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27644573059
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note
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2 (where T is absolute temperature). Near the surface, this would lead to roughly a 6% increase in water vapor mass per 1 K warming. In the upper troposphere, where temperatures are colder, the water vapor mass increases at roughly twice this rate (9).
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19
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27644536673
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note
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2; W = ∫wp dz, where p is the density of air and z is altitude, and the integration is performed from the surface to the top of the atmosphere.
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20
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27644497614
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note
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Model simulations are from the GFDL atmospheric GCM integrated with observed ocean SSTs; see (41) for a description of the atmospheric model and SST data set
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21
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27644515167
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See supporting data on Science Online
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See supporting data on Science Online.
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26
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27644580366
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note
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ω.
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29
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27644560925
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note
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We use an updated set of clear-sky radiances from HIRS as described in (32). Although there could be deficiencies in the cloud-screening methodology that might bias the observed T12, the most recent analysis of cirrus clouds from HIRS, using a method specifically designed to detect thin cirrus, indicates no discernible trend in high-level cloud cover over the period of record (43).
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30
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27644466269
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note
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To avoid uncertainties associated with the inversion of satellite-measured radiances into geophysical quantities, we input the GCM profiles of temperature and water vapor mixing ratio into a narrow-band radiative transfer model to simulate the T12 that the HIRS instrument would have observed under those conditions. The radiative transfer model used here is the HIRS Fast Forward Program (HFFP) (44).
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39
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24644467695
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published online 11 August 2005 (10.1126/science. 1114772)
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24644486491
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published online 11 August 2005 (10.1126/science.1114867)
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45
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27644510458
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Supported in part by the NOAA Office of Global Programs
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Supported in part by the NOAA Office of Global Programs.
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