556 1564
4. R.D. DeSchazo, and S.F. Kemp Allergic reactions to drugs and biologic agents JAMA 278 1997 1895 1906
5. A.M. Ditto, P.A. Greenberger, and L.C. Grammer Drug allergy L.C. Grammer P.A. Greenberger Patterson's allergic diseases 6th edition 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 295 387
6. Volcheck GW, Hagan JB, Li JT, editors. Drug hypersensitivity. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 2004;24(3):345-549.
7. World Health Organization International drug monitoring: the role of the hospital 1966 World Health Organization Geneva (Switzerland)
8. M.D. Rawlins, and W. Thompson Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions D.M. Davies Textbook of adverse drug reactions 1991 Oxford University Press New York 18 45
9. R.R.A. Coombs, and P.G.H. Gell Classification of allergic reactions responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and disease P.G.H. Gell R.R.A. Coombs P.J. Lachman Clinical aspects of immunology 1975 Blackwell Scientific Oxford (UK) 761 781
10. B.K. Park, J.W. Coleman, and N.R. Kitteringham Drug disposition and drug hypersensitivity Biochem Pharmacol 36 1987 581 590
11. R. Solensky Hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 24 2003 201 219
12. D.D. Sogn, R. Evans, and G.M. Shepherd Results of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases collaborative clinical trial to test the predictive value of skin testing with major and minor penicillin derivatives in hospitalized adults Arch Intern Med 152 1992 1025 1032
13. J. Gadde, M. Spence, and B. Wheeler Clinical experience with penicillin skin testing in a large inner-city STD clinic JAMA 270 1993 2456 2463
14. C.E. Lee, T.R. Zembower, and M.A. Fotis The incidence of antimicrobial allergies in hospitalized patients: implications regarding prescribing patterns and emerging bacterial resistance Arch Intern Med 160 2000 2819 2822
15. R. Solensky, H.S. Earl, and R.S. Gruchalla Clinical approach to penicillin allergic patients: a survey Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 84 2000 329 333
16. C.W. Parker, A.L. deWeck, and M. Kern The preparation and some properties of penicillenic acid derivatives relevant to penicillin hypersensitivity J Exp Med 115 1962 803 819
17. B.B. Levine, and Z. Ovary Studies on the mechanism of the formation of the penicillin antigen. III. The N-(D-alpha-benzyl-penicilloyl) group as an antigenic determinant responsible for hypersensitivity to penicillin G J Exp Med 114 1961 875 904
18. B.B. Levine, and A.P. Redmond Minor haptenic determinant-specific reagins of penicillin hypersensitivity in man Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 35 1969 445 455
19. M. Blanca, J.M. Vega, and J. Garcia Allergy to penicillin with good tolerance to other penicillins: study of the incidence in subjects allergic to betalactams Clin Exp Allergy 20 1990 475 481
20. J.M. Vega, M. Blanca, and J.J. Garcia Immediate allergic reactions to amoxicillin Allergy 49 1994 317 322
21. I.L. Bernstein, and W.W. Storms Practice parameters for allergy diagnostic testing Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 75 1995 543 625
22. I.L. Bernstein, R.S. Gruchalla, and R.E. Lee Disease management of drug hypersensitivity: a practice parameter Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 83 1999 665 700
23. T.J. Sullivan, H.J. Wedner, and G.S. Shatz Skin testing to detect penicillin allergy J Allergy Clin Immunol 68 1981 171 180
24. M.A. Valyasevi, and R.G. VanDellen Frequency of systematic reactions to penicillin skin tests Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 85 2000 363 365
25. G.R. Green, A.H. Rosenblum, and L.C. Sweet Evaluation of penicillin hypersensitivity: value of clinical history and skin testing with penicilloyl-polylysine and penicillin G J Allergy Clin Immunol 60 1977 339 345
26. R. Solensky, H.S. Earl, and R.S. Gruchalla Penicillin allergy: prevalence of vague history in skin test-positive patients Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 85 2000 195 199
27. A.D. Harris, L. Sauberman, and L. Kabbash Penicillin skin testing: a way to optimize antibiotic utilization Am J Med 107 1999 166 168
28. D.M. Forrest, R.R. Schellenberg, and V.V. Thien Introduction of a practice guideline for penicillin skin testing improves the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy Clin Infect Dis 32 2001 1685 1690
29. J.T. Li, P.J. Markus, and D.R. Osmon Reduction of vancomycin use in orthopedic patients with a history of antibiotic allergy Mayo Clin Proc 75 2000 902 906
30. M.E. Arroliga, C. Radojicic, and S.M. Gordon A prospective observational study of the effect of penicillin skin testing on antibiotic use in the intensive care unit Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 2003 347 350
31. S.K. Fridkin, J.R. Edwards, and J.M. Courval The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 US adult intensive care units Ann Intern Med 135 2001 175 183
32. J.A. Martinez, R. Ruthazer, and K. Hansjosten Role of environmental contamination as a risk factor for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients treated in a medical intensive care unit Arch Intern Med 163 2003 1905 1912
33. T. Kwan, F. Lin, and B. Ngai Vancomycin use in 2 Ontario tertiary care hospitals: a survey Clin Invest Med 22 1999 256 264
34. P.R. Cieslak, L.J. Strausbaugh, and D.W. Fleming Vancomycin in Oregon: who's using it and why Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20 1999 557 560
35. R.J. Severson, T. Pongdee, and P.J. Markus Two-year review of clinical outcomes of antibiotic recommendations after consultation and penicillin allergy skin testing prior to orthopedic surgery [abstract] Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 90 2003 149
36. L.M. Mendelson, C. Ressler, and J.P. Rosen Routine elective penicillin allergy skin testing in children and adolescents: study of sensitization J Allergy Clin Immunol 73 1984 76 81
37. R.J. Warrington, R. Burton, and E. Tsai The value of routine penicillin allergy skin testing in an outpatient population Allergy Asthma Proc 24 2003 199 202
38. R.J. Warrington, K.R. Lee, and S. McPhillips The value of skin testing for penicillin allergy in an inpatient population: analysis of the subsequent patient management Allergy Asthma Proc 21 2000 297 299
39. C.W. Parker Practical aspects of diagnosis and treatment of patients who are hypersensitive to drugs M. Samter C.W. Parker Hypersensitivity to drugs 1972 Pergamon Press New York 367 394
40. E. Macy, R. Mangat, and R.J. Burchette Penicillin skin testing in advance of need: multiyear follow-up in 568 test result-negative subjects exposed to oral penicillins J Allergy Clin Immunol 111 2003 1111 1115
41. E. Macy Elective penicillin skin testing and amoxicillin challenge: effect on outpatient use, cost, and clinical outcomes J Allergy Clin Immunol 102 1998 281 285
42. R. Solensky, H.S. Earl, and R.S. Gruchalla Lack of penicillin resensitization in patients with a history of penicillin allergy after receiving repeated penicillin courses Arch Intern Med 162 2002 822 826
43. E.N. Perencevich, P.F. Weller, and M.H. Samore Benefits of negative penicillin skin test results persist during subsequent hospital admissions Clin Infect Dis 32 2001 317 319
44. P.J. Parker, J.T. Parrinello, and J.J. Condemi Penicillin resensitization among hospitalized patients J Allergy Clin Immunol 88 1991 213 217
45. M.C. Lopez-Serrano, M.T. Caballero, and P. Barranco Booster responses in the study of allergic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 6 1996 30 35
46. R.Y. Lin A perspective on penicillin allergy Arch Intern Med 152 1992 930 937
47. International Rheumatic Fever Study Group Allergic reactions to long-term benzathine penicillin prophylaxis for rheumatic fever Lancet 337 1991 1308 1310
48. D.C. Napoli, and T.A. Neeno Anaphylaxis to benzathine penicillin G Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol 14 2000 329 332
49. O. Idsoe, T. Guthe, and R.R. Willcox Nature and extent of penicillin side-reactions, with particular reference to fatalities from anaphylactic shock Bull World Health Organ 38 1968 159 188
50. R. Empedrad, A.L. Darter, and H.S. Earl Nonirritating intradermal skin test concentrations for commonly prescribed antibiotics J Allergy Clin Immunol 112 2003 629 630
51. J.M. Igea, J. Fraj, and I. Davila Allergy to cefazolin: study of in vivo cross reactivity with other betalactams Ann Allergy 68 1992 515 519
52. C. Marcos Bravo, I. Luna Ortiz, and R. Vazquez Gonzalez Hypersensitivity to cefuroxime with good tolerance to other beta-lactams Allergy 50 1995 359 361
53. A. Romano, D. Quaratino, and A. Venuti Selective type-1 hypersensitivity to cefuroxime J Allergy Clin Immunol 101 1998 564 565
54. A. Romano, D. Quaratino, and L. Venemalm A case of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to ceftriaxone J Allergy Clin Immunol 104 1999 1113 1114
55. F.R. Batchelor, J.M. Dewdney, and R.D. Weston The immunogenicity of cephalosporin derivatives and their cross-reaction with penicillin Immunology 10 1966 21 33
56. G.N. Abraham, L.D. Petz, and H.H. Fudenberg Immunohaematological cross-allergenicity between penicillin and cephalothin in humans Clin Exp Immunol 3 1968 343 357
57. M.H. Grieco Cross-allergenicity of the penicillins and the cephalosporins Arch Intern Med 119 1967 141 146
58. S.A. Kabins, B. Eisenstein, and S. Cohen Anaphylactoid reaction to an initial dose of sodium cephalothin JAMA 193 1965 165 166
59. P.D. Rothschild, and D.B. Doty Cephalothin reaction after penicillin sensitization JAMA 196 1966 372 373
60. J.F. Scholand, J.I. Tennenbaum, and G.J. Cerilli Anaphylaxis to cephalothin in a patient allergic to penicillin JAMA 206 1968 130 132
61. J. Pederson-Bjergaard Cephalothin in the treatment of penicillin sensitive patients Acta Allergol 22 1967 299 306
62. R. Asero Detection of patients with multiple drug allergy syndrome by elective tolerance tests Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 80 1998 185 188
63. E.K. Moseley, and T.J. Sullivan Allergic reactions to antimicrobial drugs in patients with a history of prior drug allergy [abstract] J Allergy Clin Immunol 87 1991 226
64. C.H. Dash Penicillin allergy and the cephalosporins J Antimicrob Chemother 1 Suppl 3 1975 107 118
65. L.D. Petz Immunologic cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins: a review J Infect Dis 137 Suppl 1978 S74 S79
66. E.J. Goodman, M.J. Morgan, and P.A. Johnson Cephalosporins can be given to penicillin-allergic patients who do not exhibit an anaphylactic response J Clin Anesth 13 2001 561 564
67. S.B. Daulat, R. Solensky, and H.S. Earl Safety of cephalosporin administration to patients with histories of penicillin allergy J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 2004 1220 1222
68. J. Sastre, L.D. Quijano, and A. Novalbos Clinical cross-reactivity between amoxicillin and cephadroxil in patients allergic to amoxicillin and with good tolerance of penicillin Allergy 51 1996 383 386
69. A. Miranda, M. Blanca, and J.M. Vega Cross-reactivity between a penicillin and a cephalosporin with the same side chain J Allergy Clin Immunol 98 1996 671 677
70. N.F. Adkinson, A. Saxon, and M.R. Spence Cross-allergenicity and immunogenicity of aztreonam Rev Infect Dis 7 Suppl 4 1985 S613 S621
71. N.F. Adkinson Immunogenicity and cross-allergenicity of aztreonam Am J Med 88 Suppl 3C 1990 S3 S14
72. A. Saxon, A. Hassner, and E.A. Swabb Lack of cross-reactivity between aztreonam, a monobactam antibiotic, and penicillin in penicillin-allergic subjects J Infect Dis 149 1984 16 22
73. A. Saxon, E.A. Swabb, and N.F. Adkinson Investigation into the immunologic cross-reactivity of aztreonam with other beta-lactam antibiotics Am J Med 78 Suppl 2A 1985 19 26
74. J.M. Vega, M. Blanca, and J.J. Garcia Tolerance to aztreonam in patients allergic to betalactam antibiotics Allergy 46 1991 196 202
75. R.B. Moss Sensitization to aztreonam and cross-reactivity with other beta-lactam antibiotics in high-risk patients with cystic fibrosis J Allergy Clin Immunol 87 1991 78 88
76. W. Graninger, K. Pirich, and I. Schindler Aztreonam efficacy in difficult-to-treat infections and tolerance in patients with betalactam hypersensitivity Chemioterapia 4 Suppl 1 1985 64 66
77. N.F. Adkinson, E.A. Swabb, and A.A. Sugerman Immunology of the monobactam aztreonam Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25 1984 93 97
78. A. Perez Pimiento, M. Gomez Martinez, and A. Minguez Mena Aztreonam and ceftazidime: evidence of in vivo cross-allergenicity Allergy 53 1997 624 625
79. W.A. Prescott, D.D. DePestel, and J.J. Ellis Incidence of carbapenem-associated allergic-type reactions among patients with versus patients without a reported penicillin allergy Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 1102 1107
80. S.A. McConnell, S.R. Penzak, and T.S. Warmack Incidence of imipenem hypersensitivity reactions in febrile neutropenic marrow transplant patients with a history of penicillin allergy Clin Infect Dis 31 2000 1512 1514
81. A. Saxon, D.C. Adelman, and A. Patel Imipenem cross-reactivity with penicillin in humans J Allergy Clin Immunol 82 1988 213 217
82. D.G. Harle, B.A. Baldo, and J.V. Wells Drugs as allergens: detection and combining site specificities of IgE antibodies to sulfamethoxazole Mol Immunol 25 1988 1347 1354
83. D.J. Naisbitt, S.J. Hough, and H.J. Gill Cellular disposition of sulphamethoxazole and its metabolites: implications for hypersensitivity Br J Pharmacol 126 1999 1393 1407
84. A.E. Cribb, B.L. Lee, and L.A. Trepanier Adverse reactions to sulphonamide and sulphonamide-trimethoprim antimicrobials: clinical syndromes and pathogenesis Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 15 1996 9 50
85. M. Morgan, R.S. Gruchalla, and H.S. Earl Patients with sulfonamide antimicrobial "allergy": are they able to tolerate sulfonamide-containing non-antimicrobial agents? [abstract] J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 2004 S180
86. B.L. Strom, R. Schinnar, and A.J. Apter Absence of cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfonamide nonantibiotics N Engl J Med 349 2003 1628 1635
87. L.E. Shapiro, S.R. Knowles, and E.W. Seber Safety of celecoxib in individuals allergic to sulfonamide: a pilot study Drug Saf 26 2003 187 195
88. R. Patterson, A.E. Bello, and F. Lefkowith Immunologic tolerability profile of celecoxib Clin Ther 21 1999 2065 2079
89. P.P. Koopmans, A.J. van der Ven, and T.B. Vree Pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs in patients with HIV infection: allergic or toxic? AIDS 9 1995 217 222
90. H. Jick Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized patients Rev Infect Dis 4 1982 426 428
91. G. Choquet-Kastylevsky, T. Vial, and J. Descotes Allergic adverse reactions to sulfonamides Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2 2002 16 25
92. R. Solensky, and R.S. Gruchalla Non-anaphylactic drug disorders B. Zweiman L.B. Schwartz Inflammatory mechanisms in allergic diseases 2001 Marcel Dekker New York 411 433
93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46 1997 4 6
94. R. Solensky Drug desensitization Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 24 2004 425 443
95. D.D. Stevenson, M. Sanchez-Borges, and A. Szczeklik Classification of allergic and pseudoallergic reactions to drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 87 2001 177 180
96. D.D. Stevenson Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 18 1998 773 798
97. D.D. Stevenson, and R.A. Simon Lack of cross-reactivity between rofecoxib and aspirin in aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 108 2001 47 51
98. K. Woessner, R.A. Simon, and D.D. Stevenson The safety of celecoxib in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 2201 2206
99. R. Solensky Drug allergy: desensitization and treatment of reactions to antibiotics and aspirin R.F. Lockey S.C. Bukantz J. Bousquet Allergens and allergen immunotherapy for allergic diseases 3rd edition 2004 Marcel Dekker New York 585 606
100. D.D. Stevenson Aspirin and NSAID sensitivity Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 24 2004 491 505
101. M.P. Berges-Gimeno, R.A. Simon, and D.D. Stevenson Long-term treatment with aspirin desensitization in asthmatic patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease J Allergy Clin Immunol 111 2003 180 186
102. D.D. Stevenson, M.A. Hankammer, and D.A. Mathison Aspirin desensitization treatment of aspirin-sensitive patients with rhinosinusitis-asthma: long-term outcomes J Allergy Clin Immunol 98 1996 751 758
103. J.M. Sweet, D.D. Stevenson, and R.A. Simon Long-term effects of aspirin desensitization-treatment for aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis-asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 85 1990 59 65
104. M.B. Levy, and J.N. Fink Anaphylaxis to celecoxib Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 87 2001 72 73
105. R. Gagnon, J. Marlene, and P. Gold Selective celecoxib-associated anaphylactoid reaction J Allergy Clin Immunol 111 2003 1404 1405
106. M. Grob, W.J. Pichler, and B. Wuthrich Anaphylaxis to celecoxib Allergy 57 2002 264 265
107. A. Cianferoni, E. Novembre, and L. Mugnaini Clinical features of acute anaphylaxis in patients admitted to a university hospital: an 11-year retrospective review (1985-1996) Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 87 2001 27 32
108. A.F.T. Brown, D. McKinnon, and K. Chu Emergency department anaphylaxis: a review of 142 patients in a single year J Allergy Clin Immunol 108 2001 861 866
109. M.C. Soto-Aguilar, R.D. deSchazo, and E.S. Dawson Approach to the patient with suspected local anesthetic sensitivity Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 18 1998 851 865
110. M.J. Chandler, L.C. Grammer, and R. Patterson Provocative challenge with local anesthetics in patients with a prior history of reaction J Allergy Clin Immunol 75 1985 525 527
111. M. Schatz Skin testing and incremental challenge in the evaluation of adverse reactions to local anesthetics J Allergy Clin Immunol 74 1984 606 616
112. H. Gall, R. Kaufmann, and C.M. Dalveram Adverse reactions to local anesthetics: analysis of 197 cases J Allergy Clin Immunol 97 1996 933 937
113. S.E. Turvey, B. Cronin, and A.D. Arnold Antibiotic desensitization for the allergic patient: 5 years of experience and practice Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 92 2004 426 432
114. C.W. Lee, U.A. Matulonis, and M.C. Castells Carboplatin hypersensitivity: a 12-step protocol effective in 35 desensitizations in patients with gynecological malignancies and mast cell/IgE-mediated reactions Gynecol Oncol 95 2004 370 376
115. H.S. Earl, and T.J. Sullivan Acute desensitization of a patient with cystic fibrosis allergic to both beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics J Allergy Clin Immunol 79 1987 477 483
116. R.R. Lantner Ciprofloxacin desensitization in a patient with cystic fibrosis J Allergy Clin Immunol 96 1995 1001 1002
117. J.T. Wong, R.E. Ripple, and J.A. MacLean Vancomycin hypersensitivity: synergism with narcotics and "desensitization" by a rapid continuous intravenous protocol J Allergy Clin Immunol 94 1994 189 194
118. S.K. Gorman, P.J. Zed, and V.K. Dhingra Rapid imipenem/cilastatin desensitization for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter pneumonia Ann Pharmacother 37 2003 513 516
119. B.J. Stark, H.S. Earl, and G.N. Gross Acute and chronic desensitization of penicillin-allergic patients using oral penicillin J Allergy Clin Immunol 79 1987 523 532
120. T.J. Sullivan, L.D. Yecies, and G.S. Shatz Desensitization of patients allergic to penicillin using orally administered beta-lactam antibiotics J Allergy Clin Immunol 69 1982 275 282
121. T.J. Sullivan Antigen-specific desensitization of patients allergic to penicillin J Allergy Clin Immunol 69 1982 500 508
122. G.D. Wendel, B.J. Stark, and R.B. Jamison Penicillin allergy and desensitization in serious infections during pregnancy N Engl J Med 312 1985 1229 1232