Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with pharmacotherapy

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 131, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 785-795

  Mitte, Kristin ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cognitive behavior therapy; Drug therapy; Generalized anxiety disorder; Meta analysis

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG THERAPY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DRUG THERAPY; HUMANS;

EID: 26844509934     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.785     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Barlow, D. H., Cohen, A. S., Waddell, M. T., Vermilyea, B. B., Klosko, J. S., Blanchard, E. B., & DiNardo, P. A. (1984). Panic and generalized anxiety disorder: Nature and treatment. Behavior Therapy, 15, 431-449.
5. Barlow, D. H., Rapee, R. M., & Brown, T. A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 23, 551-570.
6. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.
7. Becker, B. J. (1988). Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 41, 257-278.
8. Begg, C. B. (1994). Publication bias. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 399-410). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
9. Biswas, A., Biswas, D., & Chattopadhyay, P. K. (1995). Cognitive behaviour therapy in generalised anxiety disorder. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 1-10.
10. Blowers, C., Cobb, J., & Mathews, A. (1987). Generalised anxiety: A controlled treatment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 493-502.
11. Borkovec, T. D., & Costello, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 611-619.
12. Borkovec, T. D., Mathews, A. M., Chambers, A., Ebrahimi, S., Lytle, R., & Nelson, R. (1987). The effects of relaxation training with cognitive or nondirective therapy and the role of relaxation-induced anxiety in the treatment of generalized anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 883-888.
13. Borkovec, T. D., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., & Lytle, R. (2002). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 288-298.
14. Bowman, D., Scogin, F., Floyd, M., Patton, E., & Gist, L. (1997). Efficacy of self-examination therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 267-273.
15. Brewin, C. R. (1996). Theoretical foundations of cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 33-57.
16. Butler, G., Cullington, A., Hibbert, G., Klimes, I., & Gelder, M. (1987). Anxiety management for persistent generalised anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 535-542.
17. Butler, G., Fennell, M., Robson, P., & Gelder, M. (1991). Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 167-175.
18. Cragan, M. K., & Deffenbacher, J. L. (1984). Anxiety management training and relaxation as self-control in the treatment of generalized anxiety in medical outpatients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 123-131.
19. Crits-Christoph, P. (1997, September 22). Control groups in psychotherapy research revisited. Treatment, 1, Comment 1. Available from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume1/97_c1-97_a1.html
20. Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel plot based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 50, 455-463.
21. Erez, A., Bloom, M. C., & Wells, M. T. (1995). On a proper meta-analytic model for correlations (Working Paper No. 95-11). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
22. Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
23. Gaffan, E. A., Tsaousis, J., & Kemp-Wheeler, S. M. (1995). Researcher allegiance and meta-analysis: The case of cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 966-980.
24. Gleser, L. J., & Olkin, I. (1994). Stochastically dependent effect sizes. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 340-355). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
25. Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (1995). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for panic disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 819-844.
26. Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., & Yap, L. (1997). Cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 28, 285-305.
27. Haddock, C. K., Rindskopf, D., & Shadish, W. R. (1998). Using odds ratio as effect sizes for meta-analysis of dichotomous data: A primer on methods and issues. Psychological Methods, 3, 339-353.
28. Hamilton, M. C. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50-55.
29. Hamilton, M. C. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
30. Harwell, M. (1997). An empirical study of Hedges's homogeneity test. Psychological Methods, 2, 219-231.
31. Hedges, L. V. (1994). Fixed effects models. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 285-299). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
32. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
33. Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998). Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 3, 486-504.
34. Heimberg, R. G. (1997, September 22). The use of pill placebo as a control strategy in the evaluation of psychotherapy: Reply to Klein. Treatment, 1, Comment 2. Available from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume1/97_c2- 97_a1.html
35. Heinsman, D. T., & Shadish, W. R. (1996). Assignment methods in experimentation: When do nonrandomized experiments approximate answers from randomized experiments? Psychological Methods, 1, 154-169.
36. Hollister, L. E., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Rickels, K., & Shader, R. I. (1993). Clinical uses of benzodiazepines. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 1S-169S.
37. Hunter, J. E. & Schmidt, F. L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38. Jannoun, L., Oppenheimer, C., & Gelder, M. (1982). A self-help treatment program for anxiety state patients. Behavior Therapy, 13, 103-111.
39. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
40. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., Barber, C., & Wang, P. (2001). The association between chronic medical conditions and work impairment. In A. S. Rossi (Ed.), Caring and doing for others: Social responsibility in the domain of the family, work, and community (pp. 403-426). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Kirsch, I., & Sapirstein, G. (1998). Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: A meta-analysis of antidepressant medication. Prevention & Treatment, 1, Article 0002a. Retrieved May 18, 2001, from http://journals.apa. org/prevention/volume1/pre0010002a.html
42. Klein, D. F. (1997, September 22). Control groups in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy evaluations. Treatment, 1, Article 1. Available from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume1/97_a1.html
43. Kohli, A., Nehra, V., & Nehra, R. (2000). Comparison of efficacy of psychorelaxation and pharmacotherapy in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 16, 43-48.
44. Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., Léger, E., Gagnon, F., & Thibodeau, N. (2000). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 957-964.
45. Lambert, M. J., & Hill, C. (1994). Assessing psychotherapy outcomes and processes. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behaviour change (pp. 72-113). New York: Wiley.
46. Linden, M., Bär, T., Zubrägel, D., Ahrens, B., & Schlattmann, P. (2002). Wirksamkeit der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie bei generalisierten Angsterkrankungen. Ergebnisse der Berliner KVT-GAD-Studie [Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders - Results of the Berlin GAD-KVT Study]. Verhaltenstherapie, 12, 173-181.
47. Lindsay, W. R., Gamsu, C. V., McLaughlin, E., Hood, E. M., & Espie, C. A. (1987). A controlled trial of treatments for generalized anxiety. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 3-15.
48. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993). The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment. American Psychologist, 18, 1181-1209.
49. Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.
50. Mitte, K., Noack, P., Steil, R., & Hautzinger, M. (2005). A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of drug treatment in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, 141-150.
51. Overton, R. C. (1998). A comparison of fixed-effects and mixed (random effects) models for meta-analysis tests of moderator variable effects. Psychological Methods, 3, 354-379.
52. Power, K. G., Jerrom, D. W. A., Simpson, R. J., Mitchell, M. J., & Swanson, V. (1989). A controlled comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy, diazepam and placebo in the treatment of generalized anxiety. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 17, 1-14.
53. Power, K. G., Simpson, R. J., Swanson, V., & Wallace, L. A. (1990). A controlled comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy, diazepam, and placebo, alone and in combination, for the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 267-292.
54. Raudenbush, S. W. (1994). Random effects models. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 301-321). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
55. Ray, J. W., & Shadish, W. R. (1996). How interchangeable are different estimators of effect size? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1316-1325.
56. Rice, K. M., Blanchard, E. B., & Purcell, M. (1993). Biofeedback treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary results. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 18, 93-105.
57. Rickels, K., & Rynn, M. A. (2001). What is generalized anxiety disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl. 11), 4-12.
58. Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Integrating mindfulness/ acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 54-68.
59. Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 232-234). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
60. Sarkar, P., Rathee, S. P., & Neera, N. (1999). Comparative efficacy of pharmacotherapy and biofeedback among cases of generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 6, 69-77.
61. Shadish, W. R., & Haddock, C. K. (1994). Combining estimates of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 261-281). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
62. Shadish, W. R., & Ragsdale, K. (1996). Random versus non-random assignment in controlled experiments: Do you get the same answer? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 4, 1290-1303.
63. Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
64. Stevens, S. E., Hynan, M. T., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of common factor and specific treatment effects across the outcome domains of the phase model of psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 273-290.
65. Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. New York: Wiley.
66. White, J., Keenan, M., & Brooks, N. (1992). Stress control: A controlled comparative investigation of large group therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 20, 97-114.
67. Wittchen, H.-U., Zhao, S., Kessler, R. C., & Eaton, W. W. (1994). DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 355-364.
68. Woods, J. H., Katz, J. L., & Winger, G. (1992). Benzodiazepines: Use, abuse, and consequences. Pharmacology Review, 44, 151-347.
69. Woodward, R., & Jones, R. B. (1980). Cognitive restructuring treatment: A controlled trial with anxious patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 401-407.