Relict subduction zones in Canada

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 110, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1-17

  van der Velden, Arie J ^a   Cook, Frederick A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEEP SEISMIC SOUNDING; PLATE TECTONICS; SUBDUCTION ZONE;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 26844488820     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004JB003333     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Abramovitz, T., H. Thybo, and Mona Lisa Working Group (1998), Seismic structure across the Caledonian deformation front along Mona Lisa profile 1 in the southeastern North Sea, Tectonophysics, 288, 153-176.
2. Alsdorf, D., L. Brown, K. D. Nelson, Y. Makovsky, S. Klemperer, and W. Zhao (1998), Crustal deformation of the Lhasa terrane, Tibet Plateau from project INDEPTH deep seismic reflection profiles, Tectonics, 17, 501-519.
3. ANCORP Working Group (1999), Seismic reflection image revealing offset of Andean subduction-zone earthquake locations into oceanic mantle, Nature, 397, 341-344.
4. ANCORP Working Group (2003), Seismic imaging of a convergent continental margin and plateau in the central Andes (Andean Continental Research Project 1996 (ANCORP'96)), J. Geophys. Res., 108(B7), 2328, doi:10.1029/ 2002JB001771.
5. Ansdell, K., S. B. Lucas, K. Connors, and R. Stern (1995), Kisseynew metasedimentary gneiss belt, Trans-Hudson orogen (Canada): Back-arc origin and collisional inversion, Geology, 23, 1039-1043.
6. Ayarza, P., J. R. Martínez Catalán, J. Alvarez-Marrón, H. Zeyen, and C. Juhlin (2004), Geophysical constraints on the deep structure of a limited ocean-continerit subduction zone at the North Iberian Margin, Tectonics, 23, TC1010, doi:10.1029/2002TC001487.
7. Babel Working Group (1990), Evidence for Early Proterozoic plate tectonics from seismic reflection profiles in the Baltic Shield, Nature, 348, 34-38.
8. Baird, D. J., J. H. Knapp, D. N. Steer, L. D. Brown, and K. D. Nelson (1995), Upper-mantle reflectivity beneath the Williston basin, phase-change Moho, and the origin of intracratonic basins, Geology, 23, 431-434.
9. Beaumont, C., and G. Quinlan (1994), A geodynamic framework for interpreting crustal-scale seismic-reflectivity patterns in compressional orogens, Geophys. J. Int., 116, 754-783.
10. Bellefleur, G., A. J. Calvert, and M. C. Chouteau (1997), A link between deformation history and the orientation of reflective structures in the 2.68-2.83 Ga Opatica belt of the Canadian Superior Province, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,243-15,257.
11. Bird, P., and J. Baumgardner (1981), Steady propagation of delamination events, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 4891-4903.
12. Bleeker, W. (2002), Archaean tectonics: A review, with illustrations from the Slave craton, in The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development, edited by C. M. R. Fowler, C. J. Ebinger, and C. J. Hawkesworth, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 199, 151-181.
13. Bleeker, W., J. W. F. Ketchum, and W. J. Davis (1999), The Central Slave Basement Complex, part 2: Age and tectonic significance of high-strain zones along the basement-cover contact, Can. J. Earth Sci., 36, 1111-1130.
14. Calvert, A. J., and J. N. Ludden (1999), Archean continental assembly in the southeastern Superior Province in Canada, Tectonics, 18, 412-429.
15. Calvert, A. J., E. W. Sawyer, W. J. Davis, and J. N. Ludden (1995), Archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the Superior Province, Nature, 375, 670-674.
16. Card, K. D. (1990), A review of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, a product of Archean accretion, Precambrian Res., 48, 99-156.
17. Cassidy, J. F., and F. Waldhauser (2003), Evidence for both crustal and mantle earthquakes in the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(2), 1095, doi:10.1029/2002GL015511.
18. Cawood, P. A., and J. A. M. van Gool (1998), Geology of the Corner Brook-Grand Lake region, Newfoundland, Geol. Surv. Can., 427.
19. Choukroune, P., and ECORS Team (1989), The ECORS deep seismic profile reflection data and the overall structure of an orogenic belt, Tectonics, 8, 23-39.
20. Clowes, R., and E. R. Kanasewich (1972), Digital filtering of deep crustal seismic reflections, Can. J. Earth Sci., 9, 434-451.
21. Clowes, R. M., M. T. Brandon, A. G. Green, C. J. Yorath, A. Sutherland Brown, E. R. Kanasewich, and C. Spencer (1987), Lithoprobe - Southern Vancouver Island: Cenozoic subduction complex imaged by deep seismic reflections, Can. J. Earth Sci., 24, 31-51.
22. Clowes, R. M., C. A. Zelt, J. R. Amor, and R. M. Ellis (1995), Lithospheric structure in the southern Canadian Cordillera from a network of seismic refraction lines, Can. J. Earth Sci., 32, 1485-1513.
23. Clowes, R. M., D. J. Baird, and S. A. Dehler (1997), Crustal structure of the Cascadia subduction zone, southwestern British Columbia, from potential field and seismic studies, Can. J. Earth Sci., 34, 317-335.,
24. Cook, F. A. (2002), Fine structure of the continental reflection Moho, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 64-79.
25. Cook, F. A., and J. L. Varsek (1994), Orogen-scale detachments, Rev. Geophys., 32, 37-60.
26. Cook, F. A., and K. Vasudevan (2003), Are there relict crustal fragments beneath the Moho?, Tectonics, 22(3), 1026, doi:10.1029/2001TC001341.
27. Cook, F. A., A. J. van der Velden, K. W. Hall, and B. J. Roberts (1999), Frozen subduction in Canada's Northwest Territories: Lithoprobe deep seismic reflection profiling of the western Canadian shield, Tectonics, 18, 1-24.
28. Cook, F. A., R. M. Clowes, D. B. Snyder, A. J. van der Velden, K. W. Hall, P. Erdmer, and C. Evenchick (2004), Precambrian crust and lithosphere beneath the northern Canadian Cordillera discovered by Lithoprobe seismic reflection profiling, Tectonics, 23, TC2010, doi:10.1029/2002TC001412.
29. Corfu, F., and D. Stone (1998), Age, structure, and orogenic significance of the Berens River composite batholiths, western Superior Province, Can. J. Earth Sci., 35, 1089-1109.
30. Davis, E. E., and R. D. Hyndman (1989), Accretion and recent deformation of sediments along the northern Cascadia subduction zone, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 101, 1465-1480.
31. Davis, W. J., and E. Hegner (1992), Neodynium isotopic evidence for the tectonic assembly of Late Archean crust in the Slave Province, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 111, 493-504.
32. Dekorp-Basin Research Group (1999), Deep crustal structure of the northeast German basin: New Dekorp-Basin '96 deep-profiling results, Geology, 27, 55-58.
33. de Wit, M. (1998), On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: Does the evidence demand a verdict?, Precambrian Res, 91, 181-226.
34. de Wit, M., and J. Tinker (2004), Crustal structures across the central Kaapvaal craton from deep-seismic reflection data, S. Afr. J. Geol., 107, 185-206.
35. Drummond, B. J., B. R. Goleby, and C. P. Swager (2000), Crustal signature of Late Archean tectonic episodes in the Yilgarn craton, Western Australia: Evidence from deep seismic sounding, Tectonophysics, 329, 193-221.
36. Eaton, D. W., and J. F. Cassidy (1996), A relic Proterozoic subduction zone in western Canada: Evidence from seismic reflection and receiver function data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3791-3794.
37. Eaton, D. W., G. M. Ross, and R. M. Clowes (1999), Seismic-reflection and potential-field studies of the Vulcan structure, western Canada: A Paleoproterozoic Pyrenees?, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,255-23,269.
38. Eaton, D. W., G. M. Ross, F. A. Cook, and A. van der Velden (2000), Seismic imaging of the upper mantle beneath the Rocky Mountain foreland, southwestern Alberta, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 1493-1507.
39. Ellis, S., C. Beaumont, R. A. Jamieson, and G. Quinlan (1998), Continental collision including a weak zone: The vise model and its application to the Newfoundland Appalachians, Can. J. Earth Sci., 35, 1323-1346.
40. Engebretson, D. C., K. P. Kelley, H. J. Cashman, and M. A. Richards (1992), 180 million years of subduction, GSA Today, 2, 94-95.
41. Fernandez-Viejo, G., and R. M. Clowes (2003), Lithospheric structure beneath the Archearl Slave Province and Proterozoic Wopmay orogen, northwestern Canada, from a Lithoprobe refraction-wide-angle reflection survey, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 1-19.
42. Folinsbee, R. E., H. Baadsgaard, G. L. Cumming, and D. C. Green (1968), A very ancient island arc, in The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 12, edited by L. Knopoff, C. L. Drake, and P. J. Hart, pp. 441-448, AGU, Washington, D. C.
43. Gandhi, S. S., J. K. Mortensen, N. Prasad, and O. van Breemen (2001), Magmatic evolution of the southern Great Bear continental arc, northwestern Canadian Shield: Geochronological constraints, Can. J. Earth Sci., 38, 767-785.
44. Goleby, B. R., R. S. Blewett, R. J. Rorsch, D. C. Champion, K. F. Cassidy, L. E. A. Jones, P. B. Groenewald, and P. Henson (2004), Deep seismic reflection profiling in the Archean northeastern Yilgarn craton, Western Australia: Implications for crustal architecture and mineral potential, Tectonophysics, 388, 119-133, doi:10.1016/jtecto.2004.04.032.
45. Gordon, T. M., P. A. Hunt, A. H. Bailes, and E. C. Syme (1990), U-Pb ages from the Flin Flon and Kisseynew belts, Manitoba: Chronology of crust formation at an Early Proterozoic accretionary margin, in The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen of North America, edited by J. F. Lewry and M. R. Stauffer, Spec. Pap. Geol. Assoc. Can., 37, 177-199.
46. Gorman, A. R., et al. (2002), Deep Probe: Imaging the roots of western North America, Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 375-398.
47. Haeussler, P. J., D. C. Bradley, R. E. Wells, and M. L. Miller (2003), Life and death of the Resurrection Plate: Evidence for its existence and subduction in the northeastern Pacific in Paleocene-Eocene time, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 867-880.
48. Hall, J., F. Marillier, and S. Dehler (1998), Geophysical studies of the structure of the Appalachian orogen in the Atlantic borderlands of Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 35, 1205-1221.
49. Hamilton, W. B. (1988), Plate tectonics and island arcs, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 1503-1527.
50. Hamilton, W. B. (1998), Archean magmatism and deformation were not products of plate tectonics, Precambrian Res., 91, 143-179.
51. Hauck, M. L., K. D. Nelson, L. D. Brown, W. Zhao, and A. R. Ross (1998), Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at ∼90° east longitude from project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles, Tectonics, 17, 481-500.
52. Helmstaedt, H., and D. Schulze (1986), Southern African kimberlites and their mantle sample: Implications for Archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution, in Kimberlites and Related Rocks, edited by J. Ross, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Aust., 14, 358-368,
53. Hildebrand, R. S., S. A. Bowring, M. E. Steer, and W. R. van Schmus (1983), Geology and U-Pb geochronology of parts of the Leith Peninsula and Riviere Grandin map areas, District of Mackenzie, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 83-1A, 329-342.
54. Hildebrand, R. S., P. F. Hoffman, and S. A. Bowring (1987), Tectonomagmatic development of the Great Bear magmatic arc, northwestern Canadian Shield, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 32, 99-118.
55. Hoffman, P. F. (1988), United plates of America, the birth of a craton: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 543-603.
56. Hoffman, P. F. (1990), On accretion of granite-greenstone terranes, in Proceedings, NUNA Conference Volume on Greenstone Gold and Crustal Evolution, edited by F. Robert and P. A. Sheaban, pp. 32-45, Geol. Assoc. of Can., St. Johns, Newfoundland.
57. Hoffman, P. F., and S. A. Bowring (1984), Short-lived 1.9 Ga continental margin and its destruction, Wopmay orogen, northwest Canada, Geology, 12, 68-72.
58. Hole, J. A., B. C. Beaudoin, and T. J. Henstock (1998), Wide-angle seismic constraints on the evolution of the deep San Andreas plate boundary by Mendocino triple junction migration, Tectonics, 17, 802-818.
59. Hollings, P., and K. Ansdell (2002), Paleoproterozoic arc magmatism imposed on an older backarc basin: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Trans-Hudson orogen, Canada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 153-168.
60. Hynes, A., and D. B. Snyder (1995), Deep-crustal assemblages and potential for crustal rocks beneath the Moho in the Scottish Caledonides, Geophys. J. Int., 123, 323-339.
61. Isacks, B. L., and M. Barazangi (1977), Geometry of Benioff zones: Lateral segmentation and downwards bending of the subducted lithosphere, in Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches and Back-Arc Basins, Maurice Ewing Ser., vol. 1, edited by M. Talwani and W. C. Pitman III, pp. 99-114, AGU, Washington, D. C.
62. Kröner, A. (1981), Precambrian plate tectonics, Precambrian Geol., 4, 57-90.
63. Kusky, T. M. (1989), Accretion of the Archean Slave Province, Geology, 17, 63-67.
64. Lambert, M. B. (1974), The Bennett Lake cauldron subsidence complex, British Columbia and Yukon Territory, Bull. Geol. Surv. Can., 227, 213 pp.
65. Langford, F. F., and J. A. Morin (1976), The development of the Superior Province by merging island arcs, Am. J. Sci., 276, 1023-1034.
66. Mazzotti, S., H. Dragert, J. Henton, M. Schmidt, R. Hyndman, T. James, Y. Lu, and M. Craymer (2003), Current tectonics of northern Cascadia from a decade of GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B12), 2554, doi:10.1029/2003JB002653.
67. McBride, J. H., D. B. Snyder, M. P. Tate, R. W. England, and R. W. Hobbs (1995), Upper mantle reflector structure and origin beneath the Scottish Caledonides, Tectonics, 14, 1351-1367.
68. Moore, V M., and D. V. Wiltschko (2004), Syncollisional delamination and tectonic wedge development in convergent orogens, Tectonics, 23, TC2005, doi:10.1029/2002TC001430.
69. Morris, G. A., and R. A. Creaser (2003), Crustal recycling during subduction at the Eocene Cordilleran margin of North America: A petrogenetic study from the southwestern Yukon, Can. J. Earth Sci., 40, 1805-1821.
70. Nelson, J. L. (1993), The Sylvester allochthon: Upper Paleozoic marginal-basin and island-arc terranes in northern British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 30, 631-643.
71. Nelson, K. D. (1992), Are crustal thickness variations in old mountain belts like the Appalachians a consequence of lithospheric delamination?, Geology, 20, 498-502.
72. Nelson, K. D., et al. (1996), Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: Synthesis of project INDEPTH results, Science, 274, 1684-1688.
73. Oldow, J. S., A. W. Bally, and H. G. Ave-Lallement (1990), Transpression, orogenic float, and lithospheric balance, Geology, 18, 991-994.
74. Oxburgh, E. R. (1972), Flake tectonics and continental collision, Nature, 239, 202-204.
75. Percival, J. A., R. A. Stern, T. Skulski, K. D. Card, J. K. Mortensen, and N. J. Begin (1994), Minto block, Superior Province: Missing link in deciphering assembly of the craton at 2.7 Ga, Geology, 22, 839-842.
76. Pfiffner, O. A., W. Frei, P. Valasek, M. Stauble, L. Levato, L. Dubois, S. M. Schmid, and S. B. Smithson (1990), Crustal shortening in the Alpine orogen: Results from deep seismic reflection profiling in the eastern Swiss Alps, line NFP-20-east, Tectonics, 9, 1327-1355.
77. Plafker, G., J. C. Moore, and G. R. Winkler (1994), Geology of the southern Alaska margin, in The Geology of North America, vol. G-1, The Geology of Alaska, edited by G. Plafker and H. C. Berg, pp. 389-449 Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
78. Platt, J., and P. England (1994), Convective removal of lithosphere beneath mountain belts: Thermal and mechanical consequences, Am. J. Sci., 294, 307-336.
79. Relf, C., H. A. Sandeman, and M. E. Villeneuve (1999), Tectonic and thermal history of the Anialik River area, northwestern Slave Province, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 36, 1207-1226.
80. Reston, T. J. (1990), Mantle shear zones and the evolution of the North Sea basin, Geology, 18, 272-275.
81. Rogers, G. C., and R. B. Horner (1991), An overview of western Canadian seismicity, in Neotectonics of North America, Decade map, vol. 1, edited by D. D. Slemmons, pp. 127-130, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
82. Ross, G. M. (2002), Evolution of Precambrian continental lithosphere in western Canada: Results from Lithoprobe studies in Alberta and beyond, Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 413-437.
83. Ross, G. M., R. R. Parrish, M. E. Villeneuve, and S. A. Bowring (1991), Geophysics and geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta Basin, western Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 512-522.
84. Ross, G. M., B. Milkereit, D. Eaton, D. White, E. R. Kanasewich, and M. J. A. Burianyk (1995), Paleoproterozoic collisional orogen beneath the western Canada sedimentary basin imaged by Lithoprobe crustal seismic-reflection data, Geology, 23, 195-199.
85. Sawyer, E. W., and K. Benn (1993), Structure of the high-grade Opatica Belt and adjacent low-grade Abitibi Subprovince, Canada: An Archaean mountain front, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 1443-1458.
86. Smythe, D. K., A. Dobinson, R. McQuillan, J. A. Brewer, D. H. Matthews, D. J. Blundell, and B. Kelk (1982), Deep structure of the Scottish Caledonides revealed by the MOIST reflection profile, Nature, 299, 338-340.
87. Snyder, D. B. (1990), Reflections from a relic Moho in Scotland?, in Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Geodyn. Ser, vol. 22, edited by R. Meissner, pp. 307-313, AGU, Washington, D. C.
88. Snyder, D. B., and C. A. Flack (1990), A Caledonian age for reflectors within the mantle lithosphere north and west of Scotland, Tectonics, 9, 903-922.
89. Souther, J. G. (1991), Volcanic regimes, in The Geology of Canada, vol. G-2, Geology of the Cordilleran Orogen in Canada, edited by H. Gabrielse and C. J. Yorath, pp. 457-490, Geol. Surv. of Can., Ottawa.
90. Steer, D. N., J. H. Knapp, L. D. Brown, H. P. Echtler, D. L. Brown, and R. Berzin (1998), Deep structure of the continental lithosphere in an unextended orogen: An explosive-source seismic reflection profile in the Urals (Urals Seismic Experiment and Integrated Studies (URSEIS 1995)), Tectonics, 17, 143-157.
91. Stern, R. J. (2002), Subduction zones, Rev. Geophys., 40(4), 1012, doi:10.1029/2001RG000108.
92. Talbot, C. J. (1973), A plate tectonic model for the Archean crust, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 273, 413-427.
93. Teixell, A. (1998), Crustal structure and orogenic material budget in the west central Pyrenees, Tectonics, 17, 395-406.
94. van der Velden, A. J., and F. A. Cook (1999), Proterozoic and Cenozoic subduction complexes: A comparison of geometric features, Tectonics, 18, 575-581.
95. van der Velden, A. J., and F. A. Cook (2002), Products of 2.65-2.58 Ga orogenesis in the Slave Province correlated with Slave-Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) seismic reflection patterns, Can. J. Earth Sci., 38, 1189-1200.
96. van der Velden, A. J., C. R. van Staal, and F. A. Cook (2004), Crustal structure, fossil subduction, and the tectonic evolution of the Newfoundland Appalachians: Evidence from a reprocessed seismic reflection survey, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116, 1485-1498, doi:10.1130/ B25518.1.
97. van Staal, C. R. (1994), Brunswick subduction complex in the Canadian Appalachians: Record of the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian collision between Laurentia and the Gander margin of Avalon, Tectonics, 13, 946-962.
98. van Staal, C. R., J. F. Dewey, C. Mac Niocaill, and W. S. McKerrow (1998), The Cambrian-Silurian tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachians and British Caledonides: History of a complex, west and southwest Pacific-type segment of Iapetus, in The Past is the Key to the Present, edited by D. J. Blundell and A. C. Scott, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 143, 199-242.
99. Varsek, J. L., F. A. Cook, R. M. Clowes, J. M. Journey, J. W. H. Monger, R. R. Parrish, F. R. Kanasewich, and C. S. Spencer (1993), Lithoprobe crustal reflection structure of southern Canadian Cordillera: 2. Coast Mountains transect, Tectonics, 12, 334-360.
100. Villeneuve, M. E., R. J. Theriault, and G. M. Ross (1991), U-Pb ages and Sm-Nd signature of two subsurface granites from the Fort Simpson magnetic high, northwest Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1003-1008.
101. Villeneuve, M. E., G. M. Ross, R. J. Theriault, W. Miles, R. R. Parrish, and J. Broome (1993), Tectonic subdivision and U-Pb geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta basin, western Canada, Bull. Geol. Surv. Can., 447.
102. Warner, M. R., and S. McGeary (1987), Seismic reflection coefficients from mantle fault zones, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 89, 223-230.
103. Warner, M. R., J. Morgan, P. Barton, P. Morgan, C. Price, and K. Jones (1996), Seismic reflections from the mantle represent relict subduction zones within the continental lithosphere, Geology, 24, 39-42.
104. Whalen, J. B. (1989), The Topsails igneous suite, western Newfoundland: An Early Silurian subduction-related magmatic suite?, Can. J. Earth Sci., 26, 2421-2434.
105. Whalen, J. B., G. A. Jenner, F. J. Longstaffe, C. Gariepy, and B. Fryer (1997), Implications of granitoid geochemical and isotopic (Nd, O, Pb) data from the Cambrian-Ordovician Notre Dame arc for the evolution of the Central Mobile Belt, in The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogen, edited by A. Sinha et al., Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 191, 367-395.
106. Whalen, J., V. McNicoll, and C. R. van Staal (2003), Plutonic; geochemical and isotopic evidence for transition from arc (c. 489-435 Ma) to within plate (c. 430 Ma) magmatism within the Notre Dame arc, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr Programs, 38, 33.
107. White, D. J., H. V. Zwanzig, and Z. Hajnal (2000), Crustal suture preserved in the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen, Canada, Geology, 28, 527-530.
108. White, D. J., G. Musacchio, H. H. Helmstaedt, R. M. Harrap, P. C. Thurston, A. van der Velden, and K. Hall (2003), Images of a lower-crustal oceanic slab: Direct evidence for tectonic accretion in the Archean western Superior Province, Geology, 31, 997-1000.
109. Williams, H. (1979), Appalachian orogen in Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 16, 530-536.
110. Williams, H. R. (1990), Subprovince accretion tectonics in the south-central Superior Province, Can. J. Earth Sci., 27, 570-581.
111. Winardhi, S., and R. F. Mereu (1997), Crustal velocity structure of the Superior and Grenville provinces of the southeastern Canadian Shield, Can. J. Earth Sci., 34, 1167-1184.
112. Zagorevski, A., N. Rogers, and C. R. van Staal (2003), Tectonostratigraphic relationships in the Lloyds River and Tulks Brook region of central Newfoundland: A geological link between Red Indian and King George IV lakes, Current Res. Rep. 03-1, pp. 167-178, Newfoundland Dep. of Mines and Energy, St. Johns.
113. Zhao, D., A. Hasegawa, and S. Horiuchi (1992), Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19,909-19,928.
114. Zhao, D., K. Wang, G. C. Rogers, and S. M. Peacock (2001), Tomographic image of low P velocity anomalies above slab in northern Cascadia subduction zone, Earth, Planets Space, 53, 285-293.