Viral, nutritional, and bacterial safety of flash-heated and pretoria-pasteurized breast milk to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in resource-poor countries: A pilot study

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 175-181

  Israel Ballard, Kiersten ^a   Chantry, Caroline ^b   Dewey, Kathryn ^c   Lönnerdal, Bo ^c   Sheppard, Haynes ^d   Donovan, Richard ^d   Carlson, James ^b   Sage, Allyson ^e   Abrams, Barbara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast milk; Heat treatment; HIV; Mother to child transmission; Pasteurization; Perinatal transmission

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; LACTOFERRIN; LYSOZYME; PYRIDOXINE; RETINOL; RIBOFLAVIN; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; THIAMINE;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BREAST MILK; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FEMALE; FOOD SAFETY; FOOD STORAGE; HEAT TREATMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; INFANT FEEDING; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PASTEURIZATION; PILOT STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS INACTIVATION;

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; FEMALE; HEAT; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; MILK, HUMAN; NUTRITIVE VALUE; PILOT PROJECTS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS;

EID: 25844440808     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000178929.15904.95     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA. 2000;283:1175-1182.
2. Coutsoudis A. Breast-feeding and HIV transmission. In: Black RE, Michaelsen KF, eds. Public Health Issues in Infant and Child Nutrition. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Antioch, CA. 2002;48:147-166.
3. Morrison P. HIV and infant feeding: to breastfeed or not to breastfeed: the dilemma of competing risks. Part 2. Breastfeed Rev. 1999;7:11-20.
4. Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Influence of infant-feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa: a prospective cohort study. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Lancet. 1999;354:471-476.
5. Coutsoudis A, Goga AE, Rollins N, et al. Free formula milk for infants of HIV-infected women: blessing or curse? Health Policy Plan. 2002;17: 154-160.
6. Victora CG, Smith PG, Vaughan JP, et al. Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet. 1987;2:319-322.
7. WHO, UNICEF. HIV and Infant Feeding. Guidelines for Decision-Makers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
8. Iliff PJ, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, et al. Early exclusive breast-feeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival. AIDS. 2005;19:699-708.
9. Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Kuhn L, et al. Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS. 2001;15:379-387.
10. Leroy V, Becquet R, Rouet F, et al. Postnatal transmission risk according to feeding modalities in children born to HIV-infected mothers in a PMTCT project in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. DITRAME PLUS Project ANRS 1201/1202. Presented at: XV International AIDS Conference; 2004; Bangkok.
11. Cebra JJ. Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(Suppl):1046S-1051S.
12. Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Hoover DR, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus load in breast milk, mastitis, and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:93-98.
13. WHO, UNICEF. HIV and Infant Feeding: Framework for Priority Action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
14. WHO Technical Consultation on Behalf of the UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. New Data on the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV and Their Policy Implications. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.
15. WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF, UNFPA. HIV and Infant Feeding: Guidelines for Decision-Makers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
16. WHO, UNICEF, UNAIDS. HIV and Infant Feeding Counseling: A Training Course-Participants' Manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.
17. Tomlinson RJ, Madjarov A. Global voices on HIV/AIDS. Pasteurised human breast milk should be considered. BMJ. 2002;324:1034-1035.
18. Orloff SL, Wallingford JC, McDougal JS. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type I in human milk: effects of intrinsic factors in human milk and of pasteurization. J Hum Lact. 1993;9:13-17.
19. Eglin RP, Wilkinson AR. HIV infection and pasteurisation of breast milk. Lancet. 1987;1:1093.
20. McDougal JS, Martin LS, Cort SP, et al. Thermal inactivation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus, human T lymphotropic virus-III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus, with special reference to antihemophilic factor. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:875-877.
21. Lawrence R, Lawrence R. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1999.
22. Israel-Ballard K, Maternowska C, Abrams B, et al. Acceptability of heat-treating breast milk to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe: a qualitative study. J Hum Lact. (In press).
23. Jeffery BS, Mercer KG. Pretoria pasteurisation: a potential method for the reduction of postnatal mother to child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Trop Pediatr. 2000;46:219-223.
24. Chantry CJ, Morrison P, Panchula J, et al. Effects of lipolysis or heat treatment on HIV-1 provirus in breast milk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24:325-329.
25. Jeffery BS, Soma-Pillay P, Moolman G. The effect of Pretoria pasteurization on bacterial contamination of hand-expressed human breast milk. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49:240-244.
26. Jeffery BS, Webber L, Mokhondo KR, et al. Determination of the effectiveness of inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Pretoria pasteurization. J Trop Pediatr. 2001;47:345-349.
27. Stevens G, Rekhviashvili N, Scott LE, et al. Evaluation of two commercially available, inexpensive alternative assays used for assessing viral load in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients from South Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:857-861.
28. Yun Z, Fredriksson E, Sonnerborg A. Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA by the TaqMan real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3883-3884.
29. Peden K, Martin M. Virological and molecular genetic techniques for studies of established HIV isolates. In: Karn J, ed. HIV: A Practical Approach. 1st ed. New York, NY: IRL Press at Oxford University Press; 1995:25-26.
30. Handelman G, Shen B, Krinsky N. High resolution analysis of carotenoids in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol. 1992;213:336-346.
31. Lynch PL, Trimble ER, Young IS. High-performance liquid Chromatographic determination of thiamine diphosphate in erythrocytes using internal standard methodology. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997;701:120-123.
32. Baines M. Improved high performance liquid chromatographic determination of thiamin diphosphate in erythrocytes. Clin Chim Acta. 1985; 153:43-48.
33. Nandi S, Suzuki Y, Huang J, et al. Expression of human lactoferrin in transgenic rice gains for the application in infant formula. Plant Science. 2002;163:713-722.
34. Suzuki YA, Kelleher SL, Yalda D, et al. Expression, characterization, and biological activity of recombinant human lactoferrin in rice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:190-199.
35. Lonnerdal B, Glazier C. An approach to assessing trace element bioavailability from milk in vitro. Extrinsic labeling and proteolytic degradation. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989;19:57-69.
36. Lonnerdal B, Woodhouse LR, Glazier C. Compartmentalization and quantitation of protein in human milk. J Nutr. 1987;117:1385-1395.
37. Piatak M Jr, Saag MS, Yang LC, et al. Determination of plasma viral load in HIV-1 infection by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. AIDS. 1993;7(Suppl 2):S65-S71.
38. Rousseau CM, Nduati RW, Richardson BA, et al. Association of levels of HIV-1-infected breast milk cells and risk of mother-to-child transmission. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1880-1888.
39. Lonnerdal B, Iyer S. Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annu Rev Nutr. 1995;15:93-110.
40. Kelleher SL, Lonnerdal B. Immunological activities associated with milk. Adv Nutr Res. 2001;10:39-65.
41. Goldblum RM, Dill CW, Albrecht TB, et al. Rapid high-temperature treatment of human milk. J Pediatr. 1984;104:380-385.
42. Goldman AS. The immune system of human milk: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993;12:664-671.
43. Sosa R, Barness L. Bacterial growth in refrigerated human milk. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141:111-112.
44. Hamosh M, Ellis LA, Pollock DR, et al. Breastfeeding and the working mother: effect of time and temperature of short-term storage on proteolysis, lipolysis, and bacterial growth in milk. Pediatrics. 1996;97: 492-498.
45. Slusser W, Frantz K. High-technology breastfeeding. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:505-516.
46. Hernell O, Olivecrona T. Human milk lipases. II. Bile salt-stimulated lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974;369:234-244.
47. Ford JE, Law BA, Marshall VM, et al. Influence of the heat treatment of human milk on some of its protective constituents. J Pediatr. 1977;90: 29-35.
48. Van Zoeren-Grobben D, Schrijver J, Van den Berg H, et al. Human milk vitamin content after pasteurisation, storage, or tube feeding. Arch Dis Child. 1987;62:161-165.
49. Bjorksten B, Burman LG, De Chateau P, et al. Collecting and banking human milk; to heat or not to heat? BMJ. 1980;281:765-769.
50. Morgan JN, Lin FJ, Eitenmiller RR, et al. Thermal destruction of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in human milk. J Food Prot. 1988;51:132-136.
51. Dhar J, Fichtali J, Skura BJ. Pasteurization efficiency of a HTST system for human milk. J Food Sci. 1996;61:569-573.
52. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354:795-802.
53. Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia H, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:725-735.
54. Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, et al. Twenty-four month efficacy of a maternal short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa. AIDS. 2002;16:631-641.
55. The Petra Study Team. Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1178-1186.
56. Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 2003;362:859-868.
57. Gaillard P, Fowler MG, Dabis F, et al. Use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV-1 transmission through breast-feeding: from animal studies to randomized clinical trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:178-187.
58. Wilfert CM, Ammann A, Bayer R, et al. Science, ethics, and the future of research into maternal infant transmission of HIV-1: consensus statement. Lancet North Am Ed. 1999;353:832-835.
59. Coutsoudis A. Infant feeding dilemmas created by HIV: South African experiences. J Nutr. 2005;135:956-959.
60. Rollins N, Meda N, Becquet R, et al. Preventing postnatal transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding: modifying infant feeding practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:188-195.
61. Richardson BA, John-Stewart GC, Hughes JP, et al. Breast-milk infectivity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:736-740.
62. Downs AM, De Vincenzi I. Probability of heterosexual transmission of HIV: relationship to the number of unprotected sexual contacts. European Study Group in Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;11:388-395.