Domestic political vulnerability and international disputes

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 814-834

  Leeds, Brett Ashley ^a   Davis, David R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031286361     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002797041006005     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Alt, James E., and K. Alec Chrystal. 1983. Political economics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2. Blechman, Barry and Stephen Kaplan. 1978. Force Without War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
3. Brace, Paul, and Barbara Hinckley. 1991. The structure of presidential approval: Constraints within and across presidencies. Journal of Politics 53:993-1017.
4. Brecher, Michael, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, and Sheila Moser. 1988. Crises in the Twentieth Century, Volume I: Handbook of International Crises. Oxford: Pergamon.
5. Brody, Richard. 1984. International crises: A rallying point for the president? Public Opinion 6:41-43, 60.
6. Brody, Richard A., and Benjamin I. Page. 1975. The impact of events on presidential popularity: The Johnson and Nixon administrations. In Perspectives on the presidency, edited by Aaron Wildavsky, 136-47. Boston: Little, Brown.
7. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James D. Morrow, and Ethan R. Zorick. 1997. Capabilities, perception, and escalation. American Political Science Review 91:15-27.
8. Coser, Lewis A. 1956. The functions of social conflict. New York: Free Press.
9. DeRouen, Karl R. 1995. The indirect link: Politics, the economy, and the use of force. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:671-95.
10. Downs, George W., and David M. Rocke. 1995. Optimal imperfection? Domestic uncertainty and institutions in international relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. Fearon, James D. 1994. Signaling versus the balance of power and interests. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38:236-69.
12. Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor. 1991. Election cycles and war. Journal of Conflict Resolution 35:212-44.
13. Gelpi, Christopher. 1997. Democratic diversions: Government structure and the externalization of domestic conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41:255-82.
14. Gochman, C., and Z. Maoz. 1984. Militarized international disputes, 1816-1976. Journal of Conflict Resolution 28:585-615.
15. James, Patrick, and Athanasios Hristoulas. 1994. Domestic politics and foreign policy: Evaluating a model of crisis activity for the United States. Journal of Politics 56:327-48.
16. James, Patrick, and John R. Oneal. 1991. The influence of domestic and international politics on the president's use of force. Journal of Conflict Resolution 35:307-32.
17. Jones, Daniel M., Stuart A. Bremer, and J. David Singer. 1996. Militarized interstate disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, coding rules, and empirical patterns. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15:163-213.
18. Kernell, Samuel. 1978. Explaining presidential popularity. American Political Science Review 72:506-22.
19. Levy, Jack S. 1989. The diversionary theory of war: A critique. In Handbook of war studies, edited by Manus I. Midlarsky, 259-88. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
20. Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1990. Economics and elections: The major Western democracies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
21. Lian, Bradley, and John R. Oneal. 1993. Presidents, the use of military force, and public opinion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 37:277-300.
22. Lindsay, James M., Lois W. Sayrs, and Wayne P. Steger. 1992. The determinants of presidential foreign policy choice. American Politics Quarterly 20:3-25.
23. Mackie, Thomas T., and Richard Rose. 1991. The international almanac of electoral history. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
24. MacKuen, Michael B. 1983. Political drama, economic conditions, and the dynamics of presidential popularity. American Journal of Political Science 27:165-92.
25. Maoz, Zeev, and Bruce Russett. 1993. Normative and structural causes of democratic peace, 1946-1986. American Political Science Review 87:624-38.
26. Meernik, James. 1994. Presidential decision making and the political use of military force. International Studies Quarterly 38:121-38.
27. Meernik, James, and Peter Waterman. 1996. The myth of the diversionary use of force by American presidents. Political Research Quarterly 49:573-90.
28. Miller, Ross A. 1995. Domestic structures and the diversionary use of force. American Journal of Political Science 39:760-85.
29. Morgan, T. Clifton, and Kenneth N. Bickers. 1992. Domestic discontent and the external use of force. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36:25-52.
30. Morrow, James D. 1989. Capabilities, uncertainty and resolve: A limited information model of crisis bargaining. American Journal of Political Science 33:941-72.
31. Most, Benjamin A., and Harvey Starr. 1989. Inquiry, logic, and international politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
32. Mueller, John E. 1970. Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. American Political Science Review 64:18-34.
33. Nincic, Miroslav. 1990. U.S. Soviet policy and the electoral connection. World Politics 42:370-96.
34. Nincic, Miroslav, and Barbara Hinckley. 1991. Foreign policy and the evaluation of presidential candidates. Journal of Conflict Resolution 35:333-55.
35. Ostrom, Charles W., and Brian L. Job. 1986. The president and the political use of force. American Political Science Review 80:541-63.
36. Ostrom, Charles W., and Dennis M. Simon. 1985. Promise and performance: A dynamic model of presidential popularity. American Political Science Review 79:334-58.
37. Richards, Diana, T. Clifton Morgan, Rick K. Wilson, Valerie L. Schwebach, and Garry D. Young. 1993. Good times, bad times, and the diversionary use of force. Journal of Conflict Resolution 37:504-35.
38. Rummel, R. J. 1963. Dimensions of conflict behavior within and between nations. General Systems Yearbook. Reprinted in Conflict behavior and linkage politics, edited by J. Wilkenfeld, 59-106. New York: David McKay.
39. Russett, Bruce. 1990a. Controlling the sword: The democratic governance of national security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. -. 1990b. Economic decline, electoral pressure, and the initiation of interstate conflict. In Prisoners of war? Nation-states in the modern era, edited by Charles S. Gochman and Alan Ned Sabrosky, 123-40. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
41. Russett, Bruce, and Gad Barzilai. 1992. The political economy of military actions: The United States and Israel. In The political economy of military spending in the United States, edited by Alex Mintz, 155-81. New York: Routledge.
42. Simmel, Georg. 1955. Conflict and the web of group affiliations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
43. Smith, Alastair. 1996. Diversionary foreign policy in democratic systems. International Studies Quarterly 40:133-53
44. Stein, Arthur A. 1976. Conflict and cohesion: A review of the literature. Journal of Conflict Resolution 20:143-65.
45. Stohl, Michael. 1980. The nexus of civil and international conflict. In Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research, edited by Ted Robert Gurr, 297-330. New York: Free Press.
46. Stoll, Richard J. 1984. The guns of November: Presidential reelections and the use of force, 1947-1982. Journal of Conflict Resolution 28:231-46.
47. Summers, Robert, and Alan Heston. 1988. A new set of comparisons of real product and prices. Review of Income and Wealth 34:1-26.
48. Tanter, Raymond. 1966. Dimensions of conflict behavior within and between nations, 1958-1960. Journal of Conflict Resolution 10:41-64.
49. Tufte, Edward R. 1978. Political control of the economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50. Wang, Kevin H. 1996. Presidential responses to foreign policy crises. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40:68-97.
51. Wilkenfeld, J. 1969. Some further findings regarding the domestic and foreign conflict behavior of nations. Journal of Peace Research 7:147-56.
52. Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Michael Brecher, and Sheila Moser. 1988. Crises in the Twentieth Century, Volume II: Handbook of Foreign Policy Crises. Oxford: Pergamon.
53. Zinnes, D. A. 1976. Contemporary research in international relations. New York: Free Press.
54. Zinnes, D. A., and J. Wilkenfeld. 1971. An analysis of foreign conflict behavior of nations. In Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, edited by W. Hanrieder, 167-213. New York: David McKay.