Rubbing salt into war wounds: Shadow economies and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Kosovo

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 53-60

  Pugh, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2642574372     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2004.11052171     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Nezavisne Novine (Banja Luka) (December 2, 2003): 2.
2. Branka Magaš, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Breakup, 1980-92 (London: Verso, 1993), pp. 96-97. See also George Macesich, ed., with Rikard Lang and Dragomir Vojnić, Essays on the Yugoslav Economic Model (New York: Praeger, 1989).
3. Branka Magaš, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Breakup, 1980-92 (London: Verso, 1993), pp. 96-97. See also George Macesich, ed., with Rikard Lang and Dragomir Vojnić, Essays on the Yugoslav Economic Model (New York: Praeger, 1989).
4. Carl-Ulrik Schierup, ed., Scramble for the Balkans; Nationalism, Globalism, and the Political Economy of Reconstruction (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1999); European Stability Initiative, "The Ottoman Dilemma: Power and Property Relations Under the United Nations Mission in Kosovo" (Pristina: UNMIK Lessons Learned Unit and European Union Pillar in Kosovo, August 8, 2002).
5. Carl-Ulrik Schierup, ed., Scramble for the Balkans; Nationalism, Globalism, and the Political Economy of Reconstruction (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1999); European Stability Initiative, "The Ottoman Dilemma: Power and Property Relations Under the United Nations Mission in Kosovo" (Pristina: UNMIK Lessons Learned Unit and European Union Pillar in Kosovo, August 8, 2002).
6. David Cortright and George A. Lopez, Sanctions and the Search for Security: Challenges to UN Action (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002), p. 98.
7. Xavier Bougarel, Bosnie: Anatomie d'un conflit (Bosnia: Anatomy of a Conflict) (Paris: La Découverte, 1996), p. 125.
8. Peter Andreas, "The Clandestine Political Economy of War and Peace in Bosnia," International Studies Quarterly (March 2004): 29-51.
9. Laura Silber and Allan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin, 1996), p. 296.
10. Neven Katunarić and Marijan Puntarić, "Prlić i partnari sada Peru Robu u Pistom Moru Makarske Rivijere" (Prlić and His Partners Now Launder Money in the Clean Sea Makarska River), Slobodna Dalmacija (Split) (September 24, 2001).
11. The formal GDP contracted by 50 percent in 1989-94. World Bank figure cited in Alexandros Yannis, "Kosovo: The Political Economy of Conflict and Peacebuilding" in The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance, ed. Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman (Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003), p. 173.
12. Francesco Strazzari, "Between Ethnic Collusion and Mafia Collusion: The 'Balkan Route' to State Making," in Shadow Globalization, Ethnic Conflicts and New Wars: A Political Economy of Intra-state War, ed. Dietrich Jung (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 145.
13. Strazzari cites U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration estimates that in 1997 the Kosovo Albanian mafia's finances were worth triple the GDP of the Albanian state.
14. Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 135-69.
15. Yannis, "Kosovo."
16. The literature is too extensive to cite in full here, but for Kosovo it includes Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2000); Tariq Ali, ed., Masters of the Universe? NATO's Balkan Crusade (London: Verso, 2000); Alex J. Bellamy, Kosovo and International Society (New York: Palgrave, 2002); William G. O'Neill, Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
17. The literature is too extensive to cite in full here, but for Kosovo it includes Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2000); Tariq Ali, ed., Masters of the Universe? NATO's Balkan Crusade (London: Verso, 2000); Alex J. Bellamy, Kosovo and International Society (New York: Palgrave, 2002); William G. O'Neill, Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
18. The literature is too extensive to cite in full here, but for Kosovo it includes Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2000); Tariq Ali, ed., Masters of the Universe? NATO's Balkan Crusade (London: Verso, 2000); Alex J. Bellamy, Kosovo and International Society (New York: Palgrave, 2002); William G. O'Neill, Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
19. The literature is too extensive to cite in full here, but for Kosovo it includes Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2000); Tariq Ali, ed., Masters of the Universe? NATO's Balkan Crusade (London: Verso, 2000); Alex J. Bellamy, Kosovo and International Society (New York: Palgrave, 2002); William G. O'Neill, Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
20. Foreword by Henrik Kolstrup, UNDP resident coordinator, Human Development Report: Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2002 (Sarajevo: UNDP, 2002), p. 3.
21. Dnevni List (December 3, 2003): 3.
22. Richard Caplan, "Partner or Patron? International Civil Administration and Local Capacity-Building," International Peacekeeping 11, no. 2 (summer 2004).
23. Office of the High Representative, Press Release, "High Representative Enacts Crime Fighting Package," Sarajevo, January 24, 2003.
24. Vecernji List (Zagreb) (December 1, 2003): 1.
25. Yannis, "Kosovo."
26. On this wider issue, see Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2003).
27. Žarko Papić, "Ethička privatizacija: neogranićene mogućosti prevare" (Ethnic Privatization: Unlimited Possibilities for Cheating), Dani (Sarajevo) (August 6, 1999): 20-21; European Stability Initiative, "Taking on the Commanding Heights" (Berlin/Brussels, May 3, 2000); Michael Pugh, "Postwar Political Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Spoils of Peace," Global Governance 8, no. 4 (Autumn 2002): 467-82.
28. Žarko Papić, "Ethička privatizacija: neogranićene mogućosti prevare" (Ethnic Privatization: Unlimited Possibilities for Cheating), Dani (Sarajevo) (August 6, 1999): 20-21; European Stability Initiative, "Taking on the Commanding Heights" (Berlin/Brussels, May 3, 2000); Michael Pugh, "Postwar Political Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Spoils of Peace," Global Governance 8, no. 4 (Autumn 2002): 467-82.
29. Žarko Papić, "Ethička privatizacija: neogranićene mogućosti prevare" (Ethnic Privatization: Unlimited Possibilities for Cheating), Dani (Sarajevo) (August 6, 1999): 20-21; European Stability Initiative, "Taking on the Commanding Heights" (Berlin/Brussels, May 3, 2000); Michael Pugh, "Postwar Political Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Spoils of Peace," Global Governance 8, no. 4 (Autumn 2002): 467-82.
30. UN Development Program, Early Warning System: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Quarterly Report (April/May 2002): 16.
31. IMF Staff Report, February 2002.
32. Rajko Tomaš, Analysis of the Grey Economy in Republika Srpska (Banja Luka: UNDP, March 1998).
33. These issues are discussed at greater length in Michael Pugh and Neil Cooper with Jonathan Goodhand, War Economies in a Regional Context: Challenges of Transformation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004).
34. International Committee of the Red Cross and Programme for International Security Studies, State Collapse and Reconstruction: Lessons and Strategies, conference report, Geneva, December 7-9, 2000, p. 59.
35. Nezavisne Novine (October 1, 2003): 1.
36. Susan J. Henders, "The Road to Kosovo and Kurdish Iraq: The Internationalization of Minority Autonomy Arrangements" (paper presented at the 28th annual conference of the British International Studies Association, University of Birmingham, December 15-17, 2003).
37. Stefan Armbruster, "UN launches Kosovan sell-off," BBC News (May 23, 2003).
38. European Stability Initiative, "The Ottoman Dilemma."
39. Sven Gunnar Simonsen, "Nationbuilding as Peacebuilding: Racing to Define the Kosovar," International Peacekeeping 11, no. 2 (Summer 2004).
40. David Rohde, "Kosovo Seething," Foreign Affairs (May/June 2000): 65-79.
41. Marcus Brand, The Development of Kosovo Institutions and the Transition of Authority from UNMIK to Local Self-Govemment (Pristina/Geneva: Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations, January 2003), p. 25.
42. Judah, Kosovo, p. 300.
43. British Broadcasting Corporation, December 7, 2003.
44. Susan L. Woodward, "Economic Priorities for Successful Peace Implementation," in Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, ed. Stephen Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth Cousens (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp. 183-214.
45. See: Simon Chesterman, Kosovo in Limbo: State-building and "Substantial Autonomy" (New York: International Peace Academy, August 2001); David Chandler, "Imposing the 'Rule of Law': The Lessons of BiH for Peacebuilding in Iraq," International Peacekeeping 11, no. 2 (Summer 2004).
46. See: Simon Chesterman, Kosovo in Limbo: State-building and "Substantial Autonomy" (New York: International Peace Academy, August 2001); David Chandler, "Imposing the 'Rule of Law': The Lessons of BiH for Peacebuilding in Iraq," International Peacekeeping 11, no. 2 (Summer 2004).
47. "Mikerević Must Withdraw Decision on Increased Pensions," Dnevni List (Mostar) (November 12, 2003): 3. The implication was that the OHR would have to dismiss the elected RS prime minister unless he backed down. Trade unions and pensioners predicted that widespread social unrest would ensue. "Not a Single Mark Without an IMF Consent," Oslobodjenje (Sarajevo) (November 18, 2003): 2. Asked why he had not reacted the same way when parliament voted to increase member salaries, High Representative Paddy Ashdown commented that this "did not breach international agreements and threaten to the future of this country." Dnevni Avaz (Sarajevo) (November 12, 2003): 2.
48. "Mikerević Must Withdraw Decision on Increased Pensions," Dnevni List (Mostar) (November 12, 2003): 3. The implication was that the OHR would have to dismiss the elected RS prime minister unless he backed down. Trade unions and pensioners predicted that widespread social unrest would ensue. "Not a Single Mark Without an IMF Consent," Oslobodjenje (Sarajevo) (November 18, 2003): 2. Asked why he had not reacted the same way when parliament voted to increase member salaries, High Representative Paddy Ashdown commented that this "did not breach international agreements and threaten to the future of this country." Dnevni Avaz (Sarajevo) (November 12, 2003): 2.
49. "Mikerević Must Withdraw Decision on Increased Pensions," Dnevni List (Mostar) (November 12, 2003): 3. The implication was that the OHR would have to dismiss the elected RS prime minister unless he backed down. Trade unions and pensioners predicted that widespread social unrest would ensue. "Not a Single Mark Without an IMF Consent," Oslobodjenje (Sarajevo) (November 18, 2003): 2. Asked why he had not reacted the same way when parliament voted to increase member salaries, High Representative Paddy Ashdown commented that this "did not breach international agreements and threaten to the future of this country." Dnevni Avaz (Sarajevo) (November 12, 2003): 2.
50. Henders, "The Road to Kosovo and Kurdish Iraq"; Dragoljub Stojanov, "Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1995: Transition and Reconstruction of the Economy," in Žarko Papić et al., International Support Policies to SEE Countries: Lessons (Not) Learned in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Sarajevo: Open Society Fund/Soros Foundation, 2001), p. 46.
51. Henders, "The Road to Kosovo and Kurdish Iraq"; Dragoljub Stojanov, "Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1995: Transition and Reconstruction of the Economy," in Žarko Papić et al., International Support Policies to SEE Countries: Lessons (Not) Learned in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Sarajevo: Open Society Fund/Soros Foundation, 2001), p. 46.
52. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents.
53. Kamal Malhotra, ed., Making Global Trade Work for People (London: Earthscan, 2003).
54. Branko Horvat, Theory of International Trade: An Alternative Approach (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), pp. 136-49, 170-71.
55. It is also argued that shadow economies represent a phase in state construction with antecedents in privateering, chartered companies and piracy. See Strazzari, "Between Ethnic Collusion and Mafia Collusion."
56. Post-Conflict Unit, World Bank, "Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Lessons Learned" (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998).
57. Office of the Coordinator for PRSP, Development Strategy BiH - PRSP, draft for public discussion, Sarajevo, December 2002.