Clinical and organizational correlates of medication for youths in U.S. mental health services

Social Service Review

Volumn 79, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 454-481

  Warner, Lynn A ^a   Pottick, Kathleen J ^b   Bilder, Scott M ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27744529148     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/430996     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Altshuler, Sandra J., and John Poertner. 2002. "The Child Health and Illness Profile - Adolescent Edition: Assessing Well-Being in Group Homes or Institutions." Child Welfare 81 (3): 495-513.
2. American Psychiatric Association. 1978. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd rev. ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Angold, Adrian E., E. Jane Costello, and Alaattin Erkanli. 1999. "Comorbidity." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 (1): 57-87.
6. Antonuccio, David O., William G. Danton, and Terry Michael McClanahan. 2003. "Psychology in the Prescription Era: Building a Firewall between Marketing and Science." American Psychologist 58 (12): 1028-43.
7. Brown, Ronald T., and Michael G. Sawyer. 1998. Medications for School-Age Children: Effects on Learning and Behavior. New York: Guilford.
8. Burns, Barbara J., E. Jane Costello, Adrian E. Angold, Dan Tweed, Dalene Stangl, Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer, and Alaattin Erkanli. 1995. "Children's Mental Health Service Use across Service Sectors." Health Affairs 14 (3): 147-59.
9. Burns, Barbara J., E. Jane Costello, Alaattin Erkanli, Dan L. Tweed, Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer, and Adrian E. Angold. 1997. "Insurance Coverage and Mental Health Service Use by Adolescents with Serious Emotional Disturbance." Journal of Child and Family Studies 6 (1): 89-111.
10. Burns, Barbara J., Sarah E. Teagle, Michael Schwartz, Adrian E. Angold, and Adam Holtzman. 1999. "Managed Behavioral Health Care: A Medicaid Carve-out for Youth." Health Affairs 18 (5): 214-25.
11. Bussing, Regina, Bonnie T. Zima, and Thomas R. Belin. 1998. "Differential Access to Care for Children with ADHD in Special Education Programs.Psychiatric Services 49 (9): 1226-29.
12. Campbell, Magda, Judith L. Rapoport, and George M. Simpson. 1999. "Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 (5): 537-45.
13. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. n.d. "Medicaid and EPSDT." Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. http:// www.cms.hhs.gov/medicaid/epsdt/default.asp (accessed July 20, 2005).
14. Cooper, William O., Gerald B. Hickson, Catherine Fuchs, Patrick G. Arbogast, and Wayne A. Ray. 2004. "New Users of Antipsychotic Medications among Children Enrolled in TennCare." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 158 (8): 753-59.
15. Cowen, Mark E., and Robert L. Strawderman. 2002. "Quantifying the Physician Contribution to Managed Care Pharmacy Expenses: A Random Effects Approach." Medical Care 40 (8): 650-61.
16. Cuffe, Steven P., Jennifer L. Waller, Cheryl L. Addy, Robert E. McKeown, Kirby L. Jackson, Jamaluddin Moloo, and Carol Z. Garrison. 2001. "A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Mental Health Service Use." Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 28 (1): 1-11.
17. Edlund, Mark, John R. C. Wheeler, and Thomas A. D'Aunno. 1992. "Payment Systems and Payment Incentives in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment." Public Budgeting and Financial Management 4 (1): 107-23.
18. Farmer, Elizabeth M. Z., Barbara J. Burns, Mimi V. Chapman, Susan D. Phillips, Adrian E. Angold, and E. Jane Costello. 2001. "Use of Mental Health Services by Youth in Contact with Social Services." Social Service Review 75 (4): 605-24.
19. Farmer, Elizabeth M. Z., Barbara J. Burns, Susan D. Phillips, Adrian E. Angold, and E. Jane Costello. 2003. "Pathways into and through Mental Health Services for Children and Adolescents." Psychiatric Services 54 (1): 60-66.
20. Friedman, Robert M., Katherine A. Best, Mary I. Armstrong, Albert J. Duchnowski, Mary E. Evans, Mario Hernandez, Sharon Hodges, and Krista B. Kutash. 2004. "Child Mental Health Policy." 129-53 in Mental Health Services: A Public Health Perspective, edited by Bruce L. Levin, John Petrila, and Kevin D. Hennessy, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Friedman, Robert M., Judith W. Katz-Leavy, Ronald W. Manderscheid, and Diane Sondheimer. 1996. "Prevalence of Serious Emotional Disturbance in Children and Adolescents." 71-89 in Mental Health, United States, 1996, edited by Ronald W. Manderscheid and Mary Anne Sonnenschein. Publication no. SMA 96-3098. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
22. Glied, Sherry, and Alison Evans Cuellar. 2003. "Trends and Issues in Child and Adolescent Mental Health." Health Affairs 22 (5): 39-50.
23. Glied, Sherry, Christina W. Hoven, Robert E. Moore, A. Bowen Garrett, and Darrel A. Regier. 1997. "Children's Access to Mental Health Care: Does Insurance Matter?Health Affairs 16 (1): 167-74.
24. Goodwin, Renee, Madelyn S. Gould, Carlos Blanco, and Mark Olfson. 2001. "Prescription of Psychotropic Medications to Youths in Office-Based Practice." Psychiatric Services 52 (8): 1081-87.
25. Graubard, Barry I., and Edward L. Korn. 1996. "Survey Inference for Subpopulations." Ameyican Journal of Epidemiology 144 (1): 102-6.
26. Greenhill, Laurence L., Jeffrey M. Halperin, and Howard Abikoff. 1999. "Stimulant Medications." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 (5):503-11.
27. Guevara, James, Paula Lozano, Thomas Wickizer, Loren Mell, and Harlan Gephart. 2002. "Psychotropic Medication Use in a Population of Children Who Have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Pediatrics 109 (5): 733-39.
28. Hasenfeld, Yeheskel. 1986. "Community Mental Health Centers as Human Service Organizations." 133-46 in The Organization of Mental Health Services: Societal and Community Systems, edited by W. Richard Scott and Bruce L. Block. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
29. Heinrich, Carolyn J., and Elizabeth Fournier. 2004. "Dimensions of Publicness and Performance in Substance Abuse Treatment Organizations." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23 (1): 49-70.
30. Hoagwood, Kimberly, Barbara J. Burns, Laurel Kiser, Heather Ringeisen, and Sonja K. Schoenwald. 2001. "Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services." Psychiatric Services 52 (9): 1179-89.
31. Hoagwood, Kimberly, Peter S. Jensen, Michael Feil, Benedetto Vitiello, and Vinod S. Bhatara. 2000. "Medication Management of Stimulants in Pediatric Practice Settings: A National Perspective." Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 21 (5): 322-31.
32. Hong, Song Hee, and Marvin D. Shepherd. 1996. "Psychosocial and Demographic Predictors of Pediatric Psychotropic Medication Use." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 53 (16): 1934-39.
33. Jellinek, Michael S. 2003. "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Are We Prescribing the Right Psychotropic Medications to the Right Children Using the Right Treatment Plan?" Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157 (1): 14-16.
34. Jensen, Peter S., Vinod S. Bhatara, Benedetto Vitiello, Kimberly Hoagwood, Michael Feil, and Laurie B. Burke. 1999. "Psychoactive Medication Prescribing Practices for U.S. Children: Gaps between Research and Clinical Practice." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 (5): 557-65.
35. Kaplan, Stuart L., and Joan Busner. 1997. "Prescribing Practices of Inpatient Child Psychiatrists under Three Auspices of Care." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 7 (4): 275-86.
36. Kataoka, Sheryl H., Lily Zhang, and Kenneth B. Wells. 2002. "Unmet Need for Mental Health Care among U.S. Children: Variation by Ethnicity and Insurance Status." American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (9): 1548-55.
37. King, Richard D., Lawrence S. Gaines, E. Warren Lambert, Wm. Thomas Summerfelt, and Leonard Bickman. 2000. "The Co-occurrence of Psychiatric and Substance Use Diagnoses in Adolescents in Different Service Systems: Frequency, Recognition, Cost, and Outcomes." Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 27 (4): 417-30.
38. Lekhwani, Manoj, Chand Nair, Ilia Nikhinson, and Paul J. Ambrosini. 2004. "Psychotropic Prescription Practices in Child Psychiatric Inpatients 9 Years Old and Younger." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 14 (1): 95-103.
39. Leslie, Laurel K., Jill Weckerly, John Landsverk, Richard L. Hough, Michael S. Hurlburt, and Patricia A. Wood. 2003. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Use of Psychotropic Medication in High-Risk Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 (12): 1433-42.
40. Lewis, Harold. 1989. "Ethics and the Private Non-profit Human Service Organizations." Administration in Social Work 13 (2): 1-14.
41. Manderscheid, Ronald W., and Marilyn J. Henderson. 2004. "Sources and Qualifications of Data from the Survey of Mental Health Organizations." 369-71 in Mental Health, United States, 2002, edited by Ronald W. Manderscheid and Marilyn J. Henderson. Publication no. SMA 04-3938. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
42. Martin, Andrés, and Douglas Leslie. 2003. "Psychiatric Inpatient, Outpatient, and Medication Utilization and Costs among Privately Insured Youths, 1997-2000." American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (4): 757-64.
43. Martin, Andrés, Thomas van Hoof, Dorothy Stubbe, Tierney Sherwin, and Lawrence Scahill. 2003. "Multiple Psychotropic Pharmacotherapy among Child and Adolescent Enrollees in Connecticut Medicaid Managed Care." Psychiatric Services 54 (1): 72-77.
44. Maxfield, Myles, Lori Achman, and Anna Cook. 2004. National Estimates of Mental Health Insurance Benefits. Publication no. SMA 04-3872. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.
45. Milazzo-Sayre, Laura J., Marilyn J. Henderson, Ronald W. Manderscheid, Maxime C. Bokossa, Christian Evans, and Alisa A. Male. 2001. "Persons Treated in Specialty Mental Health Care Programs, United States, 1997." 172-217 in Mental Health, United States, 2000, edited by Ronald W. Manderscheid and Marilyn J. Henderson. Publication no. SMA 01-3537. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
46. Montoliu, Leonor, and Tanya Crawford. 2002. "Prescribing Practices of General Practitioners for Children with Mental Health Problems." Child and Adolescent Mental Health 7 (3): 128-30.
47. MTA Cooperative Group. 1999. "A 14-Month Randomized Clinical Trial of Treatment Strategies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (12): 1073-86.
48. Najjar, Fedra, Carolyn Welch, W. L. Grapentine, Henry Sachs, Jason Siniscalchi, and Lawrence H. Price. 2004. "Trends in Psychotropic Drug Use in a Child Psychiatric Hospital from 1991-1998." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 14 (1): 87-93.
49. Newacheck, Paul W., M. Jane Park, Claire D. Brindis, Michael Biehl, and Charles E. Irwin Jr. 2004. "Trends in Private and Public Health Insurance for Adolescents." Journal of the American Medical Association 291 (10): 1231-37.
50. Olfson, Mark, Marc J. Gameroff, Steven C. Marcus, and Peter S. Jensen. 2003. "National Trends in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (6): 1071-77.
51. Olfson, Mark, Marc J. Gameroff, Steven C. Marcus, and Bruce D. Waslick. 2003. "Outpatient Treatment of Child and Adolescent Depression in the United States." Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (12): 1236-42.
52. Olfson, Mark, Steven C. Marcus, Myrna M. Weissman, and Peter S. Jensen. 2002. "National Trends in the Use of Psychotropic Medications by Children." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 (5): 514-21.
53. Olson, Ardis L., Kelly J. Kelleher, Kathi J. Kemper, Barry S. Zuckerman, Cristina S. Hammond, and Allen J. Dietrich. 2001. "Primary Care Pediatricians' Roles and Perceived Responsibilities in the Identification and Management of Depression in Children and Adolescents." Ambulatory Pediatrics 1 (2): 91-98.
54. Pearson, Linda. 2002. "Fourteenth Annual Legislative Update: How Each State Stands on Legislative Issues Affecting Advanced Nursing Practice." Nurse Practitioner 27 (1): 10-52.
55. Pottick, Kathleen J., Stephen Hansell, Jane E. Miller, and Diane M. Davis. 1999. "Factors Associated with Inpatient Length of Stay for Children and Adolescents with Serious Mental Illness." Social Work Research 23 (4): 213-25.
56. Pottick, Kathleen J., Lynn A. Warner, Mareasa Isaacs, Marilyn J. Henderson, Laura Milazzo-Sayre, and Ronald W. Manderscheid. 2004. "Children and Adolescents Admitted to Specialty Mental Health Care Programs in the United States, 1986 and 1997." 314-26 in Mental Health, United States, 2002, edited by Ronald W. Manderscheid and Marilyn J. Henderson. Publication no. SMA 04-3537. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
57. Pottick, Kathleen J., Lynn A. Warner, and Kevin A. Yoder. 2005. "Youths Living Away from Families in the U.S. Mental Health System: Opportunities for Targeted Intervention." Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 32 (3): 262-79.
58. Raudenbush, Stephen W., Anthony S. Bryk, Yuk Fai Cheong, and Richard T. Congdon. 2004. HLM 6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling. Computer program. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
59. Raudenbush, Stephen W., Meng-Li Yang, and Matheos Yosef. 2000. "Maximum Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models with Nested Random Effects via High-Order, Multivariate Laplace Approximation." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 9 (1): 141-57.
60. Research Triangle Institute. 2002. SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 8.0. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
61. Robison, Linda M., David A. Sclar, Tracy L. Skaer, and Richard S. Galin. 1999. "National Trends in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder and the Prescribing of Methylphenidate among School-Age Children: 1990-1995." Clinical Pediatrics 38 (4): 209-17.
62. Rosenau, Pauline Vaillancourt, and Stephen H. Linder. 2003. "Two Decades of Research Comparing For-Profit and Nonprofit Health Provider Performance in the United States." Social Science Quarterly 84 (2): 219-41.
63. Rosenfeld, Alvin A., Daniel J. Pilowsky, Paul Fine, Marilyn Thorpe, Edith Fein, Mark D. Simmons, Neal Halfron, et al. 1997. "Foster Care: An Update." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 (4): 448-57.
64. Rushton, Jerry L., and J. Timothy Whitmire. 2001. "Pediatric Stimulant and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Prescription Trends: 1992 to 1998.Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 155 (5): 560-65.
65. Safer, Daniel J. 1997. "Changing Patterns of Psychotropic Medications Prescribed by Child Psychiatrists in the 1990s." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 7 (4): 267-74.
66. Schlesinger, Mark, Robert A. Dorwart, and Sherrie S. Epstein. 1996. "Managed Care Constraints on Psychiatrists' Hospital Practices: Bargaining Power and Professional Autonomy." American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (2): 256-60.
67. Schmid, Hillel, and Ronit Nirel. 2004. "Ownership and Age in Nonprofit and For-Profit Home Care Organizations: What Makes the Difference?" Administration in Social Work 28 (3-4): 183-200.
68. Sclar, David A., Linda M. Robison, Tracy L. Skaer, and Richard S. Galin. 1998. "What Factors Influence the Prescribing of Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy? An Assessment of National Office-Based Encounters." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 28 (4): 407-19.
69. Shatin, Deborah, and Carol R. Drinkard. 2002. "Ambulatory Use of Psychotropics by Employer-Insured Children and Adolescents in a National Managed Care Organization." Ambulatory Pediatrics 2 (2): 111-19.
70. Shireman, Theresa I., Bridget M. Olson, and Naakesh A. Dewan. 2002. "Patterns of Antidepressant Use among Children and Adolescents." Psychiatric Services 53 (11): 1444-50.
71. Sleath, Betsy, and Ya-Chen Tina Shih. 2003. "Sociological Influences on Antidepressant Prescribing." Social Science and Medicine 56 (6): 1335-44.
72. Sosin, Michael R. 2001. "Service Intensity and Organizational Attributes: A Preliminary Inquiry." Administration and Policy in Mental Health 28 (5): 371-92.
73. Spencer, Christine S., Deborah Shelton, and Richard G. Frank. 1997. "The Market for Residential and Day Schools for Children with Severe Emotional Disturbance." Journal of Mental Health Administration 24 (1): 72-81.
74. Stroul, Beth A., Sheila A. Pires, Mary I. Armstrong, and Judith C. Meyers. 1998. "The Impact of Managed Care on Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families." Future of Children 8 (2): 119-33.
75. Stubbe, Dorothy E., and W. John Thomas. 2002. "A Survey of Early-Career Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists: Professional Activities and Perceptions." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 (2): 123-30.
76. Vitiello, Benedetto. 2001. "Psychopharmacology for Young Children: Clinical Needs and Research Opportunities." Pediatrics 108 (4): 983-89.
77. Warner, Lynn A., Kathleen J. Pottick, and Angela Mukherjee. 2004. "Use of Psychotropic Medications by Youths with Psychiatric Diagnoses in the U.S. Mental Health System." Psychiatric Services 55 (3): 309-11.
78. Wazana, Ashley. 2000. "Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry: Is a Gift Ever Just a Gift?" Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (3): 373-80.
79. Weisbrod, Burton A. 1997. "The Future of the Nonprofit Sector: Its Entwining with Private Enterprise and Government." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16 (4): 541-55.
80. Wheeler, John R. C., Huda Fadel, and Thomas A. D'Aunno. 1992. "Ownership and Performance of Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Centers." American Journal of Public Health 82 (5): 711-18.
81. Whitbeck, Les B., and Dan R. Hoyt. 1999. Nowhere to Grow: Homeless and Runaway Adolescents and Their Families. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
82. Wilens, Timothy E. 2004. Straight Talk about Psychiatric Medications for Kids. Rev. ed. New York: Guilford.
83. Woods, Scott W., Michelle C. Sullivan, Elizabeth C. Neuse, Esperanza Diaz, C. Bruce Baker, Steven H. Madonick, Ezra E. H. Griffith, and Jeanne L. Steiner. 2003. "Racial and Ethnic Effects on Antipsychotic Prescribing Practices in a Community Mental Health Center." Psychiatric Services 54 (2): 177-79.
84. Woodward, Christel A., and Jeremiah Hurley. 1995. "Comparison of Activity Level and Service Intensity of Male and Female Physicians in Five Fields of Medicine in Ontario." Canadian Medical Association Journal 153 (8): 1097-1106.
85. World Health Organization. 1980. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification: ICD-9-CM. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
86. Zima, Bonnie T., Regina Bussing, Gia M. Crecelius, Aaron Kaufman, and Thomas R. Belin. 1999a. "Psychotropic Medication Treatment Patterns among School-Aged Children in Foster Care." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 9 (3): 135-47.
87. Zima, Bonnie T., Regina Bussing, Gia M. Crecelius, Aaron Kaufman, and Thomas R. Belin. 1999b. "Psychotropic Medication Use among Children in Foster Care: Relationship to Severe Psychiatric Disorders." American Journal of Public Health 89 (11): 1732-5.
88. Zito, Julie Magno, Daniel J. Safer, Susan dosReis, James F. Gardner, Myde Boles, and Frances Lynch. 2000. "Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers." Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (8): 1025-30.
89. Zito, Julie Magno, Daniel J. Safer, Susan dosReis, James E. Gardner, Laurence S. Magder, Karen Soeken, Myde Boles, Frances Lynch, and Mark A. Riddle. 2003. "Psychotropic Practice Patterns for Youth: A 10-year Perspective." Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 157 (1): 17-25.
90. Zito, Julie Magno, Daniel J. Safer, Susan dosReis, James F. Gardner, Karen Soeken, Myde Boles, and Frances Lynch. 2002. "Rising Prevalence of Antidepressants among U.S. Youths." Pediatrics 109 (5): 721-27.
91. Zito, Julie Magno, Daniel J. Safer, Susan dosReis, Laurence S. Magder, and Mark A. Riddle. 1997. "Methylphenidate Patterns among Medicaid Youths." Psychapharmacology Bulletin 33 (1): 143-47.