Can drug resistance in epilepsy be minimized? Challenging commonly held beliefs

Epileptic Disorders

Volumn 7, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages

  Perucca, Emilio ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^b C MONDINO NATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drug; Drug resistance; Epilepsy; Overtreatment; Polytherapy; Therapeutic drug monitoring

Indexed keywords

AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; FELBAMATE; GABAERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PREGABALIN; PRIMIDONE; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TOLERANCE; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MENTAL INSTABILITY; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PARESTHESIA; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; WEIGHT GAIN;

ANTICONVULSANTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG RESISTANCE; EPILEPSY; HUMANS;

EID: 25844481127     PISSN: 12949361     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. Andrews CO, Fischer JH. Gabapentin: A new agent for the management of epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 1188-96.
2. Bares G, Walker EB, Elger CE, et al. Oxcarbazepine placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial in refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 1597-607.
3. Beghi E, Perucca E. The management of epilepsy in the 1990s: Acquisitions, uncertainties, and perspectives for future research. Drugs 1995; 49: 680-94.
4. Beghi E, Gatti G, Tonini C, et al. Adjunctive therapy versus alternative monotherapy in patients with partial epilepsy failing on a single drug: a multicentre, randomised, pragmatic controlled trial. Epilepsy Res 2003; 57: 1-13.
5. Berg AT. Seizure recurrence after planned discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients after epilepsy surgery: a review of current clinical experience. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 179-86.
6. Besag FM, Berry DJ, Pool F, et al. Carbamazepine toxicity with lamotrigine: pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction? Epilepsia 1998; 39: 183-7.
7. Brodie MJ. Routine measurement of new antiepileptic drug concentrations: a critique and a prediction. Adv Neurol 1998; 76: 223-30.
8. Brodie MJ, Yuen AWC. Lamotrigine substitution study: evidence for synergism with sodium valproate. 105 Study Group. Epilepsy Res 1997; 26: 423-32.
9. Claes L, del Bavero J, Ceulemans B, et al. De novo mutations in the sodium-channel gene SCN1A cause severe myoclonic epilesy of infancy. Am J Hum Gen 2001; 68: 1327-32.
10. Cuadrado A, de las Cuevas I, Valdizan EM, et al. Synergistic interaction between valproate and lamotrigine against seizures induced by 4-aminopyridine and pentylenetetrazole in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 453: 43-52.
11. Czapinski P, Blaszczyk B, Czuczwar SJ. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2005; 5: 3-14.
12. Deckers CL, Czuczwar SJ, Hekster YA, et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanisms of action: the evidence reviewed. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 1364-74.
13. De Haan GJ, Edelbroek P, Segers J, et al. Gestation-induced changes in lamotrigine pharmacokinetics: a monotherapy study. Neurology 2004; 63: 571-3.
14. Eadie MJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring-antiepileptic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46: 185-93.
15. Feldman RG, Pippenger CE. The relation of anticonvulsant drug levels to complete seizure control. Clin Pharmacol 1976; 16: 51-9.
16. Genton P, Gelisse P, Thomas P, et al. Do carbamazepine and phenytoin aggravate juvenile myoclonic epilepsy? Neurology 2000; 24(55): 1106-9.
17. Groeper K, McCann ME. Topiramate and metabolic acidosis: a case series and review of the literature. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 167-70.
18. Guerrini R, Dravet C, Genton P, et al. Lamotrigine and seizure aggravation in severe myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998; 39: 508-12.
19. Hermanns G, Noachtar S, Tuxhorn I, et al. Systematic testing of medical intractability for carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital or primidone in monotherapy for patients considered for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 1996; 37: 675-9.
20. Hirsch LJ, Weintraub D, Du Y, et al. Correlating lamotrigine serum concentrations with tolerability in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 2004; 63: 1022-6.
21. Inoue T, Kira R, Kaku Y, et al. Renal tubular acidosis associated with zonisamide therapy. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 1642-4.
22. Kilpatrick ES, Forrest G, Brodie MJ. Concentration-effect and concentration-toxicity relations with lamotrigine: A prospective study. Epilepsia 1996; 37: 534-8.
23. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 314-9.
24. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Epilepsy after the first drug fails: Substitution or add-on? Seizure 2000; 9: 464-8.
25. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Effectiveness of first antiepileptic drug. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 1255-60.
26. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. A staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology 2002; 58(suppl 5): S2-S8.
27. Kwan P, Perucca E. Overtreatment in epilepsy: How does it occur and how it can be avoided. CNS Drugs 2005; (in press).
28. Leppik IE. Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics. Seizure 2004; 13(Suppl 1): S5-S9.
29. Leppik IE, De Rue K, Edrich P, et al. Measurements of seizure freedom in adjunctive therapy studies in refractory partial epilepsy. The levetiracetam experience. Epilepsy Res (submitted).
30. Low SJ, Roland CL. Review of NMDA antagonist-induced neurotoxicity and implications for clinical development. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 42: 1-14.
31. Lund L. Anticonvulsant effect of diphenylhydantoin relative to plasma levels. A prospective three-year study in ambulant patients with generalized epileptic seizures. Arch Neurol 1974; 31: 289-94.
32. Marson AG, Kadir ZA, Hutton JL, et al. The new antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of their efficacy and tolerability. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 859-80.
33. Messenheimer J, Mullens EL, Giorgi L, et al. Safety review of adult clinical trial experience with lamotrigine. Drug Saf 1998; 18: 281-96.
34. Moran NF, Poole K, Bell G, et al. Epilepsy in the United Kingdom: seizure frequency and severity, anti-epileptic drug utilization and impact on life in 1652 people with epilepsy. Seizure 2004; 13: 425-33.
35. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Newer drugs for epilepsy. Technology Appraisal 76, National Institute of Clinical Excellence, London, 2004. www.nice.org.uk/TA076guidance.
36. Neels HM, Sierens AC, Naelaerts K, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of old and newer anti-epileptic drugs. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42: 1228-55.
37. Ohman I, Vitols S, Tomson T. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate, and during lactation. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 709-13.
38. Osorio I, Reed RC, Peltzer JN. Refractory idiopathic absence status epilepticus: A probable paradoxical effect of phenytoin and carbamazepine. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 887-94.
39. Peck AW. Lamotrigine: Historical background. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1994; 5: 95-105.
40. Pennell PB, Newport DJ, Stowe ZN, et al. The impact of pregnancy and childbirth on the metabolism of lamotrigine. Neurology 2004; 62: 292-5.
41. Perucca E. Pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. How should it be defined? CNS Drugs 1998; 10: 171-9.
42. Perucca E. Is there a role for therapeutic drug monitoring of new anticonvulsants? Clin Pharmacokinet 2000; 38: 191-204.
43. Perucca E. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use of the new antiepileptic drugs. Fund Clin Pharmacol 2001; 15: 405-17.
44. Perucca E, Levy RH. Combination therapy and drug interactions. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E, eds. Antiepileptic Drugs, 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002: 96-102.
45. Perucca E, Richens A. Antiepileptic drugs. Clinical aspects. In: Richens A, Marks V, eds. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, 1981: 320-48.
46. Perucca E, Gram L, Avanzini G, et al. Antiepileptic drugs as a cause of worsening seizures. Epilepsia 1998; 39: 5-17.
47. Perucca E, Dulac O, Shorvon S, et al. Harnessing the clinical potential of antiepileptic drug therapy: Dosage optimisation. CNS Drugs 2001; 15: 609-21.
48. Pisani F, Oteri G, Russo MF, et al. The efficacy of valproate-lamotrigine comedication in refractory complex partial seizures: evidence for a pharmacodynamic interaction. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 1141-6.
49. Reynolds EH, Shorvon SD, Galbraith AW, et al. Phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: a long-term prospective study, assisted by serum level monitoring, in previously untreated patients. Epilepsia 1981; 22: 475-88.
50. Richens A, Davidson DL, Cartlidge NE, et al. A multicentre comparative trial of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in adult onset epilepsy. Adult EPITEG Collaborative Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 682-7.
51. Sabers A, Buchholt JM, Uldall P, et al. Lamotrigine plasma levels reduced by oral contraceptives. Epilepsy Res 2001 ; 47: 151-4.
52. Sabers A, Ohman I, Christensen J, et al. Oral contraceptives reduce lamotrigine plasma levels. Neurology 2003; 61: 570-1.
53. Sander JW. The use of antiepileptic drugs - principles and practice. Epilepsia 2004; 45(Suppl 6): 28-34.
54. Schmidt D, Haenel F. Therapeutic plasma levels of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine: individual variation in relation to seizure frequency and type. Neurology 1984; 34: 1252-5.
55. Schmidt D, Einicke I, Haenel F. The influence of seizure type on the efficacy of plasma concentrations of phenytoin, phnobarbital and carbamazepine. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 263-5.
56. Schmidt D, Löscher W. How effective is surgery to cure seizures in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy? Epilepsy Res 2003; 56: 85-91.
57. Schmidt D, Löscher W. Drug resistance in epilepsy: putative neurobiologic and clinical mechanisms. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 858-77.
58. Schmidt D, Baumgartner C, Löscher W. The chance of cure following surgery for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. What do we know and do we need to revise our expectations? Epilepsy Res 2004; 60: 187-201.
59. Schmidt D, Baumgartner C, Löscher W. Seizure recurrence after planned discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients after epilepsy surgery: a review of current clinical experience. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 179-86.
60. Sidhu J, Bulsara S, Job S, Philipson R. A bidirectional pharmacokinetic interaction study of lamotrigine and the combined oral contraceptive pill in healthy subjects. Epilepsia 2004; 45 (suppl. 7): 330.
61. Specht U, Eisner H, May TW, et al. Postictal serum levels of antiepileptic drugs for detection of noncompliance. Epilepsy Behav 2003; 4: 487-95.
62. Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of alpha2delta ligands: voltage sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) modulators. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1033-4.
63. Theodore WH. Rational use of antiepileptic drug levels. Pharmacol Ther 1992; 54: 297-305.
64. Tomson T, Ohman I, Vitols S. Lamotrigine in pregnancy and lactation: a case report. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 1039-41.
65. Tran TA, Leppik IE, Blesi K, Sathanandan ST, Remmel R. Lamotrigine clearance during pregnancy. Neurology 2002; 59: 251-5.
66. Van Luijtelaar G, Wiaderna D, Elants C, et al. Opposite effects of T- and L-type Ca(2+) channels blockers in generalized absence epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 20(406): 381-9.
67. Walker MC, Sander JW. The impact of new antiepileptic drugs on the prognosis of epilepsy: seizure freedom should be the ultimate goal. Neurology 1996; 46: 912-4.
68. Walker MC, Sander JW. Difficulties in extrapolating from clinical trial data to clinical practice: the case of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 1997; 49: 333-7.
69. Waugh J, Goa KL. Topiramate: as monotherapy in newly diagnosed epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2003; 17: 985-92.
70. Wellington K, Goa K. Oxcarbazepine. An update of its efficacy in the management of epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2001; 15: 137-63.
71. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, et al. Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 311-8.
72. Wilson JT, Hojer B, Tomson G, et al. High incidence of a concentration-dependent skin reaction in children treated with phenytoin. BMJ 1978; 17: 1583-6.
73. Woo E, Chan YM, Yu YL, et al. If a well-stabilized epileptic patient has a subtherapeutic antiepileptic drug level, should the dose be increased? A randomized prospective study. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 129-39.
74. Yoon HH, Kwon HL, Mattson RH, et al. Long-term seizure outcome in patients initially seizsure-free after resective epilepsy surgery. Neurology 2003; 61: 1445-50.