Terrorist sanctuaries and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Challenging conventional assumptions

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 295-305

  Innes, Michael A ^a,b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27944431679     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100590950147     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Also referred to in this article as BiH or Bosnia.
2. "Military Official Says U.S. Deciding How to Stay Engaged in Bosnia - U.S. European Command's Darden Discusses Bosnia After SFOR," State Department Press Releases and Documents (Federal Information and News Dispatch, Inc.: 13 July 2004).
3. A notable exception is Rex Brynen's Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lebanon (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990).
4. For a more recent discussion, based heavily on Brynen's work, see Brynjar Lia and Ashild Kjok, Islamic Insurgencies, Diasporic Support Networks, and Their Host States: The Case of the Algerian GIA in Europe, 1993-2000 FFI/RAPPORT-2001/03789 (Kjeller, Norway: Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt/ Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2001).
5. See, for example, Nicholas Berry, "Eliminating Terrorist Sanctuaries: The Case of Iraq, Iran, Somalia, and Sudan," CDI Terrorism Project (Centre for Defense Information, 10 December 2001).
6. Not to mention political manipulation. Witness the move from counterterrorism in Afghanistan to counterproliferation in Iraq, a move that quite literally conflated different types of terrorist threat from two very different types of state.
7. For a preliminary typology in this regard, see Florian Bieber, "Approaches to Political Violence and Terrorism in Former Yugoslavia," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 5(1) (2003), pp. 39-51.
8. Adam Roberts, "The Role of Humanitarian issues in international politics in the 1990s," Evan Luard Lecture 1998. Oxford: United Nations Association, 10 November 1998.
9. Adam Roberts, " The Role of Humanitarian issues in international politics in the 1990s," Ibid.
10. Rex Brynen, "Diaspora Populations and Security Issues in Host States," paper presented at the Metropolis Interconference Seminar on Immigrants and Homeland, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 11 May 2002. Available at (www.international.metropolis.net/events/croatia/brynen.pdf, accessed 28 September 2004).
11. John J. Hamre and Gordon R. Sullivan, "Toward Postconflict Reconstruction," Washington Quarterly 25(4) (August 2002), p. 85.
12. The Council on Foreign Relations terrorism resource website, for example, provides a list of states that function as terrorist safe havens, and includes detailed explanations of relevant, country-specific details. It does not establish an overall conceptual framework for understanding sanctuaries qua sanctuaries. The approach of this article is essentially the same.
13. A more recent study released by the Congressional Research Service summarizes and expands on the findings of the 9/11 Commission, including brief mention of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Western Balkan states. See Francis T. Miko, Removing Terrorist Sanctuaries: The 9/11 Commission Recommendations and U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 10 August 2004), pp. 19-20.
14. There is extensive media reporting on this, and a significant body of scholarly literature. See especially Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Globalized Era (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1999).
15. Alfred C. Lugert, Gayle Munro, and Will Stephens, Preventing and Combating Terrorism in Bosnia (Vienna: National Defence University/Institute for Peace Support and Conflict Management/Organization For Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2002), p. 12.
16. Christopher A. Kojm and Susan Ginsburg, Prepared Statement of Deputy Executive Director Christopher A. Kojm and Team Leader Susan Ginsburg, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States before the House International Relations Committee, 19 August 2004.
17. Christopher A. Kojm and Susan Ginsburg, Prepared Statement of Deputy Executive Director Christopher A. Kojm and Team Leader Susan Ginsburg, Ibid.
18. Nadia Alexandra-Arbatova, "European Security and International Terrorism: The Balkan Connection," Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 4(3) (September 2004), pp. 361-378.
19. Sead Numanovic, "Mujahedin Revival Fears," Institute for War and Peace Reporting: Balkan Crisis Report No. 286 (5 October 2001);
20. Janez Kovac, "Sarajevo Hit by Bin Laden Panic," IWPR: BCR No. 289 (18 October 2001);
21. For related coverage on Kosovo, see Nehat Islami, "Bin Laden Propaganda War," IWPR: BCR No. 292 (31 October 2001);
22. Adriatik Kelmendi, "Kosovars Refute Islamic Terror Claims," IWPR: BCR No. 295 (11 November 2001).
23. Zeljko Cvijanovic, "Belgrade Exploits War on Terror," IWPR: BCR No. 285 (3 October 2001);
24. Janez Kovac and Gordana Katana, "Hardliners Regroup," IWPR: BCR No. 292 (31 October 2001).
25. See Bisera Turković, Vladimir Obradović, and Sanja Ljubićić,, Perceptions and Attitudes of the Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina towards Terrorism and the Role of International Security Organisations (Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Center for Security Studies, 17 July 2002).
26. Bieber, "Approaches To Political Violence and Terrorism in Former Yugoslavia," p. 40.
27. Alexandra-Arbatova, "European Security and International Terrorism," p. 361.
28. Sumantra Bose, Bosnia After Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 10.
29. For more on interim transitional authority in BiH see Richard Kaplan, "International Authority and State Building: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina," Global Governance 10(1) (January-March 2004), pp. 53-66.
30. Tim Donais, "The Politics of Privatization in Post-Dayton Bosnia," Southeast European Politics 3(1) (June 2002), pp. 3-19.
31. Christopher A. Corpora, "The Untouchables: Former Yugoslavia's Clandestine Political Economy," Problems of Post-Communism 51(3) (May/June 2004), pp. 61-68.
32. Jessica Stern, "The Protean Enemy," Foreign Affairs 82(4) (July/August 2003), pp. 27-40.
33. Ena Latin, "Agent to Stand Trial," IWPR: BCR No 362 (28 August 2002).
34. Anes Anic and Jen Tracy, "Training for an Islamic Bosnia" (Balkan Reconstruction Report, 26 April 2002);
35. Ena Latin, "Sarajevo Trial May Lift Lid on Assassinations," IWPR: BCR No 338 (22 May 2002).
36. See especially Michael Pugh, "Rubbing Salt into War Wounds Shadow Economies and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Kosovo," Problems of Post-Communism 51(3) (May-June 2004), pp. 53-60;
37. and William Reno, "Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars," in Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, Mats Berdal and David M. Malone, eds. (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000), pp. 43-68.
38. See citations for Andreas, Corpora, Donais, and Pugh.
39. Lugert, Munro, and Stephens, Preventing and Combating Terrorism in Bosnia, pp. 43-45, 79, 87, 143.
40. Eric Gordy, "Serbia After Djindjic: War Crimes, Organized Crime, and Trust in Public Institutions," Problems of Post-Communism 51(3) (May-June 2004), pp. 10-17.
41. Lia and Kjok, The Case of the Algerian GIA in Europe, p. 23.
42. See Evan F. Kohlmann, Al-Qaeda's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Connection (Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers, 2004), especially Chapter 9, "Blowback: The North African Sleeper Cell Network," pp. 185-216.
43. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (New York: Berkeley Books, 2002), p. 175.
44. Alexandra-Arbatova, "European Security and International Terrorism," pp. 363, 377;
45. Kohlmann, Al-Qaeda's Jihad in Europe, p. 230.
46. Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda, pp. 175-178;
47. Lugert, Preventing and Combating Terrorism in Bosnia, pp. 66-99;
48. and International Crisis Group, Bin Laden and the Balkans: The Politics of Anti-Terrorism, Balkans Report No. 119 (Brussels/Sarajevo: International Crisis Group, 9 November 2001).
49. For an in-depth discussion of this, see David Bruce MacDonald, Balkan Holocausts? Serbian and Croatian Victim-Centred Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia (New York and Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), especially Chapter 8, "'Greater Serbia and 'Greater Croatia': The Moslem Question in Bosnia-Hercegovina," pp. 220-250.
50. The reference to these two types - internal and external havens - is based on Brynen's analytical framework articulated in Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, especially Chapter 1.
51. Paul Hockenos, Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), p. 3.
52. For example, the OSCE's 2002 report on terrorism in Bosnia notes that "Weak or failed states, where absence of rule of law creates areas outside any sovereignty or control in which organized crime develops, are true havens for terrorist networks." See Lugert, Munro, and Stephens, Preventing and Combating Terrorism in Bosnia, p. 14.
53. The U.S. State Department's Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003 offers a more detailed taxonomy in its overview of the Balkans. "Despite limited resources," the report notes, "the countries of southeast Europe have actively supported the international Coalition against terrorism." The focus of regional efforts, it emphasized, has been in addressing nontraditional threats to the state and correcting systemic deficiencies that facilitate terrorist activity: "Albania, Serbia-Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Bulgaria cooperated to combat organized crime and various forms of trafficking, enhance border security, and improve training for border security personnel." See United States Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003 (April 2004), p. 42. Full text available at (http://www.state. gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2003/) (accessed 28 August 2004).
54. Speech by the High Representative to the North Atlantic Council, 16 January 2002. OHR Press Office. Available at (www.ohr.int).
55. See, for example, Peter Andreas, "The Clandestine Political Economy of War and Peace in Bosnia," International Studies Quarterly 48(1) (2004), pp. 29-51;
56. Fotios Moustakis, "Soft Security Threats in the New Europe: The Case of the Balkan Region," European Security 13(1-2) (Spring 2004), pp. 139-156;
57. and Susan Woodward, "In Whose Interest is Security Sector Reform? Lessons From the Balkans," in Governing Insecurity: Democratic Control Of Military And Security Establishments In Transitional Democracies, Gavin Cawthra and Robin Luckham, eds. (London, UK: Zed Books, 2003), pp. 276-302.
58. Carl-Ulrik Schierup, ed., Scramble for the Balkans: Nationalism, Globalism and the Political Economy of Reconstruction (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999);
59. Hall Gardner, ed., Central and Southeastern Europe in Transition: Perspectives on Success and Failure Since 1989 (London, UK and Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001);
60. Dzemal Sokolovic and Florian Bieber, eds., Reconstructing Multiethnic Societies: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2001).
61. For example, Gerald Knaus and Felix Martin, "Travails of the European Raj," Journal of Democracy 14(3) (July 2003), pp. 60-74;
62. David Chandler, Bosnia: Faking Democracy After Dayton, 2nd ed. (London: UK: Pluto Press, 2000).
63. Such as Jeffrey S. Morton, Paul Forage, Stefano Bianchini, and Craig Nation, eds., Reflections on the Balkan Wars: Ten Years After the Break-Up of Yugoslavia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004);
64. David Chandler, ed., Protecting the Bosnian Peace: Lessons from a Decade of Nation Building (Abingdon, UK: Routlege, 2004).